电沉积金属泡沫内的渗透流动特性

为了探究电沉积法制备金属泡沫微观孔胞结构对渗透特性的内在作用机理,针对不同结构与材料的金属泡沫完成了空气渗透流动实验。采用基于正五边形宽骨架结构的正十二面体的金属泡沫孔胞模型,建立了金属泡沫半经验渗透模型;分析了金属泡沫内流动阻力的变化规律,获得了包括孔隙率和孔密度等不同微观结构参数下金属泡沫内流体渗透特性。研究结果表明:小流速范围内,金属泡沫内流体流动为Darcy流态,受黏性作用影响;大流速范围内,金属泡沫内流体流动为Forhheimer流态,受惯性作用影响。电沉积金属泡沫内阻力因子的常数项为0.099 5,较粉末烧结金属泡沫内阻力因子的常数项明显增大。提出了基于孔隙率与孔密度的金属泡沫水力直径修正计算模型,与正五边形宽骨架模型预测结果相比误差在±5%以内;获得了单位长度压差的Darcy-Forhheimer型预测公式,预测值与实验值的最大误差在±15%以内,并提出了以孔隙率和水力直径为变量的金属泡沫渗透率K和惯性系数F的预测公式。     

金属泡沫管内强制对流换热的数值模拟

对空气在金属泡沫管内的强制对流换热进行了二维数值模拟.动量方程采用BrinkmanForchheimer扩展达西模型,能量方程采用考虑流体和固体局部不平衡的二方程模型,并用金属泡沫方形通道的试验数据验证了程序的正确性.模拟结果表明:金属泡沫管的努塞尔数随孔隙率的减小或孔密度的增加而增大,且随流体和固体导热系数比值的减小而增大;金属泡沫管的强化换热效果十分明显,但其压降远大于光管.数值模拟结果与相关文献的结果符合较好.     

泡沫铜内空气流动特性的研究

泡沫铜内流体动力学特性对其换热性能影响非常重要。为充分利用泡沫铜的换热性能,通过实验研究了泡沫铜的孔隙率、孔密度对空气流过泡沫铜的压降、渗透系数、惯性系数、雷诺数的影响,以及雷诺数和摩擦系数之间的关系。实验结果表明压降是随着泡沫铜的孔密度的增大而增大,随着孔隙率的增大而减小;渗透系数是随着泡沫铜的孔密度增大而减小,随着孔隙率增大而增大;惯性系数则是随着泡沫铜的孔密度增大而减小,孔隙率的变化对惯性系数则影响较小;而雷诺数约为15~20以下时,摩擦系数是随雷诺数增大而增大。     

通孔金属泡沫中的空气自然对流传热实验研究

对水平面上通孔铜金属泡沫中的空气自然对流进行了实验研究,研究了金属泡沫孔隙率和孔密度对总传热热阻的影响.研究结果表明:与光表面相比,金属多孔表面有效地强化了自然对流散热,使总热阻至少减小20%左右.金属泡沫传热面积和自然对流流动阻力均受孔隙率和孔密度的影响.在较小的孔隙率(ε=0.9)下,对所研究的两个孔密度(400 m->和1 600 m-1),格拉晓夫数Gr存在一个转折点,当Gr小于该转折点值时,孔密度较大的金属泡沫自然对流热阻较小,而当Gr大于该转折点值时,孔密度较小的金属泡沫热阻较小.在较大孔隙率(ε=0.95)及实验所测的Gr范围内,孔密度较大的金属泡沫热阻一直较小.在所研究的两个典型孔密度(800 m-1和1 600 m-1)下,孔隙率较小的金属泡沫热阻较小,但是在1 600 m-1时,其热阻减小量要明显大于800 m-1时对应的减小量.     

金属泡沫孔密度对石蜡融化性能影响的实验研究

为了探究金属泡沫孔密度对石蜡融化性能的影响,设计搭建了相变蓄热实验台,制作了不同孔密度的复合相变材料。通过实验对比研究了镍复合相变材料和铜复合相变材料内部温度分布,分析了孔密度对导热和对流换热强度的影响,比较了在相同时间内镍复合相变材料和铜复合相变材料的蓄热量。实验结果表明:镍复合相变材料随着孔密度的增大,温度堆积现象加重;当孔密度为1.02mm~(-1)时,镍复合相变材料的对流和导热换热强度相等;当孔密度为1.26mm~(-1)时,铜复合相变材料的对流和导热换热强度相等;当孔密度为2.36mm~(-1)时,铜复合相变材料对应的蓄热量最多;当孔密度为0.79mm~(-1)时,镍复合相变材料对应的蓄热量最多。     

多孔泡沫金属换热器内流体流动和传热的均匀性分析

在恒定热流密度条件下,对单相流体分别强制轴向层流流经多孔泡沫金属换热器管内、外的流动和对流传热的均匀性进行了分析.结果表明:填充多孔泡沫金属后,流体的速度和温度分布的均匀性比光管时明显提高.对于壳程区域的全角点管间区域与内部管间区域,多孔泡沫金属的孔隙率越大,两者间平均流速的差异越大,对流换热的差异越小;多孔泡沫金属的ppi数越大,两者间的平均流速和对流换热的差异越小;管间距越大,平均流速的差异越小.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的孔隙率对泡沫金属内相变材料融化传热的影响

基于局部热非平衡条件在表征单元尺度上构建出双温度分布函数的格子Boltzmann方程,用该方程来表征泡沫金属骨架与相变材料融化传热的温度场,用密度分布函数演化方程来表征融化液相速度场.然后模拟了泡沫金属内相变材料融化界面位置随时间的变化及金属骨架和相变材料的温度分布情况.模拟结果与其他文献的计算结果吻合较好.重点分析了泡沫金属孔隙率对相变材料融化传热的影响.结果表明,孔隙率的减少有利于增强金属骨架热传导换热的作用,但也会导致自然对流传热的降低及相变材料蓄热量的减少.因此在设计泡沫金属蓄热装置时,对于孔隙率的确定需要结合工程需求进行选择.     

通孔金属泡沫强化蓄冰实验研究

为了研究通孔金属泡沫内嵌相变材料凝固过程特性及泡沫材料孔结构参数对凝固过程的影响,搭建了固液相变传热可视化测量系统,利用该系统就通孔铜泡沫强化蓄冰过程开展了实验研究。实时观测了凝固相界面的瞬态移动过程,测量了金属骨架表面和内嵌相变介质的实时温度,研究结果表明:铜泡沫可有效改善蓄冰后期传热恶化现象,大幅减少蓄冰时间,加入铜泡沫后,结冰所需时间与纯水工况相比减少为48.86%(孔密度为1 181m~(-1),孔隙率为0.90)和60.97%(孔密度为1 181m~(-1),孔隙率为0.97);铜泡沫的孔隙率对结冰过程影响较大,孔隙率为0.90的铜泡沫比孔隙率为0.97的铜泡沫中水完全凝固时间减少20%,而孔密度对结冰过程影响可忽略不计。可视化结果表明,未凝固相局部自然对流导致凝固相界面发生倾斜,呈现下部略快于上部的凝固界面。     

金属泡沫铜/石蜡复合相变材料融化传热特性的实验研究

为了探究不同厚度的金属泡沫铜对石蜡融化过程的影响,设计搭建了可视化相变蓄热实验台,制备了不同厚度的金属泡沫铜复合相变材料,通过实验对比研究了纯相变材料和添加不同厚度金属泡沫铜的复合相变材料的融化界面变化和内部温度分布,分析了不同厚度的金属泡沫铜对换热强度的影响。实验结果表明:在纯相变材料融化过程中自然对流起主导作用,5mm厚的金属泡沫铜促进了上部的石蜡自然对流,10、15、20mm的金属泡沫铜抑制了石蜡的自然对流;金属泡沫铜的厚度越大,导热换热强度越大;对流换热强度和导热换热强度二者呈现出负相关的关系;当金属泡沫铜厚度为14mm时,导热换热强度和对流换热强度相当。     

多孔泡沫金属换热器内部的非热力学平衡

应用Brinkman-extended Darcy流动模型,对恒热流密度条件下,方形轴流式多孔泡沫金属换热器内流体与泡沫金属之间的瞬时局部非热力学平衡情况进行了分析。结果表明:当流体在低孔隙率、低ppi数的多孔泡沫金属通道内低速流动,以及当流体和多孔泡沫金属间存在较大的导热能力差异时,两者间的瞬时局部温差较大,不可忽略。     

泡沫塑料吸能特性的试验研究

相比于泡沫金属,泡沫塑料有如隔热、绝缘、回弹性好、成本低等优点. 泡沫塑料在压缩变形过程中经历3个阶段:初始弹性区、平台区和压实区,平台区对应的应变很大而应力较低,是主要的吸能阶段. 在平台区内泡沫塑料同时发生弹性变形和塑性变形,塑性变形使泡沫塑料产生损伤,而呈现出应力软化的现象. 通过对3种不同密度的泡沫塑料进行不同压缩速度和压缩量的多循环单向压缩试验,对比研究了泡沫塑料的吸能特性与残余变形和应变率、密度以及变形历史的相关性.     

Synthesis and characterization of copper foams through a powder metallurgy route using a compressible and lubricant space-holder material

In the present work, a compressible and lubricating space-holder material commonly known as “acrawax” was used to process Cu foams with various pore sizes and various porosities. The foams were processed without using binders to avoid contamination of their metal matrices. The lubricant space-holder material was found to facilitate more uniform flow and distribution of metal powder around the surface of the space holder. In addition, the use of acrawax as a space-holder material yielded considerably dense cell walls, which are an essential prerequisite for better material properties. The foams processed with a smaller-sized space holder were found to exhibit better electrical and mechanical properties than those processed with a coarser-sized space holder. The isotropic pore shape, uniform pore distribution throughout the metal matrix, and uniform cell wall thickness were found to enhance the properties pertaining to fine-pore foam samples. The processed foams exhibit properties similar to those of the foams processed through the lost-carbonate sintering process.     

填充电池组的耐撞安全性

针对圆柱电池的电池组,提出了一种新型的填充保护方式来提升电池组的耐撞安全性. 通过实验和数值模拟对比了填充电池组与无填充电池组的耐撞安全性,讨论了采用树脂和不同密度的泡沫金属作为填充材料对电池组安全性的影响. 结果表明填充电池组呈现出更高的安全性,这是由于填充材料改变了电池的受力状态,使电池受力更合理、变形更均匀,从而减少了电池的破坏风险. 树脂填充提高了电池组的硬度和刚度,在冲击荷载下,使电池组更快地进入均匀受载阶段. 泡沫金属的选取需要综合考虑材料本身吸能的能力和材料对电池组能量分布的影响,硬度适中的金属泡沫填充电池组具有较好的耐撞安全性.      

Kinetic evaluation of the size-dependent decomposition performance of solvent-free microcellular polylactic acid foams

A thermal gravimetric method is described for evaluating the kinetics of cell size-dependent decomposition and lifetime estima- tion for microcellular tissue engineering scaffolds made of biodegradable polylactic acid(PLA)foams.PLA foam cell sizes from 550 to 20?m were fabricated experimentally using a solvent-free solid-state foaming technique under saturation pressures from 1 to 5 MPa.The thermal properties of the PLA foams with respect to the cell sizes were measured using thermal gravimetric analy- sis in a nitrogen atmosphere and the activation energy and pre-exponential factor were derived to evaluate the decomposition ki- netics and estimate lifetime.It was found that small cell sizes can be achieved under high saturation pressures and that the thermal stability of PLA decreases after the fabrication process.The cell size-dependent thermal stability and degradation rate indicate that a PLA foam of larger cell sizes has a shorter degradation time,a few tenths that of the PLA raw material,at a temperature of 37°C. The results suggest that it is feasible to optimize fabrication parameters to obtain appropriate cell sizes and lifetimes that satisfy the application requirements for various organs.This study provides the basis for precise scaffold design and quantitative analysis of PLA foams in tissue engineering applications.     

冲击速度对开孔泡沫金属冲击动力学性能影响

利用有限元软件ANSYS中的LS-DYNA模块,建立起了泡沫金属胞元方孔模型,采用能更好反应实际情况的幂函数塑性模型,研究了冲击速度对泡沫金属冲击动力学性能的影响,对泡沫金属在冲击载荷作用下的应力传递和分布以及变形过程进行了数值模拟,分析了冲击速度对泡沫金属应力传递和分布以及变形的影响。研究表明,随着初始撞击速度的提高,泡沫铝屈服强度有所提高,应力传递速度和接触端面处的泡孔变形速度加快。     

多孔泡沫材料的声吸收特性

为了结合泡沫金属兼有的高吸声和高热传导两种特性以进一步提高其吸声性能,回顾了泡沫金属材料的应用和声学建模;通过对泡沫金属和用于制造泡沫金属的高分子基体材料的实验,比较了作者提出的声波通过泡沫金属传播的3种黏滞模型的预测结果,表明所有模型在泡沫金属典型胞元尺寸所对应的低雷诺数范围内是有效的(假定声波为线性,幅值低于160 dB).第一种模型考虑了声波沿平行于刚性圆柱束轴线方向传播时所受到的空气曳力,第二种模型考虑了声波沿垂直于刚性圆柱束轴线方向的传播,第三种模型考虑了声波通过球形节点的传播.结合这3种模型,提出了一种泡沫金属声学性能的综合模型,可以用来预测泡沫金属的声吸收特性.此外,还介绍了一种用于泡沫金属材料基本声传播特性实验的后处理技术.     

Preparation, structure, and properties of polyurethane foams modified by nanoscale titanium dioxide with three different dimensions

TiO2-based nanosheets (TiNSs), TiO2-based nanotubes (TiNTs) were prepared by hydrothermal processing, and polyurethane foams with TiO2 nanopowders (P25), TiNSs and TiNTs were synthesized by free-rising foaming method. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra show that the addition of titanium dioxide does not affect the chemical structure of polyurethane foam. However, microscope observations show that PU/TiNSs composite foams have more uniform cells and the average aperture smaller than that of pure poly-urethane foams. According to the results of thermal analysis, the PU/TiNSs composite foams have better thermal stability, the temperature of decompostion occurring with a maximum weight loss rate is about 30 ℃ higher than that of pure PU foams. The decompostion temperatures are 167 ℃ and 148 ℃ for the PU/P25 composite foams and the PU/TiNTs composite foams respectively, which are lower than that of pure PU foams. Moreover, with the addition of the fillers, the sound absorption property also has changed; the addition of TiNSs improved the sound absorbing property efficiently. The better thermal stability and sound absorption of PU/TiNSs composite foams are mainly due to the uniform cells diffuse and smaller aperture.     

Biporous nanocarbon foams and the effect of the structure on the capillary performance

Biporous nanocarbon foams (NC foams) which have both nano-pores and micro-pores,were fabricated and used to explore the liquid transportation in the porous structures formed by nanomaterials.Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the structure of the NC foams.Capillary rise tests using acetone as the working fluid were conducted by the IR thermal imaging method.The results show that the capillary rise height of the NC foam with 65μm micro-pore size was 47%higher than that with 9μm micro-pore size in 50 s.The capillary performance of the NC foams was reduced when its density was higher than 60 mg/cm~3.A model is built to illustrate the effect of both nano-structure and micro-structure on the transportation of working fluid in the biporous foam.The data indicates that the nano-structure generated high capillary pressure while the microstructure provided low resistant pathways for fast liquid transportation.The size of micro-pores and the ratio of micro-pores to nano-pores were two important factors.It is demonstrated that the NC foams had large sorption capacity up to 878 mg/cm~3and their capillary performance was further enhanced when using a substrate.     

泡沫金属材料可压缩塑性力学有限元计算公式

介绍了泡沫金属材料可压缩塑性力学的基本理论;并根据该理论模型推导出三维空间情形、平面应力情形、平面应变和轴对称情形的有限元计算公式。从而为用连续本构模型模拟泡沫金属材料的可压缩塑性行为提供了计算依据。     

Properties and corrosion behavior of Al based nanocomposite foams produced by the sintering-dissolution process

The properties of Al based nanocomposite metal foams and their corrosion behaviors were investigated in this study. For this, the composite metal foams with different relative densities (porosity) reinforced with alumina nanoparticles were prepared using a powder metallurgy-based sintering-dissolution process (SDP) and NaCl particles were used as space holders. Then, the effect of nanoparticle reinforcement and different amounts of NaCl space holders (corresponding porosity) on the microstructure, morphology, density, hardness, and electrochemical specifications of the samples were investigated. It was found that as the relative density increased from 60% to 70%, the wall thickness increased from about 200 to 300 μm, which led to a decrease in pore size. Also, the addition of nanoparticle reinforcement and the increased relative density result in increasing metal foam hardness. Moreover, electrochemical test results indicated that increasing the Al₂O₃ content reduced the corrosion rate, but increasing the porosity enhanced it.