宇宙中的结构形成

现代宇宙学的中心问题是宇宙中大尺度结构的形成问题.在标准等级成团结构形成理论中, 暗物质主宰着宇宙.今天所观测到的各种结构如星系、星系群和星系团,是通过引力不稳定 性形成.由于引力不稳定性,暗物质的小扰动先坍缩最终形成暗物质晕(或暗晕). 较小的 暗晕通过并合形成较大的暗晕.引力形成的结构的质量分布通常称为质量函数,由观测来确定[1-4]. Press等[5]。     

宇宙中的双黑洞

在星系形成的等级结构模型中,亚星系的结构先形成,之后再不断地通过并合形成越来越大的星系.伴随着星系的并合,星系中心的大质量黑洞也不断经历并合.在富气体星系的并合过程中,气体落入星系的中心,可能触发恒星的形成和黑洞的吸积.黑洞不断通过并合和气体吸积,从小到大形成现在观测到的在不同红移处的超大质量黑洞,因此,在星系的演化过程中,不同红移处必然存在很多大质量黑洞双体系统,甚至三体系统.本文将主要对宇宙中大质量双黑洞的观测和理论做一个简要的评述.美国升级后的激光干涉引力波天文台宣称首次直接探测到了引力波,该引力波源为几十倍太阳质量黑洞双星的并合.这么大质量的致密双黑洞是如何形成的?它们的并合率为什么这么高?本文也会简单提及恒星级双黑洞的形成和演化模型.     

星系的暗晕占据分布模型

从星系巡天的观测中可以测量宇宙中星系的分布,而这些我们观测到的可见物质只占据了宇宙组分的很小一部分.如何从观测的星系分布来联系暗物质分布,建立星系与暗晕之间的关联,从而限制宇宙学参数,一直都是星系宇宙学研究领域的一大课题.本文具体介绍了描述星系空间分布的暗晕占据分布模型的主要框架和参数形式,并介绍了模型的一个简单应用.这个模型被广泛用于解释观测到的星系分布的两点相关函数,通过模型构建星系和暗晕之间关联,可以从理论上获得不同星系样本所在暗晕质量分布的信息,这对于我们理解星系形成与演化模型以及限制宇宙学参数都有着重要的意义.     

两类BL Lac天体和FSRQs之间的关系

收集了109个blazar天体（HBLs 51个,LBLs 40个,FSRQs 18个）的相关观测数据,对该样本的黑洞质量、吸积率、热光度和红移的分布规律进行了统计分析,讨论了吸积率与热光度、黑洞质量与热光度之间的关系,结果发现：（1）存在一个从FSRQs经LBLs到HBLs的演化序列;（2）爱丁顿吸积率是影响blazar天体三个子类之间演化序列的主要因素;（3）blazar天体三个子类的热光度需要进行多普勒效应改正.     

活动星系核的演化与吸积率

红移,中心黑洞质量和吸积率是类星体演化的重要参数,通过三种方法计算了405个类星体和Seyfert星系样本的中心黑洞质量,并分析了中心黑洞质量和吸积率的分布,进而验证了：1.类星体-Seyfert星系的演化序列;2.平谱射电类星体（FSRQ）-BL Lac天体-射电星系（RG）的演化序列。     

核心坍缩超新星中心黑洞超吸积在星系尺度上的贡献

核心坍缩超新星(Core-Collapse Supernova,CCSN)是大质量恒星演化末期的爆发现象,产生了宇宙中大多数的中子星和恒星级黑洞等致密天体.爆发可能伴随着强磁场中子星或黑洞超吸积引发的剧烈长时标伽马射线暴.CCSN还被认为是宇宙重元素的主要来源之一.本综述介绍了我们近期对CCSN中心黑洞超吸积过程的系列研究成果,主要包括研究了大质量星系中心附近伽马射线暴余辉阶段,因大量暗物质粒子湮灭电子注入而引发的光变和能谱的形态变化,探讨了其作为暗物质探测手段的可能性;研究了坍缩星框架下,中微子主导吸积流外流对核合成的贡献,及对太阳临近空间、(活动)星系等化学组分和演化的影响;最后,从数值模拟角度讨论了CCSN起源的致密天体质量分布,给出了低质量间隙可能起源于CCSN爆发能量分布的结论.     

短暴对应中微子主导吸积盘的盘质量

短暴最有可能起源于双致密星并合.因为这种情形产生的吸积盘较小,持续时间可以和短暴的持续时标相当.模拟结果显示,双星并合产生的吸积盘质量远低于双星质量的总和.本文利用现有的观测数据,估算了恒星级黑洞周围中微子主导吸积盘的质量.结果显示,短暴吸积盘质量的估算主要取决于它的喷流能量和张角及黑洞的质量和自旋.一些短暴要求具有很大质量的吸积盘,这个数值已经达到甚至超过了模拟的最大值.我们认为,可能存在其他的电磁动力学过程或者其他的机制可以提高中微子辐射效率,从而提供短暴爆发所需要的能量.     

星系并合与相互作用的数值模拟和观测统计

在等级成团的结构形成过程中,星系并合与相互作用是非常普遍的现象.在引力的作用下,进入主暗晕的卫星星系受到动力学摩擦的作用而落入暗晕中心与中央星系并合;星系团中的星系高速交汇给星系内部注入能量从而改变着星系的形态;来自星系团的引力场对其中的星系进行着潮汐剥离甚至将其打散.星系的并合与相互作用在星系的演化中起着重要的作用,不仅能改变星系的形态,对星系的恒星形成性质产生影响,而且与活动星系核的演化相关联.借助数值模拟的理论研究与观测研究的共同发展,促进了人们对这一领域的认识,尤其是星系的理论并合时标、观测到的星系并合统计量及演化、并合在大质量星系的质量和大小增长中的作用等.     

科学家谈天文学重要方向 星系的演化

正星系的形成和演化是天体物理的前沿领域。该领域以现代宇宙学提供的大尺度结构形成和演化的成熟理论作为基本框架,通过观测和统计研究宇宙各时期星系的形态结构、星族构成、气体吸积、恒星演化、黑洞成长、化学元素、恒星和气体动力学等物理性质及其演变过程,试图阐明宇宙中各类星系的物理起源、演化关系以及它们与宇宙大尺度结构的物理联系,从而总结出支配星系演化的普适物理规律。目前被普遍接受的星系形成理论认为,星系在暗物质晕中形成和演化,其基本图     

黑洞吸积盘径向参量的演化

利用黑洞吸积盘演化的基本方程组 ,在纯吸积情况下 ,求得了薄、厚吸积盘及一般厚吸积盘的黑洞视界半径rH的演化方程 .证实了中心黑洞与吸积盘相互影响的基本性质 ,并得到一些新的结果 .黑洞视界半径rH演化并非完全单调 ,其演化特性与吸积盘的类型有关 :对于薄盘 ,rH单调递增 ;对于临界厚盘 ,rH先增后减 ;对于一般厚盘 ,rH先增后减再递增 .还讨论了吸积盘内边缘与黑洞视界间隔的演化 .     

检测黑洞双星的自转

基于旋转黑洞能量提取的两种机制,Blandford-Znajek(BZ)和magnetic coupling(MC)的共存模型,提出计算黑洞自转的一种新方法.利用该方法计算了既有射电喷流又有高频准周期振荡的黑洞双星的自转,发现其中心是一个与吸积盘旋转方向相同的快转黑洞,且黑洞自转范围很窄.该方法得到的计算结果与其他方法得到的结果很接近.     

The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes

Although disk accretion onto compact objects-white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes-is central to much of high-energy astrophysics, the mechanisms that enable this process have remained observationally difficult to determine. Accretion disks must transfer angular momentum in order for matter to travel radially inward onto the compact object. Internal viscosity from magnetic processes and disk winds can both in principle transfer angular momentum, but hitherto we lacked evidence that either occurs. Here we report that an X-ray-absorbing wind discovered in an observation of the stellar-mass black hole binary GRO J1655 - 40 (ref. 6) must be powered by a magnetic process that can also drive accretion through the disk. Detailed spectral analysis and modelling of the wind shows that it can only be powered by pressure generated by magnetic viscosity internal to the disk or magnetocentrifugal forces. This result demonstrates that disk accretion onto black holes is a fundamentally magnetic process.     

吸积盘中心黑洞的熵变与 B-Z 过程

分别在薄盘和厚盘两种情况下,详细讨论了纯吸积过程和Ｂ－Ｚ过程中吸积盘中心黑洞的熵变．结果表明,中心黑洞各参量在Ｂ－Ｚ过程中的变化率与在纯吸积过程中的变化率之差与盘结构无关,而且与Ｂ－Ｚ过程的辐射功率成正比．在Ｂ－Ｚ过程中黑洞熵的变化率总是大于纯吸积过程中黑洞熵的变化率,二者之差来自中心黑洞延伸视界上的耗散功率．此外,还讨论了黑洞热力学定律在上述盘吸积过程中的有效性．     

The Lyman-alpha glow of gas falling into the dark matter halo of a z = 3 galaxy

Quasars are the visible signatures of gas falling into the deep potential well of super-massive black holes in the centres of distant galaxies. It has been suggested that quasars are formed when two massive galaxies collide and merge, leading to the prediction that quasars should be found in the centres of regions of largest overdensity in the early Universe. In dark matter (DM)-dominated models of the early Universe, massive DM halos are predicted to attract the surrounding gas, which falls towards their centres. The neutral gas is not detectable in emission by itself, but gas falling into the ionizing cone of such a quasar will glow in the Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen, effectively imaging the DM halo. Here we present a Lyalpha image of a DM halo at redshift z = 3, along with a two-dimensional spectrum of the gaseous halo. Our observations are best understood in the context of the standard model for DM haloes; we infer a mass of (2 - 7) x 10(12) solar masses (M(\circ)) for the halo.     

High star formation rates as the origin of turbulence in early and modern disk galaxies

Observations of star formation and kinematics in early galaxies at high spatial and spectral resolution have shown that two-thirds are massive rotating disk galaxies, with the remainder being less massive non-rotating objects. The line-of-sight-averaged velocity dispersions are typically five times higher than in today's disk galaxies. This suggests that gravitationally unstable, gas-rich disks in the early Universe are fuelled by cold, dense accreting gas flowing along cosmic filaments and penetrating hot galactic gas halos. These accreting flows, however, have not been observed, and cosmic accretion cannot power the observed level of turbulence. Here we report observations of a sample of rare, high-velocity-dispersion disk galaxies in the nearby Universe where cold accretion is unlikely to drive their high star formation rates. We find that their velocity dispersions are correlated with their star formation rates, but not their masses or gas fractions, which suggests that star formation is the energetic driver of galaxy disk turbulence at all cosmic epochs.     

A close nuclear black-hole pair in the spiral galaxy NGC 3393

The current picture of galaxy evolution advocates co-evolution of galaxies and their nuclear massive black holes, through accretion and galactic merging. Pairs of quasars, each with a massive black hole at the centre of its galaxy, have separations of 6,000 to 300,000 light years (refs 2 and 3; 1 parsec = 3.26 light years) and exemplify the first stages of this gravitational interaction. The final stages of the black-hole merging process, through binary black holes and final collapse into a single black hole with gravitational wave emission, are consistent with the sub-light-year separation inferred from the optical spectra and light-variability of two such quasars. The double active nuclei of a few nearby galaxies with disrupted morphology and intense star formation (such as NGC 6240 with a separation of about 2,600 light years and Mrk 463 with a separation of about 13,000 light years between the nuclei) demonstrate the importance of major mergers of equal-mass spiral galaxies in this evolution; such mergers lead to an elliptical galaxy, as in the case of the double-radio-nucleus elliptical galaxy 0402+379 (with a separation of about 24 light years between the nuclei). Minor mergers of a spiral galaxy with a smaller companion should be a more common occurrence, evolving into spiral galaxies with active massive black-hole pairs, but have hitherto not been seen. Here we report the presence of two active massive black holes, separated by about 490 light years, in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3393 (50 Mpc, about 160 million light years). The regular spiral morphology and predominantly old circum-nuclear stellar population of this galaxy, and the closeness of the black holes embedded in the bulge, provide a hitherto missing observational point to the study of galaxy/black hole evolution. Comparison of our observations with current theoretical models of mergers suggests that they are the result of minor merger evolution.     

正则静态黑洞的薄吸积盘

依照Penrose的宇宙检察猜想,自然界不存在裸奇性.所以,值得进一步考虑的是自然界根本不存在奇性.讨论了没有奇点的正则黑洞,并研究史瓦西黑洞和正则黑洞在天体物理学中的区别.研究围绕正则黑洞的薄吸积盘,比较了不同正则黑洞之间薄吸积盘的能量通量,辐射温度和吸积效率.结果显示,正则黑洞薄吸积盘内的相互作用比史瓦西的更加强.此外,随着正则黑洞质量不断地减少,薄吸积盘会更有效地消耗能量.这些特征提供了一种区分出正则黑洞的可能性.     

含径向对流吸积盘的径向—环向不稳定性研究

从流体力学方程组出发,用微扰法得出含烃向对流吸积盘的径向。－环向不稳定性的色散方程,并根据盘的不同结构研究了四种模的不稳定性质,着重研究了径向粘滞力对含径向对流吸积的径向－环不稳定性的影响。结果表明：径向粘滞力对声模有较大的影响,但不改变粘滞模和热模的稳定性质,这一模型有利于解释银河系中黑洞候选体的ＱＰＯ现象。     

Supermassive black holes do not correlate with dark matter haloes of galaxies

Supermassive black holes have been detected in all galaxies that contain bulge components when the galaxies observed were close enough that the searches were feasible. Together with the observation that bigger black holes live in bigger bulges, this has led to the belief that black-hole growth and bulge formation regulate each other. That is, black holes and bulges coevolve. Therefore, reports of a similar correlation between black holes and the dark matter haloes in which visible galaxies are embedded have profound implications. Dark matter is likely to be non-baryonic, so these reports suggest that unknown, exotic physics controls black-hole growth. Here we show, in part on the basis of recent measurements of bulgeless galaxies, that there is almost no correlation between dark matter and parameters that measure black holes unless the galaxy also contains a bulge. We conclude that black holes do not correlate directly with dark matter. They do not correlate with galaxy disks, either. Therefore, black holes coevolve only with bulges. This simplifies the puzzle of their coevolution by focusing attention on purely baryonic processes in the galaxy mergers that make bulges.