刺桐（Erythrina arborescens Roxb.）维管分生组织原形成层的发育

刺桐的一年生枝条，在距顶端约180μm处，由顶端分生组织分化出剩余分生组织；在距顶端约240μm处，剩余分生组织分散形成原形成层束。原形成层细胞向外、向内分别衍化出原生木质部和原生韧皮部。由于原形成层细胞横分裂频率的不同，产生长、短两类细胞，短细胞与束间细胞一样，含有淀粉粒。原形成层束间的基本分生组织可以为裂产生新的维管束。     

美洲黑杨维管形成层发生发育的解剖学观察

利用常规石蜡切片技术,观察研究了美洲黑杨维管形成层的发生和发育,结果表明：（１） 从顶端分生组织至原形成层,以及由原形成层向维管形成层的转化是随着茎的发育逐渐向顶进行的,而且叶迹与维管组织的发育密切相关;（２） 维管形成层为叠生型,并在芽萌动前已开始活动,４ 月中旬进入活动旺盛期,分裂形成的薄壁细胞迅速分化为导管参与构成次生木质部。     

美洲黑杨维管形成层活动周期性及细胞超微结构的动态变化

美洲黑杨维管形成层活动周期可分为休眠期、恢复活动期、活动期和转化期4个时期。休眠期维管形成层区约由3层细胞组成,细胞壁较厚,细胞内具有大量小液泡,其内包含一些电子密度较高的物质;细胞质内充满了游离的核糖核蛋白体,脂粒圆球形,散布在小液泡之间;内质网光滑型,多为短片状,只有近质膜处才呈网格状;线粒体内嵴不清晰,高尔基体数量较少,一般由3~5层扁平囊组成,周围未分泌形成高尔基小泡。恢复活动期维管形成层的细胞壁变薄,细胞内逐渐形成大液泡,内含物降解,细胞质的电子透明度增高。活动期维管形成层区细胞层数可达8~9层,细胞壁非常薄,细胞高度液泡化,细胞质和细胞核贴壁分布,或通过原生质索悬垂在细胞的某一位置,细胞器结构清晰,细胞质膜大量内折,与壁物质的形成有关。转化期维管形成层区细胞停止分裂,细胞壁逐渐增厚,液泡数目增多,体积减小,细胞开始积累淀粉、脂类和蛋白质等类物质。休眠期和活动期细胞超微结构特征相反,而恢复活动期与转化期细胞结构特征相似,互为可逆过程。     

构树形成层细胞超微结构的周期性变化

构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)形成层细胞超微结构具有明显的季节性变化,休眠期形成层带细胞壁比较厚,具有许多小液泡,细胞核占细胞体积较大,核质稀疏,内质网为光滑型,核糖体分散在细胞质中,脂质体较多,活动期形成层带细胞层数较多,细胞壁比较薄,纺锤状原始细胞中具1—2个大液泡,而射线原始细胞具许多分散的液泡,这在双子叶植物中还未报道过,细胞质沿细胞壁分布,核膜明晰,核质浓密,内质网为粗糙型,上面附有大量的核糖体,脂质体较少,在休眠和活动期都有淀粉积累,线粒体、微管和内质网大量分布在初生纹孔场附近,而且有大量的小泡沿细胞壁分布,这有可能与细胞壁的形成有关。     

杉木维管形成层发生发育的解剖学观察

运用细胞生物学手段,初步观察了杉木维管形成层的发生发育。观察结果表明：（１）杉木的顶端分生组织的周围分生组织区细胞分化为原形成层束和皮层;（２） 在初生分生组织区,原形成层呈束状分布,并且具有边分裂边分化的特点;（３） 初生木质部的分化晚于初生韧皮部;（４） 杉木维管形成层于三月初开始活动,４ 月中下旬进入活动旺盛期。     

杜仲形成层活动周期中多糖贮量和淀粉酶工酶的变化

杜仲枝条中的多糖颗粒经Ｉ－ＫＩ溶液染色不显蓝黑色反应，偏光显微镜检查也不显示各向异性。髓、木质部、木射线和皮层薄壁细胞内多糖贮量的变化和形成层的活动周期有关：从５月下旬至１２月中旬，逐步积累；从１２月下旬至翌年４月中镜则逐步消失。     

北柴胡茎、叶的发育解剖学研究

目的 研究北柴胡茎、叶的个体发育过程.方法 应用常规石蜡切片方法对北柴胡(Bupleu-rum chinense DC.)的茎尖、1年生和2年生茎以及叶进行了横向与纵向解剖观察.结果 北柴胡茎的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构和次生生长4个阶段.原分生组织由原套和原体组成.其衍生细胞形成初生分生组织.初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成.初生分生组织的衍生细胞分化形成茎的初生结构,包括表皮、皮层、维管束、髓和髓射线.随着茎的继续发育.维管形成层开始活动,由束中形成层产生次生韧皮部和次生木质部分子,而束间形成层仅产生薄壁细胞形成宽的射线.茎始终未产生周皮,而叶的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织和成熟结构3个阶段.北柴胡的叶为典型的异面叶,由叶片和叶柄两部分组成.分泌道在茎中主要分布在皮层和髓中,在叶中分布在维管束的上、下组织中,且这些分泌道均属初生分泌道.结论 北柴胡茎、叶的个体发育过程,类似多年生草本双子叶植物茎、叶的一般发育过程.     

南方红豆杉气生不定根的解剖结构及发育

对自然状态下南方红豆杉茎干向下萌生的气生不定根进行解剖学观察.结果表明:气生不定根具有以下结构特征和发育特点:(1)根为二原型,侧根正对着木质部发生;(2)幼根内皮层细胞具凯氏带加厚,维管柱内紧挨中柱鞘内侧具有2~4层大型薄壁细胞;(2)根中无髓和树脂道;(4)次生结构发生于根毛区,维管形成层由初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞转化形成;(5)中柱鞘和栓内层细胞富含单宁类物质;(6)次生韧皮部有石细胞,次生木质部射线发达.     

沙田柚营养器官的初生结构及发育研究

通过对沙田柚根、茎、叶初生结构及其发育成次生结构过程作连续石蜡切片观察发现：沙田柚根的初生结构为１０原型,内皮层细胞卡氏带加厚不明显,根毛区近轴端稍后,维管形成层由实生木质部和实姓韧皮部之间薄壁细胞转化形成,茎中维管束形排列在茎顶端第二节间,维管形成层环已开始活动形成了次生结构,叶的栅 组织由多层细胞组成,主脉维管束为周韧型,维管束外围绕一环石细胞,在叶的栅栏组织和表皮下有溶生分泌胶分布,但在根中     

海棠果插穗扦插生根过程解剖学观察

从解剖学角度观察了海棠果插穗不定根的发育过程，结果表明：（1）海棠果2年生插穗茎内无潜伏根原基，不定根由诱生根原基发育形成，诱生根源于初生射线与维管形成层交汇处细胞的分裂分化。大约经15d，不定根原基发育为幼小不定根并伸出周皮之外。（2）愈伤组织内有些细胞分化为具螺纹加厚的厚壁细胞，在愈伤组织内未发现根原基。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.