A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express

The upper atmosphere of a planet is a transition region in which energy is transferred between the deeper atmosphere and outer space. Molecular emissions from the upper atmosphere (90-120 km altitude) of Venus can be used to investigate the energetics and to trace the circulation of this hitherto little-studied region. Previous spacecraft and ground-based observations of infrared emission from CO2, O2 and NO have established that photochemical and dynamic activity controls the structure of the upper atmosphere of Venus. These data, however, have left unresolved the precise altitude of the emission owing to a lack of data and of an adequate observing geometry. Here we report measurements of day-side CO2 non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission at 4.3 microm, extending from 90 to 120 km altitude, and of night-side O2 emission extending from 95 to 100 km. The CO2 emission peak occurs at approximately 115 km and varies with solar zenith angle over a range of approximately 10 km. This confirms previous modelling, and permits the beginning of a systematic study of the variability of the emission. The O2 peak emission happens at 96 km +/- 1 km, which is consistent with three-body recombination of oxygen atoms transported from the day side by a global thermospheric sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, as previously predicted.     

介观动力学模拟嵌段聚合物:形貌与动力学

用介观动力学方法对聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(PPO-PEO)类嵌段聚合物溶液进行模拟研究,由该方法可直接得到聚合物水溶液体系的三维不规则介观形貌与动力学演变过程。该文讨论聚合物溶液浓度及嵌段聚合物组成等因素对溶液介观形貌和体系性质的影响,聚合物溶液体系的动力学演变过程以及相互作用参数和聚合物组成对其影响。研究结果表明:随着溶液浓度、疏水组分的减少,体系的介观形貌逐渐从凝胶向胶束状态过渡;聚合物水溶液介观形貌的形成可分为两个阶段:溶液体系很快形成凝胶或胶束形貌并在此后相对较长的时段内形貌发生微变,使体系能量不断降低,趋向平衡状态;聚合物PPO组分的增多或相互作用参数的增加,疏水核越容易形成,介观相分离越快。     

介观动力学模拟嵌段聚合物:形貌与动力学

用介观动力学方法对聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(PPO-PEO)类嵌段聚合物溶液进行了模拟研究,由该方法可直接得到聚合物水溶液体系的三维不规则介观形貌与动力学演变过程。该文讨论了聚合物溶液浓度及嵌段聚合物组成等因素对溶液介观形貌和体系性质的影响,讨论了聚合物溶液体系的动力学演变过程以及相互作用参数和聚合物组成对其影响。研究结果表明,随着溶液浓度、疏水组分的减少,体系的介观形貌逐渐从凝胶向胶束状态过渡;聚合物水溶液介观形貌的形成可分为两个阶段:溶液体系很快形成凝胶或胶束形貌并在此后相对较长的时段内形貌发生微变,使体系能量不断降低,趋向平衡状态;聚合物PPO组分的增多或相互作用参数的增加,疏水核越容易形成,介观相分离越快。     

TD-SCDMA网络测试仪中SCCP协议解码及上层PDU获取方案

以TD-SCDMA网络测试仪的信令分析功能作为研究背景,介绍了3G协议栈中信令连接控制协议的基本概念、功能以及消息结构,并且在此基础上探讨了信令连接控制部分(SCCP)协议的解码以及针对实际数据的组装方法,目的是对网络测试仪中SCCP模块的软件实现提出解决方案。该协议位于协议栈的传输层,其分析思路和方法对研究传输层的其他协议具有指导和推广意义。     

How the Venus flytrap snaps

The rapid closure of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) leaf in about 100 ms is one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. This led Darwin to describe the plant as "one of the most wonderful in the world". The trap closure is initiated by the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs. Previous studies have focused on the biochemical response of the trigger hairs to stimuli and quantified the propagation of action potentials in the leaves. Here we complement these studies by considering the post-stimulation mechanical aspects of Venus flytrap closure. Using high-speed video imaging, non-invasive microscopy techniques and a simple theoretical model, we show that the fast closure of the trap results from a snap-buckling instability, the onset of which is controlled actively by the plant. Our study identifies an ingenious solution to scaling up movements in non-muscular engines and provides a general framework for understanding nastic motion in plants.     

基于CERES资料的山区低层云特性时空变化研究

采用NASA地球观测系统"云与地球辐射能量系统"的2003年1月至2007年12月CERES SSF AquaMODIS Edition 1B/2B/2C云资料,分析了中国新疆的天山、阿尔泰山和昆仑山三大山区低层云的云量、云冰水柱含量和液态水柱含量及云有效高度的时空变化特征.结果表明:三大山区的低层云的云量、云冰水柱含量和云有效高度在6-8月达到高值,区域平均最高值分别为30.1%～32.3%,183.7～247.3 g/m2和4.11～6.20 km;低值出现在10月至次年3月,最低值分别为18.0%～20.1%,29.1～47.7 g/m2和2.66～5.33 km.而三大山区云液态水柱含量高值出现在12月至次年1月,最大为64.0～104.2 g/m~2,低值主要出现在7-10月和3-4月,最小值为36.1～41.0 g/m~2.     

科学新闻与占星辨谬——1874年金星凌日观测活动的中文记载

金星凌日的观测在天文学史上有着极其重要的意义,它直接与日地距离的测定有着密切的关系.1874年的金星凌日主要在中国等东半球某些地区可见,西方多个国家曾派遣天文学家到中国进行观测.整理并简要分析了这次金星凌日发生前后的预告、观测以及民间星占言论的相关史料.     

Simulation of meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea with an idealized bottom topography

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific. Several important water gateways exist around the SCS, such as Luzon Strait, Taiwan Strait, etc., that lie in the northeastern SCS, and others like Kalimantan Strait, Balawan Strait, etc., lie in the south. Luzon Strait connects the SCS and Pacific via the Philippine Sea, and its water exchange has significant impact on the interior circulations of the SCS[1]. Since direct observation data about the …     

Simulation or meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea with an idealized bottom topography

The large-scale upper circulations and meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea (SCS) with idealized bottom topography in winter and summer are investigated. Simulations with the GFDL general circulation model are carried out under the conditions of open or enclosed boundary regarding transport in the Luzon Strait. The intrusion area of Kuroshio, its impact on the meridional overturning in the upper layer of the SCS and seasonal characteristic of this impact are explored, respectively. The model is forced by climatological wind stress and relaxed to monthly mean climatological temperature and salinity. The resultant meridional overturning is non-enclosed, wit htransporting from north to south in the surface and returning to north at the depth of about 500 m in winter, about 200 m in summer, with amplitudes of 10^5 m^3/s. It shows the transporting path of intermediate water of the SCS and offers an idealized reference for further study on dynamics of wind-driven and thermohaline circulation of the SCS.     

The runaway greenhouse and the accumulation of CO2 in the Venus atmosphere

Conditions on Earth would be as hostile as on Venus if the Earth were closer to the Sun by only 6-10 million miles.     

美神-爱神-复仇神--解读《伊尔的美神》

梅里美的小说有一个共同主题，即高扬人的自然本性中的真善美，极力鞭笞文明社会造成的人性的堕落。短篇小说《伊尔的美神》也同样表现了梅里美对最自然的生命力的礼赞以及对最真纯的人性的渴求。梅里美并没有鲜明地标举自己的创作意图，而是把它隐含在叙述者“我”言行不一和变化多端的性格之中。贯穿全篇的女神意象，集美神、爱神、复仇神三位于一体，既是原始生命力的象征性的表现，又是对现代文明中受损毁的人性的有力批判和强烈反抗，使作品具有了神话层面的深层隐喻。     

The loss of ions from Venus through the plasma wake

Venus, unlike Earth, is an extremely dry planet although both began with similar masses, distances from the Sun, and presumably water inventories. The high deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in the venusian atmosphere relative to Earth's also indicates that the atmosphere has undergone significantly different evolution over the age of the Solar System. Present-day thermal escape is low for all atmospheric species. However, hydrogen can escape by means of collisions with hot atoms from ionospheric photochemistry, and although the bulk of O and O2 are gravitationally bound, heavy ions have been observed to escape through interaction with the solar wind. Nevertheless, their relative rates of escape, spatial distribution, and composition could not be determined from these previous measurements. Here we report Venus Express measurements showing that the dominant escaping ions are O+, He+ and H+. The escaping ions leave Venus through the plasma sheet (a central portion of the plasma wake) and in a boundary layer of the induced magnetosphere. The escape rate ratios are Q(H+)/Q(O+) = 1.9; Q(He+)/Q(O+) = 0.07. The first of these implies that the escape of H+ and O+, together with the estimated escape of neutral hydrogen and oxygen, currently takes place near the stoichometric ratio corresponding to water.     

荒漠化逆转地区耕层土壤有机碳时空动态研究

以陕西省榆林市为例研究荒漠化逆转地区耕层土壤有机碳时空动态特征．研究表明近20年来耕层土壤有机碳质量分数、密度和储量分别增加了0．510g／kg,0.161kg／m^2,10．78Gg．这表明自然植被恢复、人工种草、退耕还草等土地利用／覆被变化措施能显著提高荒漠化地区土壤固碳能力．