原子分子物理实验中的符合测量技术

原子分子物理的研究对象是原子或者数个原子组成的小分子.因为研究对象结构简单,所以要求研究的实验手段能够尽可能全面的从多个角度测量研究对象的新特性,最好能够实时跟踪这些特性的演化.这种科学需求让我们不停地提升仪器的技术指标和灵活性.本文回顾了常常使用的几种符合测量装置,它们分别基于:源区无场电子飞行谱仪、电子能量分析器、磁瓶谱仪、反应谱仪、速度成像谱仪,它们用于基于超快激光、自由电子激光和同步辐射的原子分子实验.在此我们介绍它们的原理,比较它们之间的异同,重点描述最近的科学需求和技术突破点,并展望未来的发展方向.     

原子强场双电离的关联电子动力学

强激光与原子分子相互作用时,有许多由电子关联效应导致的新现象.强激光场驱动下的原子分子双电离,特别是非次序双电离,是一种典型的由电子关联作用引起的物理过程,为人们研究电子关联效应提供了一种重要途径.本文介绍了基于冷靶反冲离子动量成像谱仪技术对强场双电离关联电子微观动力学的研究现状,总结了不同激光强度下非次序双电离的微观动力学过程,进一步介绍了基于双色场对非次序双电离关联电子动力学过程控制的理论及实验研究.最近强场次序双电离实验观察到了许多与以前的理论模型预言相悖的物理现象,本文介绍了最近发展起来的次序双电离模型对这些现象的解释,以及此理论模型预言的次序双电离的有趣现象.     

阿秒科学前沿开拓与强场量子相干控制研究

该研究产生更短脉宽、更高光子能量与更高亮度的阿秒相干光源以及原子分子中阿秒电子波包的探测和控制,预期目标主要包括:(1)实现亚飞秒时间尺度和原子级空间尺度内实时观测和控制电子动力学行为;(2)在多电子弛豫过程中,电子重排、电子-电子碰撞动力学等多电子复杂动力学研究中取得若干突破;(3)揭示有重要意义的化学反应的电子动力学物理本质。探索阿秒脉冲作用下物质的电子动力学新规律及其应用。开展中红外激光与气体介质相互作用产生高次谐波的实验和理论研究,采用双色场方法获得高次谐波连续谱,为进一步将阿秒脉冲宽度测量和光子能量推进到"水窗"做准备。从理论上深入了解分子结构和反应通道和分子高次谐波之间的联系,以及和激光参数之间的关系,为实验研究做准备。获得了一些系列研究成果,包括发现太赫兹辐射波形可以通过改变驱动激光脉冲的CEP而实现控制,在光丝等离子体中太赫兹辐射发生极性反转,利用周期量级极端超快激光脉冲光场自身的不对称性获得增强的太赫兹辐射;发现基于独立电子近似的遂穿模型不能解释次序双电离中的许多现象等。     

强激光场中一维H2的经典动力学理论

利用经典理论采用辛算法计算了一维氢分子在超短强激光脉冲作用下的存活、电离、解离和库仑爆炸的动力学行为．研究了在相同波长、不同场强和相同场强、不同波长的动力学几率随时间演化曲线，分析了场强和波长的变化对氢分子动力学行为的影响，并给出了合理的物理解释．     

强激光场中N2分子的动力学性质的辛算法研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了N2分子在强激光场作用下的经典轨迹,并应用了现在较优越的数值方法——辛算法来求解方程,这使计算结果更加令人信服.通过对强激光场作用下N2分子的研究,我们得到了在极端条件下同核双原子分子的动力学特点.     

超短超强激光等离子体相互作用研究的进展及其潜在的应用

从激光技术的发展、超短超强激光等离子体相互作用研究的特点、方法、内容及其潜在的应用等5个方面对强场物理在国内外的情况作了论述,进一步指出强场物理的实验研究及其应用依赖于激光装置的发展,而超短超强激光技术的发展又使得强场物理的研究变得更具前景、更具挑战性.     

原子分子物理研究进展

总结和了原子与分子物理研究内容和最近发展，现在原子与分子物理研究成果已被广泛应用到新材料的原子与分子设计及气体激光器和激光同位素分离等多种技术中。     

多原子分子材料的激光感生热致折射率光栅

从理论上研究了在多原子分子材料中,由激光感生的热致折射率光栅及其驰豫效应。并利用简并四波混频实验,观察了多原子分子液晶的热致折射率光栅和它的驰豫行为,讨论了有关的物理机制     

NSRL原子分子物理实验线站的性能

介绍了国家同步辐射实验室原子分子物理实验线站的性能.该光束线主要由波荡器和单色仪组成,可以提供7.5～124 eV能量范围内调谐的真空紫外同步辐射.实验站主要包括交叉分子束装置和光电子、光离子探测器.光束线经光谱定标和测试,特征参数和性能符合设计要求.原子分子物理站可以应用于原子、分子和团簇的光谱学和动力学研究.     

碘代甲烷多光子激发色散荧光谱

采用色散荧光光谱方法,对308 nm强激光作用下CH3I分子的激发解离过程进行了实验研究.首先对所得色散荧光谱进行了归属,由此确定了主要的荧光产物粒子;依据荧光信号强度随入射激光能量的变化关系,研究了各碎片粒子的产生、激发及荧光跃迁过程,确定了对应的反应通道.所得结果对其他多原子分子的激发解离研究具有参考价值.     

超薄样室(ETC)中受限原子的高分辨率光谱技术

基于ETC的高分辨率激光光谱测量技术,探索获得更高分辨率光谱的方法。由于受限原子瞬态行为和慢原子/效应增强,以及双光子光谱的消多普勒增宽配置,使得双光子情形下基于ETC的AS、SR、FWM光谱具有极高的分辨率。基于ETC高分辨率光谱可用于同位素含量、食物中的有害成分、原子/分子的化学反应过程、生物领域大分子的活动等的监测,以及各类薄膜的制作过程的监测和控制等。     

Creation of ultracold molecules from a Fermi gas of atoms

Following the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases, an experimental challenge is the production of molecular gases in the quantum regime. A promising approach is to create the molecular gas directly from an ultracold atomic gas; for example, bosonic atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate have been coupled to electronic ground-state molecules through photoassociation or a magnetic field Feshbach resonance. The availability of atomic Fermi gases offers the prospect of coupling fermionic atoms to bosonic molecules, thus altering the quantum statistics of the system. Such a coupling would be closely related to the pairing mechanism in a fermionic superfluid, predicted to occur near a Feshbach resonance. Here we report the creation and quantitative characterization of ultracold 40K2 molecules. Starting with a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of atoms at a temperature of less than 150 nK, we scan the system over a Feshbach resonance to create adiabatically more than 250,000 trapped molecules; these can be converted back to atoms by reversing the scan. The small binding energy of the molecules is controlled by detuning the magnetic field away from the Feshbach resonance, and can be varied over a wide range. We directly detect these weakly bound molecules through their radio-frequency photodissociation spectra; these probe the molecular wavefunction, and yield binding energies that are consistent with theory.     

基于AFM纳米加工机理和方法的研究进展

作者介绍了近期基于AFM纳米加工方法的最新研究进展，探讨了AFM纳米加工过程中的机理，重点分析了利用AFM针尖诱导表面氧化，针尖诱导表面改性，纳米刻蚀加工，纳米化学反应，单分子，单原子操纵及纳米结构组装等6种基于AFM的纳米加工方法，为今后纳米信息产品的研究和开发奠定了基础，纳米加工技术是一门综合性的交叉学科，研究内容涉及到物理学、化学、生物学、材料学以及机械学等许多方面，文中不仅指出了理阶段研究中存在的问题，并提出了今后需要重视的研究方向。     

Atom-molecule coherence in a Bose-Einstein condensate

Recent advances in the precise control of ultracold atomic systems have led to the realisation of Bose Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases. An important challenge is to extend this level of control to more complicated molecular systems. One route for producing ultracold molecules is to form them from the atoms in a BEC. For example, a two-photon stimulated Raman transition in a (87)Rb BEC has been used to produce (87)Rb(2) molecules in a single rotational-vibrational state, and ultracold molecules have also been formed through photoassociation of a sodium BEC. Although the coherence properties of such systems have not hitherto been probed, the prospect of creating a superposition of atomic and molecular condensates has initiated much theoretical work. Here we make use of a time-varying magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance to produce coherent coupling between atoms and molecules in a (85)Rb BEC. A mixture of atomic and molecular states is created and probed by sudden changes in the magnetic field, which lead to oscillations in the number of atoms that remain in the condensate. The oscillation frequency, measured over a large range of magnetic fields, is in excellent agreement with the theoretical molecular binding energy, indicating that we have created a quantum superposition of atoms and diatomic molecules two chemically different species.     

光波干涉采样示波器

光频梳技术是本世纪初随着飞秒激光技术、非线性光学的飞速发展应运而起的一项重要的精密频率测量技术.它跨越了射频和光频电磁波谱之间长期存在的技术鸿沟,通过频率和相位的相干关系将二者巧妙的衔接,在时间频率标准、精密光谱计量以及基础物理学常数的高精度测量等领域具有举足轻重的应用价值.正因为The-odor W.H?nsch(本文第一作者)和John L.Hall以光频梳技术为代表的激光精密测量技术领域的杰出贡献,二人同Roy J.Glauber(光相干量子理论的贡献)共同分享了2005年诺贝尔物理学奖.从光频梳的基本原理出发,解释了光频梳技术基本概念,稳定工作的光频梳以及作为高精密的频率测量技术,光频梳主要的应用领域等.同时回顾了作者研发光频梳技术的初衷,即用于研究氢原子的精密光谱,验证量子电动力学理论,提高里德堡常数和质子电荷半径等物理学基本常数体系的测量精度.介绍了通过双光频梳实现高精密的光谱直接测量技术,包括该技术的原理以及在气体分子精密光谱测量方面的应用,举例说明了基于双光频梳的光谱直接测量技术在频率分辨率和灵敏度方面相对于传统光频梳表现出来的显著优势.实验验证了单光子水平的光频梳光谱测量可行性,指出其在极紫外或甚至在软x射线这些产生少量光子的应用领域的应用前景.最后介绍了微小区域实现厘米级尺寸的光学腔的脉冲激光的激发、片上稳定的双光频梳实现等微型光频梳和片上光谱系统集成等关键技术和解决方案,并分析了片上光频梳光谱测量系统的发展和应用前景.     

Cavity QED with a Bose-Einstein condensate

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing. By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave and optical resonators. To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity. However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions.     

Attosecond control of electrons emitted from a nanoscale metal tip

Attosecond science is based on steering electrons with the electric field of well controlled femtosecond laser pulses. It has led to the generation of extreme-ultraviolet pulses with a duration of less than 100 attoseconds (ref. 3; 1 as = 10(-18) s), to the measurement of intramolecular dynamics (by diffraction of an electron taken from the molecule under scrutiny) and to ultrafast electron holography. All these effects have been observed with atoms or molecules in the gas phase. Electrons liberated from solids by few-cycle laser pulses are also predicted to show a strong light-phase sensitivity, but only very small effects have been observed. Here we report that the spectra of electrons undergoing photoemission from a nanometre-scale tungsten tip show a dependence on the carrier-envelope phase of the laser, with a current modulation of up to 100 per cent. Depending on the carrier-envelope phase, electrons are emitted either from a single sub-500-attosecond interval of the 6-femtosecond laser pulse, or from two such intervals; the latter case leads to spectral interference. We also show that coherent elastic re-scattering of liberated electrons takes place at the metal surface. Owing to field enhancement at the tip, a simple laser oscillator reaches the peak electric field strengths required for attosecond experiments at 100-megahertz repetition rates, rendering complex amplified laser systems dispensable. Practically, this work represents a simple, extremely sensitive carrier-envelope phase sensor, which could be shrunk in volume to about one cubic centimetre. Our results indicate that the attosecond techniques developed with (and for) atoms and molecules can also be used with solids. In particular, we foresee subfemtosecond, subnanometre probing of collective electron dynamics (such as plasmon polaritons) in solid-state systems ranging in scale from mesoscopic solids to clusters and to single protruding atoms.     

激光原子法同位素分离中三维原子分布函数的计算

在激光同位素分离中 ,激光作用区内原子的密度和速度分布对分离过程有重要影响。目前 ,理论上对这个问题的研究还都限于二维情形。该文根据激光同位素分离装置中激光作用区原子密度较低的特点 ,在忽略原子碰撞的条件下给出了一种计算三维空间内原子速度分布函数的方法。利用该方法对小尺度蒸发实验进行计算所获得的结果在定性和定量上都与实验测量符合的很好。     

Bose-Einstein condensation of atomic gases

The early experiments on Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three long-standing goals. First, cooling of neutral atoms into their motional ground state, thus subjecting them to ultimate control, limited only by Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. Second, creation of a coherent sample of atoms, in which all occupy the same quantum state, and the realization of atom lasers - devices that output coherent matter waves. And third, creation of a gaseous quantum fluid, with properties that are different from the quantum liquids helium-3 and helium-4. The field of Bose-Einstein condensation of atomic gases has continued to progress rapidly, driven by the combination of new experimental techniques and theoretical advances. The family of quantum-degenerate gases has grown, and now includes metastable and fermionic atoms. Condensates have become an ultralow-temperature laboratory for atom optics, collisional physics and many-body physics, encompassing phonons, superfluidity, quantized vortices, Josephson junctions and quantum phase transitions.