通辽市科尔沁区行道树结构特征分析

分析行道树的结构有利于城市行道树的规划、建设与管理.为了掌握通辽市科尔沁区行道树的结构特征,更好的发挥其作用.采用抽样调查方法对通辽市科尔沁区13条主要街道的行道树进行了调查,结果表明:通辽市科尔沁区行道树共有乔木13种,分属于7科8属,共5776余株,其中榆树(Ulmus pumila L.)、银中杨(Poplus alba 'Berolinensis'L.)、国槐(Sophora japonica L.)、旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz.)四个树种占行道树总数的68.6％.行道树平均树高为8.2m.树高在5-15m的就占其总株数的82.5％.行道树平均胸径为17.7cm.调查区内树木的径级主要分布在10-20cm,占总数的63.8％.有82.1％的行道树评为健康,整体健康状况较好.     

遵义市城区行道树组成结构分析

在采用抽样调查方法对遵义市区行道树进行调查的基础上,分析遵义城区行道树的分布格局及其树种多样性特点,并提出合理的管理措施建议。结果表明:(1)遵义城区行道树共有23种,其中桂花、女贞、杨树、广玉兰、悬铃木、柑橘等6个树种株数占总数的85.54%,总树种多样性指数为0.924;(2)行道树平均胸径偏低,胸径<10cm的树木占47%;(3)行道树总生物量约为1500t,相当于18.9hm2的森林,总叶面积为1018.67×103m2。     

西藏行道树资源调查与结构特征分析

为摸清西藏地区行道树资源、现状与特征,应用抽样调查法对该地区的行道树进行调查,分析了西藏行道树多样性指数、结构特征、配置模式等.结果表明:1)西藏常用行道树共计20科36属63种,其平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅分别为12.32cm、7.21m、3.90m.从总体上看,行道树规格明显偏小.科属上,应用最多的依次为杨柳科、蔷薇科、松科,分别为15、13、7种. 2)西藏行道树基调树种为白柳、北京杨、紫叶李、榆树、雪松,重要值排前3的依次为白柳、北京杨、紫叶李,其重要值依次为47.830、43.459、22.834,且多样性指数较高.3)季相景观上以"春-秋"季、秋季为主,彩叶树种色系上以黄色、白色系季相景观为主.4)垂直分层结构上以一层模式为主(43.93%),行道树复层结构不发达,花灌木、草花及地被植物较匮乏.     

基于i-Tree模型的城市小区行道树生态效益评价

【目的】通过行道树生态经济价值分析,了解城市森林中树木发挥的各类生态效益,为校园行道树种植规划以及道路的合理分布提供参考。【方法】调查南京林业大学校园5个区域行道树树种组成、胸径和树高结构以及树木类型,共取得2 350株立木资料,分析研究校园行道树结构组成,并运用i-Tree模型对对校园行道树进行定量的森林效益评估,包括节能效益、净化空气效益、吸收二氧化碳效益、截留雨水效益和美学效益5个方面,并将效益值转化为相应的经济价值。【结果】研究区行道树属于31科49属54种,树木种类多为落叶阔叶型乔木,其中樱花、二球悬铃木、马褂木、樟树和银杏的数量最多; 以胸径为≥8～46 cm的树种为主,其中胸径为≥8～15 cm的441株,占18.77%; ≥15～30 cm的1 132株,占48.17%; ≥30～46 cm的507株,占21.57%。通过i-Tree模型对南京林业大学行道树的总生态效益评估可得,研究区主要道路上的2 350株行道树年创造总效益值为1 023 101.29元,其中校园行道树的美学效益最高,占总效益的65.67%; 其次是截留雨水效益,占总效益的17.05%,节能效益占总效益的13.02%; 减少CO₂效益与改善空气质量效益比分别占总效益的2.65%、1.61%。各个区域中,教学区为行道树主要种植区,效益最高,占总效益的43.62%; 其次是居民区,占总效益的19.43%; 行政区、活动区和生活区分别占总效益的15.17%、11.21%和10.56%。不同的树种在各生态效益上的贡献率不同,二球悬铃木、银杏、马褂木、樟树的总生态效益贡献率最高,占总量的比例分别为21.97%、18.09%、14.50%、8.57%,共占生态总效益的63.13%,超过了总效益的一半。【结论】研究区总树种类型丰富,多样性高,但在活动区缺少高大乔木。生活区节能效益和改善空气质量效益低,建议种植枫杨、七叶树等树种。居民区水杉、银杏和二球悬铃木树种分布均匀度最高,所得到的单株效益和总效益均为各区首位。行政区尽管面积和道路长度最小,但杨树种植多区域单株效益较高,区域截留雨水效益最高。     

基于GIS空间分析的城市行道树安全评估

行道树安全性评估是城市树木安全防护的重要内容,采用科学有效的方法评估行道树安全现状,对城市安全精细化管理及行道树有机更新具有重要的现实意义.以南京市主城区法桐行道树为例,通过整合法桐行道树多种出险记录,构建了南京市法桐行道树安全性调查数据库;通过计算不同时空维度的出险频度来评价法桐行道树安全性;利用GIS空间自相关分析方法,探究了法桐行道树路段出险频度的空间分布特征.结果显示,玄武区、鼓楼区、秦淮区是南京市法桐行道树的高频出险行政区,其中玄武区总出险频度最高,达到5.2%.玄武区内北京东路-中山路-中山东路-太平北路所围街区是法桐行道树逐年高频出险路段集中区域.法桐行道树出险路段在空间上存在显著热点,其中鼓楼区的出险热点数量最多,达到23条,主要集中在中山路沿线路段.法桐行道树出险的主要原因为断枝和车撞树,分别占总出险事件的38.34%和15.45%.针对重点出险区域出险原因提出相应建议,为未来行道树的城市管理提供参考.     

长三角地区城市人工林主要乔木树种运用研究

采用了机械取样和典型取样相结合的方法,于2015—2016年对长三角地区筛选出的13个城市76处城市公园、道路和滨水绿地人工林449个样地进行了乔木树种调查,分析了主要乔木的物种组成、分布、径级、盖度、生长情况等相关因子和成因,旨在为森林城市建设与城市人居环境的改善提供科学依据.结果表明:(1)长三角地区城市人工林主要乔木树种共54科115属157种,其中以蔷薇科种类最多(12属20种),单种科占有比例较高,种类组成相对分散;(2)从区系组成看,以温带地理成分为主(73属),说明在乔木树种的运用中具有典型的温带性质;(3)从重要值、盖度及相关因子来看,乔木树种以香樟和二球悬铃木为主,重要值之和达到27.45%,且其中香樟占绝对优势,不同类型的城市人工林主要乔木运用的差异较大;(4)通过径级结构分析发现, 10 cm≤D （加权平均胸径）≤30 cm的树种构成了城市人工林主要高大型乔木,包括无患子、黄山栾树、枫香等诸多乡土树种.但从数量及分布来看极不平衡,区域内香樟和二球悬铃木的覆盖度高达45.18%,占有绝对地位,相对物种多样性及群落稳定性较弱,建议在以后的城市人工林建设中逐步增加其他...     

基于i-Tree模型的郑州市行道树生态效益评估

抽样调查了郑州市道路总长度的10%共128条道路的行道树,运用i-Tree模型对其生态效益进行了评估.结果显示,郑州市行道树共14科20属22种,80%树木胸径10~30 cm,90%树木健康水平为良好以上;总生态效益2 476.77万元,其中截留雨水效益占55.03%,其他依次为碳储存、美学、CO_2吸收、节能和空气质量改善;总生态效益中,悬铃木的贡献率69.43%,其次为国槐和白蜡;单株加权平均效益为2106元/株,悬铃木最高,其次为臭椿、国槐、白蜡和雪松;大叶女贞、银杏和枇杷无论是贡献率还是单株加权平均效益均最低.     

南京市几种行道树年轮重金属元素含量的变化

通过对南京市区干道行道树3个树种树木年轮中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti、Zn等9种元素的含量分析,发现自20世纪60年代以来,南京市行道树树木年轮中重金属元素含量总体上均表现出随时间逐渐上升的趋势,特别从1990年开始,南京市行道树树木年轮重金属元素含量的增长规律与南京市机动车的拥有量的变化规律表现出极显著的正相关关系,说明南京市机动车拥有量的增加应该是城市环境污染的主要因素之一。对比分析还发现,元素Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn增长幅度最为显著,可用于环境重金属监测。     

大连地区外来入侵植物现状报道

大连是辽宁省乃至东北地区外来入侵植物种类最多的地区.根据野外调查和相关报道,大连地区目前有外来入侵植物23科62属78种.这些外来入侵植物,菊科植物种类最多,达24种,占总数的31%;十字花科植物次之,计10种,占总数的13%;苋科植物7种,占总数的9%;豆科植物6种,占总数的8%;其余18科总计31种,占总数的39%.它们由木本、藤本和草本植物构成,最常出现在路旁、水旁、田旁、屋旁,原产地多为北美洲和欧洲,一般通过有意引入、无意带入2种途径进入并扩散.大连市各区县都有外来入侵植物分布,以市内4区种类最多,达62种.     

长春市街路园林植物结构的研究

通过样地调查,对长春市街路园林植物的结构进行分析得出:长春市街路园林树木的密度为99株/hm2,共有乔木树种30种,树木的平均胸径为14.2cm,园林树木的健康率为52.8%,园林植物总生物量为78631.3t,树木的总叶面积为14112024 m2,叶面积指数为0.5.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.