舟山群岛潮间带表层沉积物污染状况及其潜在生态风险评价

于2013年对舟山群岛潮间带表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量进行了测定,采用单因数污染指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法评价潮间带沉积物污染状况及其潜在生态风险。结果表明,Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As和PCBs的平均含量分别为30.8、27.5、0.183、91.6、41.4、0.064、8.24 mg/kg和0.24μg/kg。评价结果显示:研究区域处于中等污染水平和中等潜在生态风险水平,各要素污染程度为HgCdCuZnPbAsCrPCBs,潜在生态风险程度排序为HgCdAsCuPbZnCrPCBs,Hg、Cd为首要潜在生态风险因子。     

国内外卷烟及主流烟气中多种元素现状分析研究

为全面了解国内外卷烟及主流烟气中多种元素含量的现状情况,对多种品牌国内外卷烟抽吸燃烧烟丝部分及卷烟主流烟气中的12种元素含量进行分析.结果显示:Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Se、Cd、Al、V、Mn、Cu、Zn、Hg在卷烟烟丝中含量在0.01～700μg/cig之间,含量最高的是Al,含量最低的是Hg,其中Al、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Se 6种元素含量为国外混合国内混合国内烤烟,Cd、Pb、Hg 3种元素含量为国内烤烟国内混合国外混合.卷烟主流烟气中12种元素的含量均较低,Hg、Se、Ni、V在主流烟气中大部分低于方法检出限,Pb、As、Cr、Cd、Al、Mn、Cu、Zn在主流烟气中含量在1.5～220 ng/cig之间,其中Zn、Cd、Al、Pb元素含量相对较高,元素从卷烟烟丝迁移至主流烟气的迁移率较低,在0.1%～10%之间,其中Al、V、Mn、Cu、Ni、Hg,Se几乎很少从烟丝迁移至主流烟气,迁移率最高的为Cd,迁移率近10%;Cd、Pb、Zn、As、Se 5种元素在主流烟气中的含量及其迁移率跟捕集到的烟气粒相物多少成明显正相关关系.     

广西茅尾海海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染的调查及评价

2011年10月从钦州茅尾海采集19个海水样品和16个沉积物样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定钦州茅尾海表层沉积物中6种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As)含量,采用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法对海水及表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险性进行分析和评价.结果表明:该海域海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)变化范围分别为0.9～4.2、0～12.8、0～59.8、0.03～0.34、0～0.105、0.23～0.82,平均浓度(μg/L)分别为2.2、2.3、17.4、0.13、0.047、0.43,其中,海水中的Pb平均含量超过国家一类海水水质标准,各种重金属单因子污染程度依次为Pb＞ Hg＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞As.表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)变化范围分别为(2.1～46.5)×10-6、(13.9～34.0)×10-6、(21.4～114.1)×10-6、(0.06～0.40)×10-6、(0.001～0.126)×10-6、(3.77～19.63)×10-6,平均含量(μg/L)分别为18.1×10-6、26.3×10-5、56.7×10-6、0.19×10-6、0.056×10-6、9.60×10-6.该海域重金属综合污染程度和潜在生态风险性均较低,重金属元素污染程度Cu＞ As＞Pb＞Cd＞ Zn＞ Hg,重金属元素对海洋生态系统潜在危害的影响程度Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,沉积物中主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd、Hg.     

长沙市秋季TSP中重金属形态分布和污染评价

对长沙市师大附中、雨花区和火车站3个采样点秋季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,并对重金属元素的生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,不同区域TSP浓度分布差别较大,其中雨花区最高,师大附中最低;TSP中重金属污染广泛存在,元素Zn,Pb浓度比Cu和Cd浓度要高,其中Zn的平均浓度为2.528μg.m-3,Pb为2.347μg.m-3,Cu为0.187μg.m-3,Cd为0.002μg.m-3.Tessier化学形态分析结果显示:Cu在前四态中含量非常高,特别是可交换态和碳酸盐态.Zn,Pb和Cd在前4态中分布也较多,表明4种金属元素迁移性高.生物有效性评价结果显示TSP中重金属生物可利用性强,Cu和Cd的生物有效性要高于Zn和Pb.     

钼矿区周边果园土壤重金属污染评价及对水果品质的影响

针对葫芦岛矿区多家个体钼矿开采给土壤带来的重金属污染进行了详细研究.选取矿区果园土壤样本60个,果园红富士苹果、白梨、锦丰梨样本各20个,经消解处理后用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分别测定土壤和水果样本中Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd、As、Mo、Hg金属元素含量,并对重金属污染状况进行全面系统评价.评价结果表明,该果园土壤Cd、As和Hg的污染严重.土壤中Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr和Zn污染也比较重.污染程度为:Cd＞As＞Hg＞Pb＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Ni.并给果树造成影响,所产水果也遭到轻微污染,污染程度大小基本与土壤污染程度相吻合,给水果质量带来严重影响.     

洛阳城市河流底质重金属污染及潜在生态风险

通过对洛阳市洛河、涧河、廛河和中州渠底质样品Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量的测定,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价重金属污染水平及潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:洛阳城市河流底质重金属含量平均值远高于河南省土壤重金属环境背景值,其中,平均含量最高的是Cu(575.75 mg/kg),其后依次是Pb(256.63 mg/kg)、Zn(82.26 mg/kg)、Cd(3.94 mg/kg)。Cd、Pb、Cu均达高污染程度,其中,Cd的污染程度最为严重,平均污染因数Cif高达60.58,之后依次是Cu(28.79)和Pb(11.51),仅Zn(1.32)污染处于低水平。不同河流综合潜在生态危害指数RI平均值依次为:涧河(2 675.78)、瀍河(2 659.97)、洛河(1 641.34)、中州渠(1 103.31)。产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Cd,在所有河流底质中均超出极强生态危害水平,其潜在生态风险因数Eri平均值达1 817.31,其次是Cu(143.94)和Pb(57.54),分别达到强生态危害和中等生态危害水平,而Zn(1.32)则为轻微生态危害水平。     

不同林龄木麻黄防护林对重金属的富集作用

为认识木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)防护林带重金属消减效应,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定了福建省平潭国有防护林场林龄分别为5,15,20,30年的木麻黄小枝、细根、凋落物及林地土壤中5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)的含量.结果表明:平潭木麻黄林地土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均低于福建省土壤和福建海岸带土壤的重金属含量背景值,未发现重金属污染;木麻黄Cr、Cd和Zn的平均含量高出普通植物的正常值范围,木麻黄中重金属含量依ZnCrPbCuCd顺序降低;木麻黄细根中的重金属含量最高,且细根对重金属的富集系数也最高;木麻黄对Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd的富集系数均大于1;木麻黄细根中Zn、Cu元素含量显著正相关;小枝对Cr、Cd和Pb,细根对Zn的富集系数均与林龄极显著正相关;木麻黄现存生物量中,Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的现存储量分别为3.06~3.46 kg/hm2,1.14~1.57kg/hm2,11.67~12.57 kg/hm2,0.05~0.09 kg/hm2和0.45~1.84 kg/hm2,且主要存在于根和树干中;随着林龄的增加,木麻黄积累大量的重金属,并达到其峰值.综上所述,木麻黄防护林在防风固沙的同时,能够吸收富集大量的重金属,对海岸带的重金属污染具有明显的消减作用.     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

调查了2009年长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量,平均含量为Cu 27.88 mg/kg、Pb 22.98 mg/kg、Zn 95.88 mg/kg、Cd 0.178 mg/kg、Cr 41.01 mg/kg、Hg 0.031 mg/kg、As 11.40 mg/kg.空间分布上,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 6种重金属含量均在杭州湾北部及长江口南汇交界处呈现最大值,而Cr在调查海域的东部逐渐向近岸海域递减.运用主成分分析评价沉积物中重金属污染来源,同时采用Hakanson指数法评价了沉积物重金属生态风险,结果显示:长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素的潜在生态风险整体表现为轻微.7种重金属元素对长江口及邻近海域潜在生态综合危害的大小贡献顺序为:Cd＞As＞Hg＞Cu=Pb＞Cr＞Zn.Cd的Eir值对RI值的权重贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子.     

厦门白鹭卵的重金属含量分析

采用原子吸收法测定及比较厦门白鹭自然保护区鸡屿岛的白鹭(Egretta garzetta)卵的4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn)含量.结果表明,在白鹭卵的混合内含物当中或者在卵清和卵黄当中,4种重金属的含量都是Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,在卵壳当中的含量则是Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd;白鹭卵壳的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为22.594±2.383 μg/g,3.534±0.390 μg/g,11.850±1.877 μg/g,26.802±1.649(wet mass);白鹭卵清的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为0.506±0.110 μg/g,0.180±0.032 μg/g,2.837±0.786 μg/g,10.389±0.361 μg/g(wet mass);白鹭卵黄的的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为0.965±0.131 μg/g,0.537±0.092 μg/g,4.667±0.335 μg/g,13.536±0.327 μg/g(wet mass);白鹭卵壳的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量显著高于卵清和卵黄内的(p＜0.05),卵黄内的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量高于卵清内的(p＜0.05).这表明鸟类能通过将过多的或不需要的重金属分泌到卵壳而排出体外,由此调整体内的元素平衡.     

广西茅尾海夏季海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染现状及评价

根据2011年6月的调查数据对广西茅尾海海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As)进行研究,采用单因子指数法和Hkanson生态风险指数法对表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险性进行分析和评价。结果表明:茅尾海海域海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)范围分别为1.3~3.2、0~10.0、6.8~29.2、0.06~0.31、0~0.138、0.37~1.00,平均浓度(μg/L)分别为2.1、2.7、14.6、0.14、0.067、0.59,其中,海水中的Pb和Hg平均含量超过国家一类海水水质标准,各种重金属单因子污染程度依次为Pb>Hg>Zn>Cu>Cd>As。表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)变化范围分别为(0~45.3)×10-6、(0.4~23.5)×10-6、(1.1~80.4)×10-6、(0.01~0.50)×10-6、(0.01~0.11)×10-6、(2.30~25.65)×10-6,平均含量(μg/L)分别为9.0×10-6、13.1×10-6、31.5×10-6、0.13×10-6、0.04×10-6、9.48×10-6。该海域重金属综合污染程度和潜在生态风险性均较低,重金属元素污染程度As>Cu=Cd>Pb>Hg=Zn,重金属元素对海洋生态系统潜在危害的影响程度Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Zn,沉积物中主要潜在生态风险因子为Hg、Cd和As。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that