山东东部中生代中基性火山岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

本文对山东东部中生代中一基性火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素及铅同位素特征作了系统研究．该区中生代火山岩主要为玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、安山岩和粗面安山岩．玄武岩属钙碱性系列的拉斑玄武岩,微量元素特征显示大离子亲石元素和高场强元素均稍富集;稀土配分模式略呈右倾型,轻、重稀土之间的分馏不明显,基本无Eu异常;铅同位素组成显示玄武岩形成于原始地幔．粗面玄武岩和安山岩类属钙碱一弱碱性系列,微量元素特征显示大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素含量低;稀土配分模式呈右倾型,轻、重稀土之间的分馏明显,基本无Eu异常;铅同位素组成显示粗面玄武岩形成于亏损地幔,安山岩类形成于富集地幔,具EMI属性．这些特征表明,山东东部中生代火山岩的岩浆来源于不同的源区．形成于早白垩世的安山岩类,产于活动大陆边缘拉张动力背景下,是由富集型地幔部分熔融形成的岩浆直接喷发形成;形成于晚白垩世的粗面玄武岩,也产于活动大陆边缘拉张动力背景下,随着弧后扩张引起拉伸作用,岩石圈伸展,从地幔来源的玄武质岩浆在上升过程中受到了陆壳物质的混染,之后沿着大断裂喷出地表形成本区显示亏损地幔来源特征的粗面玄武岩;形成于晚白垩世的玄武岩产于大陆板内拉张环境,是由原始地幔部分熔融而成的岩浆直接喷发形成．     

甘肃白银地区中基性火山岩岩石地球化学特征及构造背景

白银地区火山岩位于北祁连造山带东缘,通过对该地区震旦纪中基性火山岩的岩石地球化学研究,探讨北祁连造山带东缘火山岩的构造背景和地幔属性.研究表明:中基性火山岩岩石类型主要为粗面玄武岩和玄武质粗面安山岩,火山岩表现出高碱、低Ti、富集LREE、LILE、具有明显的Nb的负异常、低εNd的地球化学特征.岩浆源区为富集的岩石圈地幔,形成于大洋岛弧的构造环境.     

北祁连东段西、南华山中酸性侵入岩地球化学特征

北祁连东段西、南华山中酸性侵入岩以花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主,SiO2质量分数在66.23%~77.13%之间,具有钙碱系列的岩石组合特征和地球化学特征.微量元素Pb、Sr和La明显富集,Cs、Nb、Ti等元素呈现不同程度亏损,显示混合源岩浆的特征.∑REE的质量分数为(100.80~121.03)×10-6,低于世界酸性岩平均值.稀土配分模式呈右倾型,δEu=0.31~0.33,有负Eu异常,与北秦岭加里东期岛弧型花岗岩地球化学特征相似.中酸性岩体总体表现为壳幔混合型岩浆结晶分异的产物,反映北祁连地区中奥陶世末处于具沟-弧-盆体系的俯冲背景.     

中祁连西段玄武玢岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

中祁连西段玄武玢岩呈浅层侵入于青白口系含磁铁矿的凝灰质板岩和早古生代蛇绿岩套中的玄武岩,后者辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为471.6±3.7、469.3±2.8 Ma,结合蛇绿岩构造侵位时代及区域地质背景,推测玄武玢岩应形成于早古生代晚期.玄武玢岩w(SiO_2)=48.85%~53.22%,低Al,高Ti、TFe_2O_3,w(MgO)=4.80%~9.10%,w(Na_2O)/w(K_2O)3.8,为富钠贫钾,富集Nb、Ta、Th、U、LREE,亏损Rb、Ba、Sr、K、P,而Mg、Cr、Ni质量分数变化大.轻稀土略微富集,LREE/HREE为1.12~1.24,(w(La)/w(Yb))_N=2.19~2.87,轻微负Eu异常,δδEu=0.69~0.87.研究表明玄武玢岩兼有火山弧和板内岩浆作用的特征,应源于初始的埃达克岩熔体交代的地幔发生部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆,并经历了早期橄榄石的分离结晶作用,形成于北祁连古大洋向南俯冲闭合-碰撞之后的陆缘弧后裂谷环境.     

西藏南部日喀则蛇绿岩中角闪岩的Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究

藏南雅江带中段蛇绿岩中产出的角闪岩是支撑蛇绿岩侵位的变质底板。追溯其源区特征有助于深刻解译雅江带蛇绿岩侵位过程。对雅江带中段日喀则白朗蛇绿岩中包裹的石榴石单斜辉石角闪岩与单斜辉石角闪岩地球化学特征进行了系统研究,并将其与邻区路曲和吉定基性岩进行对比,从而厘定白朗角闪岩的源区性质和形成过程。研究显示,两种角闪岩微量元素配分型式总体与N-MORB类似,但具有K、U、Pb正异常和Nb、Ta、Ti负异常等岛弧玄武岩特征,且其Sr同位素相对正常,N-MORB明显偏移向俯冲带岛弧相关环境。此外,白朗地区两种角闪岩与路曲和吉定基性岩的ε_(Nd)(t)=+7.95～+11.18,处于印度洋MORB范围内。综合以上地球化学特征认为,虽然两类角闪岩具有典型MORB型源区特征,但均遭受过俯冲带流体的改造。同时,日喀则蛇绿岩代表的特提斯地幔域与印度洋地幔域具有相似的地球化学特征,指示现今印度洋继承了特提斯地幔域特有的地球化学属性。该研究对进一步明确新特提斯洋俯冲特征提供了新的认识。     

滇西二叠系玄武岩及其与东古特提斯演化的关系

目的 研究云南祥云地区二叠系玄武岩和东古特提斯洋在三江地区演化历史之间的关系.方法 运用地球化学及S卜Nd-Pb同位素特征分析.结果 祥云地区二叠系玄武岩属钙碱性系列,TiO2=1.41%-2.05%(平均1.69%),K2O=0.13%～3.04%(平均1.19%),轻稀土中度富集.岩石形成于大陆溢流环境,属于中国南方广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩中的低钛玄武岩类.该组玄武岩微量及稀土元素地球化学显示出显著的过渡属性,总体表现为板内玄武岩特征,但又具有大洋拉斑玄武岩的部分特征,并在一些特征元素组合方面指示了俯冲物质(或陆壳)的混染.岩石具有富集的同位素地球化学特征,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.706 350～0.706 635,143Nd/144 Nd=0.512 355～0.512 381,8Nd(t)=-3.99～-3.3,TDM=1.14～1.18 Ga.结论 本区玄武岩可能形成于东古特提斯主洋盆地紧邻的大陆边缘环境,其地幔源区具有大陆富集地幔+大洋亏损地幔的混源特征,并在其源区内或岩浆形成演化过程中受到过俯冲物质(或陆壳)的混染.     

蛇绿岩研究新进展及其定义和分类的再讨论

蛇绿岩保存于大陆造山带中,在地质历史上产于洋--陆过渡区多种构造背景(活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘、弧前、弧后、弧内、弧问、板块三联点、转换断层、大陆裂谷或它们的复合背景等)的洋盆扩张脊.蛇绿岩以超镁铁质岩、镁铁质岩为主,是一套彼此具有成因演化亲缘关系的、古洋壳 大洋地幔岩石的有机组合.我们把蛇绿岩概括为产于洋盆扩张脊的洋壳 大洋地幔岩石组合.蛇绿岩按构造背景有红海萌芽型洋壳和大洋中脊型洋壳两个端元,可三分为近陆的活动大陆边缘型--科迪勒拉型、东地中海型(新特提型)过渡型、西地中海型--大洋中脊古特提斯型.科迪勒拉型和东地中海型均属俯冲带(SSZ)上叠型,更近陆靠俯冲带;环太平洋型和被动大陆边缘型属特提斯型.     

对北祁连中段皇城一带蛇绿岩的初步认识

北祁连造山带是我国蛇绿岩保存较为完整的地区,空间分布有南北两个带,南带西自鹰嘴山经川刺沟至白银,发育寒武纪末—早奥陶世洋脊环境蛇绿岩,北带自昌马经民乐童子坝至景泰老虎山,以奥陶世蛇绿岩为主。在野外地质调查的基础上,对北祁连中段皇城南直河一带发育的蛇绿岩地质特征、火山岩组合及其成矿特征提出初步认识,以引起对该区地质研究和勘查找矿的关注。     

EMI型皖东上第三系大陆碱性玄武岩：Nd,Sr同位素证据

本文报导皖东地区上第三系大陆碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征和成因初探，其中８个样品的Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成范围为．在大洋玄武岩的Ｎｄ－Ｓｒ同位素平面上，表现为从原始地幔向ＥＭＩ型地幔端元展布趋势．皖东玄武岩具有轻稀土和高度不相容性元素相对富集的微量元素丰度模式，类似于洋岛玄武岩（ＯＩＢ）．皖东玄武岩的源区可能是Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成不均一、且富化的大陆岩石圈地幔．     

新疆吐哈盆地南北缘石碳纪火山岩铂族元素配分及其指示意义

古俯冲带背景下的残余地幔岩的PGEs配分以Pd,Pt明显亏损和Ir,Ru相对富集为特征,而部分熔融产物的玄武岩和基性岩脉则呈现相反的Ir,Ru明显亏损和Pd,Pt相对富集特征。俯冲带中流体的参与一方面增加了部分融程度,有利于Pd,Pt从原始地幔进入熔融相;另一方面,流体的作用使得Pd,Pt相对于Ir,Ru迁移活动性效率提高,造成地幔岩中w(Pd)/w(Ir)和w(Pt)/w(Ir）比例很低。新疆吐鲁番－－哈密盆地南缘觉罗塔格和北缘博格达两个石炭纪火岩带中的玄武岩和基性岩带中的基性岩明显不同,据此可以认为两个岩浆带并不具备古板块俯冲带的构造背景。     

Discovery of Mg-righ volcanic rock series in western Altay area, Xinjiang and its geologic significance

A series of Mg-rich volcanic rocks, including rare Mg-rich dacites in the Asherle copper mine, western Altay Area, has been found. This suite of Mg-rich volcanic rocks is characterized by high SiO2, MgO and low Ti contents. Compared with the island arc tholeiite and MORB, these rocks are depleted in HFSE and are therefore similar to boninite. The dacites show V-shaped distribution REE patterns whereas the basalts display flat or LREE-depletion patterns. Based on their geochemical features and occurrence, it is suggested that they were formed in oceanic island arc setting. Its petrogenesis is related to the slab movement. At the early stage, the peridotite of the ocean upper mantle diapirically uprised to the shallow level and started to melt owing to subduction of the ocean slab, forming the island arc tholeiite with pillow structure. At the late stage, the residual refractory peridotites melted again, giving rise to the formation of the parent magma of Mg-rich basalt.     

Mesozoic basin development and its indication of collisional orogeny in the Dabie orogen

The Dabie orogen underwent deep continental subduction, rapid exhumation, and the huge amount of erosion during the Mesozoic. Its tectonic evolution, especially how its evolution was recorded by sedimentary basins at the flanks of the Dabie orogen is one of the most important issues of the world’s attention. These years, newly studies of basin sedimentology, combined with structural geology, have shown a fundamental progress. The overall distribution of different basin types in the orogen indicates that shortening and thrusting at the margins of the orogen from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous controlled the foreland basins, and extension, doming and rifting were initiated in the core of the orogen from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous and were expanded to the whole orogen after the Late Cretaceous. Therefore, The Dabie orogen records gradual transition from overall shortening and thrusting to dominantly extension and rift basin formation expanded from its core to its margins, although these shortening and extension overlapped in time from the Jurassic through Early Cretaceous at crustal levels. The unroofing ages of the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Dabie orogen change from Early Jurassic to Late Jurassic westward. The depth of exhumation increases eastwards. The sediment sources for the Hefei basin are mostly composed of the deeply exhumed, axial Dabie metamorphic complex, and the sediment sources for the Middle Yangtze basin are mostly from cover strata in the southern orogen and related strata with subjacent (i.e. subsequently overthrusted) Mianlue suture belt. Geodynamic analysis represents that continental collision between the North China Block and the South China Block along the Shangdan and Mianlue sutures, subsequently northwestward progradation of the Jiangnan fold and thrust belt, and the underthrusting of the North China Block along the Northern Boundary Fault of Qinling Range led to crustal thickening, gravitational spreading and balanced rebound of the resultant thick crustal welt, and multi-episodic exhumation of the HP/UHP metamorphic rocks. The future studies by the methods of tracing the Dabie orogeny through deposition in the marginal basins should focus on eastward extension of the Mianlue suture, thrust and overlap of the Dabie HP/UHP metamorphic block on different lithotectonic zones and basins along the northern South China Block, the structural framework of the source area of the basins in the syn-depositional stage, the basin lateral extension, huge amount of erosion and sediment transportation from the Dabie blanket and basement rocks, and recovery of subducted and re- moved structural units within the Dabie orogen, etc.     

鄂尔多斯东北部山西组-上石盒子组砂岩特征及物源分析

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部二叠系山西组-上石盒子组砂岩的碎屑组分、岩屑类型、石英阴极发光、重矿物组合、古流向的研究结果显示,物源为盆地北面阴山古陆中元古界变质岩和沉积岩组成的早期盖层,以及古元古界和太古字变质岩组成的结晶基底.砂岩组分的Dickinson三角图解表明,物源总体来自再旋回造山带,含有混合区(切割弧)和火山物质成分.这些结果揭示了华北板块和西伯利亚板块缝合过程的拉张-挤压旋回,由此形成具有明显旋回性的物源供给.在此过程中,每一演化阶段中所形成的超长期旋回的早期阶段,都对应着相对构造活跃时期和强物源供应期.     

南海玄武岩：扩张洋脊与海山

 南海存在两种火山岩：洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）和洋岛玄武岩（OIB）。国际大洋发现计划（IODP）第349、367、368、368X航次在南海海盆的成功钻取,获得了南海初始扩张（~34 Ma）和停止扩张（~15-16 Ma）前的洋壳样品。南海东部、西南次海盆及北缘洋-陆过渡带代表海盆发展的不同阶段,具有不同的地幔潜能温度、物质组成和洋脊扩张速度,因此产生的洋中脊玄武岩成分差异显著。南海地区在扩张晚期及停止扩张之后存在大规模地幔上涌,与其周缘地区的持续俯冲有关,产出的海山OIB不同于地幔柱活动产生的火山链。南海虽小,但蕴含的信息异常丰富,是窥探地球深部难得的天然窗口。     

陕西秦岭泥盆纪盆地群构造沉积动力学研究

陕西秦岭泥盆纪盆地群是在早泥盆世扬子板块北缘陆内裂谷沿勉略一线进一步发育成有限洋盆，而后分裂出秦岭板块，勉略洋盆与商丹洋盆的并存导致秦岭造山带出现了三个板块（扬子、华北及秦岭板块）共存的格局，由此形成了秦岭泥盆纪盆地群．在这种复杂的板块构造格局下，整个秦岭造山带出现了构造动力学成因不同的一系列盆地．在秦岭板块北缘发育了刘岭边缘盆地，在其中堆积了含火山岩的巨厚碎屑岩系（最大厚度超过１１ｋｍ）．在秦岭板块内部，由于广泛发育的伸展断裂而形成了一系列地堑和半地堑型盆地，在其中堆积了反映以陆表海为主的一套碳酸盐和碳酸盐碎屑沉积．在扬子板块与秦岭板块之间的勉略有限洋盆中发育了夹超基性至酸性火山岩、硅质岩的碳酸盐碎屑沉积．在扬子板块北缘的高川一带还发育了以细碎屑岩碳酸盐岩为主的陆表海沉积．总之，秦岭在泥盆纪发育了一个多种构造沉积动力学成因性质完全不同的盆地集合群     

Evidence from Sardinian basalt geochemistry for recycling of plume heads into the Earth's mantle

Up to 10 per cent of the ocean floor consists of plateaux--regions of unusually thick oceanic crust thought to be formed by the heads of mantle plumes. Given the ubiquitous presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of hotspot basalts, it follows that plateau material should also be an important mantle constituent. Here we show that the geochemistry of the Pleistocene basalts from Logudoro, Sardinia, is compatible with the remelting of ancient ocean plateau material that has been recycled into the mantle. The Sr, Nd and Hf isotope compositions of these basalts do not show the signature of pelagic sediments. The basalts' low CaO/Al2O3 and Ce/Pb ratios, their unradiogenic 206Pb and 208Pb, and their Sr, Ba, Eu and Pb excesses indicate that their mantle source contains ancient gabbros formed initially by plagioclase accumulation, typical of plateau material. Also, the high Th/U ratios of the mantle source resemble those of plume magmas. Geochemically, the Logudoro basalts resemble those from Pitcairn Island, which contain the controversial EM-1 component that has been interpreted as arising from a mantle source sprinkled with remains of pelagic sediments. We argue, instead, that the EM-1 source from these two localities is essentially free of sedimentary material, the geochemical characteristics of these lavas being better explained by the presence of recycled oceanic plateaux. The storage of plume heads in the deep mantle through time offers a convenient explanation for the persistence of chemical and mineralogical layering in the mantle.     

Origin of a 'Southern Hemisphere' geochemical signature in the Arctic upper mantle

The Gakkel ridge, which extends under the Arctic ice cap for approximately 1,800 km, is the slowest spreading ocean ridge on Earth. Its spreading created the Eurasian basin, which is isolated from the rest of the oceanic mantle by North America, Eurasia and the Lomonosov ridge. The Gakkel ridge thus provides unique opportunities to investigate the composition of the sub-Arctic mantle and mantle heterogeneity and melting at the lower limits of seafloor spreading. The first results of the 2001 Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition (ref. 1) divided the Gakkel ridge into three tectonic segments, composed of robust western and eastern volcanic zones separated by a 'sparsely magmatic zone'. On the basis of Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios and trace elements in basalts from the spreading axis, we show that the sparsely magmatic zone contains an abrupt mantle compositional boundary. Basalts to the west of the boundary display affinities to the Southern Hemisphere 'Dupal' isotopic province, whereas those to the east-closest to the Eurasian continent and where the spreading rate is slowest-display affinities to 'Northern Hemisphere' ridges. The western zone is the only known spreading ridge outside the Southern Hemisphere that samples a significant upper-mantle region with Dupal-like characteristics. Although the cause of Dupal mantle has been long debated, we show that the source of this signature beneath the western Gakkel ridge was subcontinental lithospheric mantle that delaminated and became integrated into the convecting Arctic asthenosphere. This occurred as North Atlantic mantle propagated north into the Arctic during the separation of Svalbard and Greenland.     

Process and mechanism of mountain-root removal of the Dabie Orogen—Constraints from geochronology and geochemistry of post-collisional igneous rocks

Systematical studies of post-collisional igneous rocks in the Dabie orogen suggest that the thickened mafic lower crust of the oro- gen was partially melted to form low-Mg# adakitic rocks at 143-131 Ma. Delamination and foundering of the thickened mafic lower crust occurred at 130 Ma, which caused the mantle upwelling and following mafic and granitic magmatic intrusions. Mig- matite in the North Dabie zone, coeval with the formation of low-Mg# adakitic intrusions in the Dabie orogen, was formed by partial melting of exhumed ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks at middle crustal level. This paper argues that the partial melting of thickened lower and middle crust before mountain-root collapse needs lithospheric thinning. Based on the geothermal gradient of 6.6~C/km for lithospheric mantle and initial partial melting temperature of ~1000~C for the lower mafic crust, it can be estimated that the thickness of lithospheric mantle beneath thickened lower crust has been thinned to 〈45 km when the thickened lower crust was melting. Thus, a two-stage model for mountain-root removal is proposed. First, the lithospheric mantle keel was partially removal by mantle convection at 145 Ma. Loss of the lower lithosphere would increase heat flow into the base of the crust and would cause middle-lower crustal melting. Second, partial melting of the thickened lower crust has weakened the lower crust and increased its gravity instability, thus triggering delamination and foundering of the thickened mafic lower crust or mountain-root collapse. Therefore, convective removal and delamination of the thickened lower crust as two mechanisms of lithospheric thin- ning are related to causality.     

Trace element characteristics in the diopsides of peridotite xenoliths: a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study

Among the various xenoliths entrained by the Cenozoic Hannuoba basalts, peridotite is the most abundant one. The trace elements of the diopsides from the peridotite xenoliths were analysed by LA-ICP-MS. The overall depletion and some heterogeneity of the continental mantle beneath northern North China Craton were indicated by the characteristics of the trace elements. The ∑REE amount in diopside correlates with the Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of diopside which is indicative of xenolith's partial melting degree. As the peridotite hosts and pyroxenite veins show similar REE distribution patterns, the composite xenoliths are probably formed by mantle deformation, rather than by the late metasomatism of mantle fluids/melts.     

High 3He/4He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes

The high 3He/4He ratio of volcanic rocks thought to be derived from mantle plumes is taken as evidence for the existence of a mantle reservoir that has remained largely undegassed since the Earth's accretion. The helium isotope composition of this reservoir places constraints on the origin of volatiles within the Earth and on the evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that olivine phenocrysts in picritic basalts presumably derived from the proto-Iceland plume at Baffin Island, Canada, have the highest magmatic 3He/4He ratios yet recorded. A strong correlation between 3He/4He and 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and trace element ratios demonstrate that the 3He-rich end-member is present in basalts that are derived from large-volume melts of depleted upper-mantle rocks. This reservoir is consistent with the recharging of depleted upper-mantle rocks by small volumes of primordial volatile-rich lower-mantle material at a thermal boundary layer between convectively isolated reservoirs. The highest 3He/4He basalts from Hawaii and Iceland plot on the observed mixing trend. This indicates that a 3He-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM) reservoir may be the principal source of high 3He/4He in mantle plumes, and may explain why the helium concentration of the 'plume' component in ocean island basalts is lower than that predicted for a two-layer, steady-state model of mantle structure.