植树造林对减缓CO2排放的效应及对策

定量分析了森林生态系统对ＣＯ２的吸收作用，并估算了化石燃料ＣＯ２释放量，通过平衡比较，表明我国ＣＯ２化石燃料排放量大于森林吸收量，成为ＣＯ２逐年累积有共温室效应的主要原因之一，为此，建立减缓ＣＯ２排放的植树造林规划模型，利用ＬＮＤＯ５０软件进行计算，能够简便，快捷地获得结果；并提出减缓ＣＯ２排放的最优造林方案及其对策。     

碳氟醇对十烷基硫酸钠水溶液的表面活性及反离子…

通过用滴体积法测定溶液的表面张力，用电导法测定溶液的电导率来研究Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ与Ｃ１０Ｈ２１ＳＯ４Ｎａ混合水溶液的物理化学性质。结果表明：Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ或ＮａＣｌ的加入都能增加Ｃ１０Ｈ２１ＳＯ４Ｎａ溶液的表面活性，两种方法测得的胶团反离子结合度规律一致，即随着Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ量增加而增加，与ＣＨ１３ＯＨ情况不同。     

一个改进的CO2排放影子价格模型

考虑使用化石燃料所排放的ＣＯ２被陆地森林吸收的因素,建立一个改进的影子价格模型,计算考虑ＣＯ２的海洋吸收和森林吸收双因子的影子价格数值,讨论减小ＣＯ２排放与中国经济产出之间的关系及对策     

不同放牧强度对草原生态系统N2O和CH4排放通量的影响

用密闭箱法原位观测了不同放牧强度时草原生态系统Ｎ２Ｏ（Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ）和ＣＨ４（ＣＨ４－Ｃ）的排放通量，研究了以轮牧为放牧方式低度放牧率、中度放牧率和重度放禾率对草原生态系统Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放通量的季节变化和日变化的影响，得出放牧强度对于草原生态系统Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４的排放有一定影响，不放牧率的影响结果各不相同。低度放牧，中度放牧和重度放牧以及对 场Ｎ２Ｏ通量季节变化范围１．６４￣９．６９、０．０７￣１８     

Cr_2O_3,MgO对贝利特-硫铝酸钙水泥熟料矿物形成的影响

应用ＸＲＤ,ＥＤＡＸ等分析测试手段,研究了Ｃｒ２Ｏ３,ＭｇＯ对贝利特－硫铝酸钙水泥熟料矿物形成的影响。结果表明,适量的Ｃｒ２Ｏ３,ＭｇＯ能促进系统ｆ－ＣａＯ的吸收,降低烧成温度。Ｃｒ２Ｏ３,ＭｇＯ主要固溶在Ｃ２Ｓ,铁相及２Ｃ２Ｓ·ＣａＳＯ４中,并可使Ｃ２Ｓ稳定为α－Ｃ２Ｓ及α＇－Ｃ２Ｓ以及稳定２Ｃ２Ｓ·Ｃａ－ＳＯ４。当Ｃｒ２Ｏ３含量较高时,使ＭｇＯ在熟料矿物中的固溶量显著增加。     

NaCl对燃煤污染物排放的影响研究

为了掌握与垃圾混合燃料时,垃圾中的氯化物对燃煤污染物排放特性的影响规律,用热分析仪及烟气分析仪实验研究了添加ＮａＣｌ前后煤的燃烧排放特性。实验结果表明,ＮａＣｌ的存在延长了ＳＯ２在煤样中的停留时间,抑制了ＳＯ２的排放,有利于在煤燃烧过程中进行了ＳＯ２的脱除。     

油气藏流体—CO2体系相行为的实验测定与计算

利用高压相平衡实验装置,地某油田Ｆ６６Ａ井和Ｆ３０井的原油在油藏温度下注入不同量的ＣＯ２（注入ＣＯ２与油藏流体的摩尔比为０￣２．００）时的ＰＶＴ关系进行了测定,共取得ＰＶＴ数据点１６５个,泡点压力点和体积系数点各１１个。实验结果表明帛于原始油样的组分结构和组成不同,其注气体系相行为有较大的不同。Ｆ６６Ａ井油藏原油的饱和（泡点）压力随着ＣＯ２注入量的增加近似呈线性增加,而Ｆ３０井的饱和压力和ＣＯ注入     

内电解—催化氧化法治理梁料废水

该文详述了用内电解－催化氧化－氧化塘法治理染料废水的过程。结果表明,经过该法处理后,废水中的化学需氧量（Ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ Ｏｘｙｇｅｎ ＤｅｍａｎｄＭ,ＣＯＤ）和色度的去除率都在９５％以上。排放水的ＣＯＤ值小于２００ｍｇ／Ｌ,色度小于８,达到国家二级排放标准。文中讨论了该体系的最佳处理条件：搅拌曝气的时间为３０ｍｉｎ左右,Ｈ２Ｏ２的加入量是每１００ｍＬ废水约０．５ｍＬ,催化剂的量是每１００ｍＬ约０     

复合钢管陶瓷层相组成及致密化的研究

利用离心自蔓延高温合成技术,在普通碳素钢管的内壁涂敷一层厚度均匀的Ａｌ２Ｏ３ 陶瓷层．研究表明,在Ａｌ＋ Ｆｅ２Ｏ３ 反应体系中,适当增加配方中Ａｌ或ＳｉＯ２ 的加入量,化学反应趋向于完全,而增加ＣｒＯ３ 的加入量却得到相反的结果;在Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ２Ｏ３ 体系中同时加入ＳｉＯ２ 和ＣｒＯ３,显著降低了陶瓷层的孔隙度     

内电解-催化氧化法治理染料废水

该文详述了用内电解－ 催化氧化－ 氧化塘法治理染料废水的过程。结果表明,经过该法处理后,废水中的化学需氧量（Ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ Ｏｘｙｇｅｎ Ｄｅｍａｎｄ ,ＣＯＤ） 和色度的去除率都在９５ ％ 以上。排放水的ＣＯＤ 值小于２００ ｍｇ／Ｌ,色度小于８ ,达到国家二级排放标准。文中讨论了该体系的最佳处理条件：搅拌曝气的时间为３０ ｍｉｎ 左右,Ｈ２Ｏ２ 的加入量是每１００ ｍＬ 废水约０－５ ｍＬ,催化剂的量是每１００ ｍＬ约０－５ ｇ,ｐＨ 值约为３ 。     

Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation

The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO(2) and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO(2) in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ice-core deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct a record of global surface temperature from 80 proxy records and show that temperature is correlated with and generally lags CO(2) during the last (that is, the most recent) deglaciation. Differences between the respective temperature changes of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere parallel variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded in marine sediments. These observations, together with transient global climate model simulations, support the conclusion that an antiphased hemispheric temperature response to ocean circulation changes superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing CO(2) concentrations is an explanation for much of the temperature change at the end of the most recent ice age.     

Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years

One of the greatest sources of uncertainty for future climate predictions is the response of the global carbon cycle to climate change. Although approximately one-half of total CO(2) emissions is at present taken up by combined land and ocean carbon reservoirs, models predict a decline in future carbon uptake by these reservoirs, resulting in a positive carbon-climate feedback. Several recent studies suggest that rates of carbon uptake by the land and ocean have remained constant or declined in recent decades. Other work, however, has called into question the reported decline. Here we use global-scale atmospheric CO(2) measurements, CO(2) emission inventories and their full range of uncertainties to calculate changes in global CO(2) sources and sinks during the past 50 years. Our mass balance analysis shows that net global carbon uptake has increased significantly by about 0.05 billion tonnes of carbon per year and that global carbon uptake doubled, from 2.4?±?0.8 to 5.0?±?0.9 billion tonnes per year, between 1960 and 2010. Therefore, it is very unlikely that both land and ocean carbon sinks have decreased on a global scale. Since 1959, approximately 350 billion tonnes of carbon have been emitted by humans to the atmosphere, of which about 55 per cent has moved into the land and oceans. Thus, identifying the mechanisms and locations responsible for increasing global carbon uptake remains a critical challenge in constraining the modern global carbon budget and predicting future carbon-climate interactions.     

中国能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系的实证研究

利用中国1960～2008年的样本数据,运用Toda-Yamamoto检验程序对中国能源消费、碳排放与经济增长三者之间的因果关系进行了计量研究.研究结果表明,经济增长与能源消费都是CO2排放的单向Granger原因,即经济增长与能源消费的增加会导致CO2排放的增加,反之则不成立.能源消费与经济增长之间存在双向的Granger因果关系.研究表明中国的能源消费和相应的CO2排放在今后几十年乃至更长时期内还将持续增长,因此中国应该制定并实施相关政策来降低CO2排放.     

CO2驱采油技术研究与应用现状

 CO₂温室气体使全球气候变暖,温度幅度已经超出了其本身自然变动的范围,对人类的生存和社会经济的发展构成了严重威胁。CO₂的地质处置最有效的方式就是注入油气田,不但封存了CO₂,而且还可提高油气田的采收率,国外注CO₂驱提高原油采收率技术已在低渗透油藏中得到了广泛应用。针对中国低渗透油藏自然产能低、地层能量不足、地层压力下降快等引起采收率低的现状,在分析CO₂混相和非混相驱提高采收率机制的基础上,系统整理和归纳了CO₂驱油技术中混相驱和非混相驱两种作用方式的研究现状。通过国内外低渗透油藏注CO₂驱提高采收率应用情况分析指出,CO₂作为一种有效的驱油剂,CO₂驱能得到明显的增油降水和提高采收率的效果,总结了目前需要解决的主要问题,提出应积极开展注CO₂驱油技术的研究和现场试验的建议,并对CO₂驱油技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

农田土壤温室气体释放通量的研究

采用碱石灰吸收法和Hohenheim Chamber法测定了德国南部农田CO2释放规律,并对两种方法进行了比较。供试作物为冬小麦。在实验期间内,各处理的CO2净释放量均为正值,表明在春季土壤－作物系统是碳的源。一天内作物－土壤系统在大部分内表现为CO2净释放,只在中午11：00至13：00且光照充分时才出现净同化。不同轮作方式下农田CO2累计释放量存在差异。不同处理CO2累计释放产为净释放,但处理间存在显著差别。CO2净释放量与气温、土壤温度极显著相关,与PAR相关性不明显。研究结果还表明,碱石灰吸收法吸收时间和吸收剂的数量对试验结果有影响,而吸收时间的影响更为明显。     

全球增温与碳循环

全球变暖是地球系统科学领域的热点问题 .全面深入地理解全球碳循环的规律 ,将有助于客观地认识全球增温的原因 .系统地分析了全球碳循环的基本规律 ,评述了各个方面的研究进展 ,指出了研究当中应当注意的关键性问题 ,并且提出了目前探索和研究的重点课题 .     

An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases

The Kyoto Protocol permits countries to meet part of their emission reduction obligations by cutting back on gases other than CO2 (ref. 1). This approach requires a definition of trade-offs among the radiatively active gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested global warming potentials for this purpose, which use the accumulated radiative forcing of each gas by a set time horizon to establish emission equivalence. But it has been suggested that this approach has serious shortcomings: damages or abatement costs are not considered and the choice of time horizon for calculating cumulative radiative force is critical, but arbitrary. Here we describe an alternative framework for determining emission equivalence between radiatively active gases that addresses these weaknesses. We focus on limiting temperature change and rate of temperature change, but our framework is also applicable to other objectives. For a proposed ceiling, we calculate how much one should be willing to pay for emitting an additional unit of each gas. The relative prices then determine the trade-off between gases at each point in time, taking into account economical as well as physical considerations. Our analysis shows that the relative prices are sensitive to the lifetime of the gases, the choice of target and the proximity of the target, making short-lived gases more expensive to emit as we approach the prescribed ceiling.     

Influences of the degradation of swamp and alpine meadows on CO2 emission during growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CO2 emission fluxes of two types of ecosystem, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Fenghuo- shan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied by the static chamber-portable infrared chro- matographic method. The results showed that there was large difference in the CO2 emission fluxes between the two ecosystems and in the same ecosystem of different degradation degrees. CO2 emis- sion flux of the swamp meadow gradually decreased with increasing degradation degree, while that of the alpine meadow gradually increased with increasing degradation degree except in May. The CO2 emission flux of undegraded swamp meadow was 65.1%―80.3% higher than that of undegraded alpine meadow; and the CO2 emission flux of moderately degraded swamp meadow was 22.1%―67.5% higher than that of alpine meadow; but the CO2 emission flux of severely degraded alpine meadow was 14.3%―29.5% higher than that of swamp meadow. The soil moisture content and temperature in the upper 5 cm soil layer and above-ground biomass were significantly correlated with the CO2 emission fluxes and regarded as the main environment factors to control the CO2 emission.     

O2/CO2气氛下燃煤过程中NOx排放特性实验研究

利用沉降炉在O2/CO2和O2/N2气氛下对煤粉燃烧过程中NOx排放特性进行实验,研究了不同停留时间、燃料/氧化学当量比、温度等因素对燃煤过程中NOx的排放特性的影响,并对2种燃烧方式下NOx的排放特性进行对比.结果表明:在O2/CO2气氛下NOx的生成量远远低于空气气氛下NOx的生成量,其主要原因是在O2/CO2气氛中高CO2质量浓度导致气氛中生成较高含量的CO,从而在未燃烧碳表面发生NO/CO/Char的反应,促进了NO还原为N2;O2/CO2气氛中没有N2,避免了热力型NOx和快速型NOx的生成;约80%的再循环烟气致使NOx的停留时间大为增加,即延长了NOx的还原反应时间,从而降低了NOx的排放.     

Reaction of CH radical with O<Subscript>2</Subscript> by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy

The Methylidyne radical, CH, plays a crucial role in several complex environments such as planetary atmos- pheres and interstellar clouds, and is one of the most im- portant and active intermediate in hydrocarbon flames[1]. The CH involving reactions, including chemiionization, oxidation of hydrocarbons, the soot formation[2—5], and especially the formation of prompt NO[6], are of funda- mental interest in combustion chemistry, owing to the high reactivity and the large enthalpy of formatio…