Sliding movement of single actin filaments on one-headed myosin filaments

The myosin molecule consists of two heads, each of which contains an enzymatic active site and an actin-binding site. The fundamental problem of whether the two heads function independently or cooperatively during muscle contraction has been studied by methods using an actomyosin thread, superprecipitation and chemical modification of muscle fibres. No clear conclusion has yet been reached. We have approached this question using an assay system in which sliding movements of fluorescently labelled single actin filaments along myosin filaments can be observed directly. Here, we report direct measurement of the sliding of single actin filaments along one-headed myosin filaments in which the density of heads was varied over a wide range. Our results show that cooperative interaction between the two heads of myosin is not essential for inducing the sliding movement of actin filaments.     

Propulsion of organelles isolated from Acanthamoeba along actin filaments by myosin-I

Eukaryotic cells are dependent on their ability to translocate membraneous elements about the cytoplasm. In many cells long translocations of organelles are associated with microtubules. In other cases, such as the rapid cytoplasmic streaming in some algae, organelles appear to be propelled along actin filaments. It has been assumed, but not proven, that myosin produces these movements. We have tested vesicles from another eukaryotic cell for their ability to move on the exposed actin bundles of Nitella as an indiction that actin-based organelle movements may be a general property of cells. We found that organelles from Acanthamoeba castellanii can move along Nitella actin filaments. Here, we report two different experiments indicating that the single-headed non-polymerizable myosin isozyme myosin-I is responsible for this organelle motility. First, monoclonal antibodies to myosin-I inhibit movement, but antibodies that inhibit double-headed myosin-II do not. Second, approximately 20% of the myosin-I in homogenates co-migrates with motile vesicles during Percoll density-gradient ultracentrifugation. This is the first indication of a role for myosin-I within the cell and supports the suggestion of Albanesi et al. that myosin-I moves vesicles in this way.     

Bidirectional movement of actin filaments along tracks of myosin heads

It is well established that muscle contraction results from the relative sliding of actin and myosin filaments. Both filaments have definite polarities and well-ordered structures. Thick filaments, however, are not vital for supporting movement in vitro. Previously we have demonstrated that actin filaments can move continuously on myosin fragments (subfragment-1 or heavy meromyosin (HMM] that are bound to a nitrocellulose surface. Here we report that actin filaments can move in opposite directions on tracks of myosin heads formed when actin filaments decorated with HMM are placed on a nitrocellulose surface. The actin filaments always move forward, frequently changing the direction of the movement, but never move backward reversing the polarity of the movement. The direction of movement is therefore determined by the polarity of the actin filament. These results indicate that myosin heads have considerable flexibility.     

Ca2+-sensitive gelation of actin filaments by a new protein factor

Two protein factors which bind to, and induce gelation of, actin filaments were purified from Ehrlich tumour cells. Filamin induced Ca2+-insensitive gelation, whereas a new protein factor ('actinogelin') was found to induce Ca2+-sensitive gelation.     

Cytochalasin D does not produce net depolymerization of actin filaments in HEp-2 cells

The altered morphology, disappearance or 'disruption' of actin filaments (microfilaments) in cells treated with cytochalasin has sometimes been attributed to depolymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin) to its globular subunit (G-actin), but attempts to confirm that mechanism have been inconclusive. Treatment of purified actin filaments with cytochalasin B (CB) decreased their viscosity, consistent with depolymerization, which was not, however, revealed by electron microscopy, although the filaments appeared abnormal. CB also increased the ATP-ase activity of F-actin, suggesting that it had been destabilized, while actin filaments in the acrosomal process were not depolymerized. CB or cytochalasin D (CD) can dissolve actin gels (reviewed in ref. 7, see also refs 8 and 9) without depolymerizing their filaments. The 'disrupted' actin structures in CD-treated cells bound heavy meromysin, indicating that at least some of the cellular actin was filamentous. Using a rapid assay for G- and F-actin in cell extracts, based on the inhibition of DNase I, we have found that neither short-nor long-term exposure of HEp-2 cells to CD produce net depolymerization of actin filaments.     

Cross-bridge interaction with oppositely polarized actin filaments in double-overlap zones of insect flight muscle

An unresolved problem in understanding muscular contraction is why the internal resistance to sarcomere shortening increases progressively during contraction. We have addressed this problem here by investigating the movement of detached acting filaments in the sarcomeres of insect flight muscle. The final position of the detached actin filaments shows that they were able to slide freely into regions where they have the wrong polarity to interact actively with myosin (double-overlap zones) but where they prevent the exertion of force by cross-bridges between myosin and the correctly polarized acting filaments. These observations indicate that the isometric tension at all sarcomere lengths is directly proportional to the number of cross-bridges in the region of single-overlap of correctly polarized actin and myosin filaments. The decrease in tension as sarcomeres shorten is thus the result of the decrease in the number of effective cross-bridges as actin filaments slide into regions where they are of the wrong polarity to form cross-bridges, and where they inhibit the existing cross-bridges.     

煤矸石制多孔玻璃微珠

基于煤矸石综合利用技术，以煤矿的废弃物——煤矸石为原料，使用立式成珠炉反应装置，利用热分相和酸浸析方法制备了多孔玻璃微珠。应用氮吸附静态容量法，获得该多孔玻璃微珠的氮吸附等温线、比表面和孔分布曲线，并探讨了多孔玻璃微珠的吸附特性和成珠条件。结果表明：1273K温度的立式成珠炉内，在833K热分相温度、3tool/L HCl酸浸析条件下，煤矸石和添加剂粉末可制得孔径分布在12nm左右、孔隙率较高的白色多孔玻璃微珠。     

大孔树脂纯化毛脉酸模乙酸乙酯部位的研究

筛选富集纯化毛脉酸模乙酸乙酯部位(白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇苷、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酚苷)成分的最佳树脂,优化大孔树脂纯化目标成分的最佳工艺.以白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇苷、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酚苷的吸附率和解吸率为评价指标,筛选树脂,并优化了吸附和洗脱条件.D101树脂对毛脉酸模乙酸乙酯部位成分具有较好的吸附分离性能.最佳工艺条件为,毛脉酸模乙酸乙酯部位样品溶液1 BV,吸附流速为2 BV·h-1,先用2 BV水洗涤,再用20%、50%、75%、95%乙醇各2.5、5、2.5、5 BV进行梯度洗脱,流速2 BV·h-1,合并50%和95%乙醇洗脱液,即为纯化部位.纯化后目标成分纯度提高到49.85%,说明采用D101树脂分离纯化毛脉酸模乙酸乙酯部位成分是可行的.     

生命哲学视域下的阳光体育运动

通过对生命化教育理念的诠释,把体育教学划归到生命化教育轨迹之中,同时,把学生的体质健康教育从知识层面提升到生命层面,拓展与深化阳光体育运动的价值,有利于摆脱应试教育、考核达标等对阳光体育运动的束缚,消融其延伸影响,为阳光体育运动的深入开展开拓新的视域。     

Effect of ATP on actin filament stiffness

Actin is an adenine nucleotide-binding protein and an ATPase. The bound adenine nucleotide stabilizes the protein against denaturation and the ATPase activity, although not required for actin polymerization, affects the kinetics of this assembly Here we provide evidence for another effect of adenine nucleotides. We find that actin filaments made from ATP-containing monomers, the ATPase activity of which hydrolyses ATP to ADP following polymerization, are stiff rods, whereas filaments prepared from ADP-monomers are flexible. ATP exchanges with ADP in such filaments and stiffens them. Because both kinds of actin filaments contain mainly ADP, we suggest the alignment of actin monomers in filaments that have bound and hydrolysed ATP traps them conformationally and stores elastic energy. This energy would be available for release by actin-binding proteins that transduce force or sever actin filaments. These data support earlier proposals that actin is not merely a passive cable, but has an active mechanochemical role in cell function.     

Extraction kinetics of lanthanum with purified Cyanex 923 from nitrate medium

0　IntroductionSolventextractionkineticshasbecomeanimportantfactorinsolventextractionchemistry.Themechanismsandcharac teristicsofextractionkineticsarebeneficialtocontrollingtheex tractionprocesseffectivelyandseparatingthemetalionsbythedifferenceofextractionkinetics[1 ] .Cyanex 92 3isastraightchainneutralextractantcomprisingamixtureoffourtrialkylphosphineoxides.Ithassomeusefulcharacteristics ,suchaslowsolubilityinwaterandmiscibilitywithallcommonlyhydrocarbons[2 ] .Asacommerciallyavailableex tr…     

实施《数学分析》课程研究性教学改革的构想

研究性教学以培养学生的创新精神和创新能力为目的,强调学生在教学中的主体性和参与性.要改变当前《数学分析》课程教学现状,有必要实施研究性教学改革.探讨了转变师生角色、改变教学方法、更新教学手段等教学改革构想,以及实施研究性教学改革取得的初步成效.     

数字仪表的设计性实验研究

从注重培养学生的学习能力、创新能力、实践能力出发，介绍了一个综合性、设计性研究实验——数字仪表的设计。实验具有探索性和拓展性，并就研究性实验教学新模式进行了研究探讨。     

基于面向对象分类法的高分辨率遥感滑坡信息提取

运用面向对象分类法中的基于监督分类和基于规则的滑坡识别方法,选择合适的特征属性,利用Aster和Geoeye的融合影像对构林坪流域进行滑坡信息提取,并对分类结果进行精度评价和比较.结果表明:基于监督分类的滑坡信息提取总体精度为66.58%,Kappa系数为0.65,具有较高的分类精度;基于规则的滑坡信息提取方法也取得了84.7%的识别结果,但是区域特殊地形地貌和引发滑坡因子的复杂性导致了72.6%的分歧因子.总体上基于面向对象分类法的高分辨率遥感滑坡信息提取在白龙江流域具有良好的适用性.     

Movement and segregation of kinetochores experimentally detached from mammalian chromosomes

The kinetochore is a specialized structure at the centromere of eukaryotic chromosomes that attaches chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. Recently, several lines of evidence have suggested that kinetochores may have more than a passive role in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Kinetochores seem to attract and 'capture' microtubules that grow from the spindle poles and microtubules may lengthen or shorten by the addition or subtraction of tubulin subunits at their kinetochore-associated ends. An attractive hypothesis is that kinetochores function as 'self-contained engines running on a microtubule track'. Here, we show that kinetochores can be experimentally detached from chromosomes when caffeine is applied to Chinese hamster ovary cells that are arrested in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. The detached kinetochore fragments can still interact with spindle microtubules and complete all the mitotic movements in the absence of other chromosomal components. As these cells enter mitosis before DNA synthesis is completed, chromosome replication need not be a prerequisite for the pairing, alignment and segregation of kinetochores.     

从五四运动到安源工运看青年毛泽东世界观的转变与飞跃

青年毛泽东从五四运动到安源工运的斗争实践中,不仅发现了民众特别是工人阶级的力量,而且还找到了在马克思主义理论指导下由中国共产党根本改造中国社会的正确道路,从而实现了从一个寻求社会改良的爱国者到进行社会主义革命的救国者的飞跃,实现了世界观的根本转变。