如何保护中国东北的草地资源生物多样性

根据中国东北草地的自然状况，生物多样性和现状以及已有的研究成果，从生态系统、物种和基因三个水平就如何保护中国东北的草地资源生物多样性提出一些建设性意见，包括保护的范围，原则，方法及指标等。     

干扰对草地生态系统生物多样性的影响

干扰是草地退化，沙化，盐碱化的重要原因，同时也是草地生态系统生物多样性变化的主导因子，国外关于干扰对各种植被的影响已有详细报道，但国内这方面的研究却很少，通过分析放牧，火烧，刈割，采药，水淹等干扰因子及不同干扰地草地生态系统生物多样性的影响，阐明各干扰因子及不同干扰频率的不同作用，为保护草地生物多样性及制定合理的草地利用制度提供科学依据。     

什么是生物多样性策略和行动计划

中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，在世界生物多样性中占有重要位置，保护好中国生物多样性具有重要的国际意义，作者从生物多样性策略；我国编制《中国生物保护行动计划》的意义、原则和内容以及落实《中国生物多样性保护行动计划》的对策等方面阐述了如何进一步加强自然资源持续利用管理与开展生物多样性保护问题。     

保护中国生物多样性以实现可持续发展的问题与对策分析

人口数量的激增和人类经济活动的加剧使生物多样性受到严重威胁,保护生物多样性以实现可持续发展已成为当务之急。本文就中国生物多样性的现状进行了概述,在分析生物多样性与可持续发展之间关系的基础上,指出目前在保护生物多样性方面存在的困难,提出保护生物多样性以实现可持续发展的6项基本对策,旨在为保护人类赖以持续生存的共同环境提供参考。     

印度、泰国和越南生物多样性保护的管理

管理水平的高低直接关系到生物多样性保护的效果。生物多样性保护的管理涉及到很多方面，在生物多样性保护重要场所——自然保护区的评价标准，保护区内的居民问题，偷猎、偷伐问题以及调动包括领导与群众在内的保护积极性方面就３国的情况作一介绍。管理的另外两个重要方面，加强科研及公众教育问题也进行了讨论。     

印度,泰国和越南生物多样性保护的管理

管理水平的高低直接关系到生物多样性保护的效果。生物多样性保护的管理涉及到很多方面，在生物多样性保护重要场所－自然保护区的评价标准，保护区内的居民问题，偷猎、偷伐问题以及调动包括领导与群众在内的保护积极性方面就３国的情况作一介绍。管理的另外两个重要方面，加强科研及公众教育问题也进行了讨论。     

印度、泰国和越南生物多样性保护的管理

管理水平的高低直接关系到生物多样性保护的效果。生物多样性保护的管理涉及到很多方面，在生物多样性保护重要场所──自然保护区的评价标准，保护区内的居民问题，偷猎、偷伐问题以及调动包括领导与群众在内的保护积极性方面就３国的情况作一介绍。管理的另外两个重要方面，加强科研及公众教育问题也进行了讨论。     

印度、泰国和越南生物多样性概况

首先涉及到印度、泰国和越南３国陆生生物多样性主要栖息地——森林及自然保护区的概况，然后对３国的物种多样性以及生物多样性的就地保护，迁地保护及持续利用的情况作了介绍，并与我国的情况作些比较。     

中国昆虫多样性格局研究进展

近年来,全球变化及多重因素的影响使地球上的生物多样性正面临巨大威胁,问题的严峻性已成为全球共识,对生物多样性进行保护和管理不仅是全球性课题,也是生物地理学关注的主要科学问题之一。了解生物的多样性格局并探究其形成机制是制定有效的保护策略的前提。昆虫作为动物界中最大的类群,是多样性最高的生物类群之一,是研究生物多样性的良好材料,对于理解整个生物多样性问题有重要的指导作用。中国幅员辽阔,环境异质性高,是生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,但近年来由于全球气候变化、外来物种入侵、栖息地破坏、人类活动等原因,中国也同时成为生物多样性受威胁最严重的国家之一,昆虫多样性也不例外。因此,对中国昆虫多样性格局的研究无疑在生物多样性保护方面意义重大。然而到目前为止,有关中国昆虫多样性格局的研究很少,现有研究主要集中在区系研究、多样性及地理分布研究和系统发生生物地理学研究三大方面,而且在数据集、研究方法、研究深度方面均存在一定的问题。因此在今后的研究中,需要基于更为详尽的数据库,选取合适的研究方法,对中国昆虫的多样性格局进行更为深入的研究,为我国的生物多样性保护工作提供指导。     

印度、泰国和越南生物多样性概况

首先涉及到印度、泰国和越南３国陆生生物多样性主要栖息地──森林及自然保护区的概况，然后对３国的物种多样性以及生物多样性的就地保护，迁地保护及持续利用的情况作了介绍，并与我国的情况作些比较。     

Governance and the loss of biodiversity

Most of the world's biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity. Unfortunately, some of these countries experience high levels of political corruption, which may limit the success of conservation projects by reducing effective funding levels and distorting priorities. We investigated whether changes in three well surveyed and widespread components of biodiversity were associated with national governance scores and other socio-economic measures. Here we show that governance scores were correlated with changes in total forest cover, but not with changes in natural forest cover. We found strong associations between governance scores and changes in the numbers of African elephants and black rhinoceroses, and these socio-economic factors explained observed patterns better than any others. Finally, we show that countries rich in species and identified as containing priority areas for conservation have lower governance scores than other nations. These results stress the need for conservationists to develop and implement policies that reduce the effects of political corruption and, in this regard, we question the universal applicability of an influential approach to conservation that seeks to ban international trade in endangered species.     

三江源区高寒草甸生物多样性影响因子分析——以称多县珍秦乡高寒草甸为例

文章以三江源区玉树州称多县珍秦乡围栏禁牧高寒草甸和围栏鼠害治理高寒草甸为研究对象,进行高寒草甸生物多样性影响因子的研究,研究结果表明:1.围栏禁牧和围栏(适牧)鼠害治理对提高草地群落生产力有一定效果;2.围栏禁牧对于草地生物多样性丰富度的增加效果不明显,围栏鼠害治理的同时进行适度放牧有利于草地生物多样性增加;3.高寒草甸草地生物多样性的主要限值因子是温度,而不是水份.     

中国的生物多样性及其数据资源与信息系统研究现状

从生物多样性特点、现状和保护措施三个方面对我国生物多样性研究概况进行了综述，并介绍了中国生物多样性数据资源与信息系统的研究现状。     

Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity

Human population size and growth rate are often considered important drivers of biodiversity loss, whereas household dynamics are usually neglected. Aggregate demographic statistics may mask substantial changes in the size and number of households, and their effects on biodiversity. Household dynamics influence per capita consumption and thus biodiversity through, for example, consumption of wood for fuel, habitat alteration for home building and associated activities, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here we report that growth in household numbers globally, and particularly in countries with biodiversity hotspots (areas rich in endemic species and threatened by human activities), was more rapid than aggregate population growth between 1985 and 2000. Even when population size declined, the number of households increased substantially. Had the average household size (that is, the number of occupants) remained static, there would have been 155 million fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000. Reduction in average household size alone will add a projected 233 million additional households to hotspot countries during the period 2000-15. Rapid increase in household numbers, often manifested as urban sprawl, and resultant higher per capita resource consumption in smaller households pose serious challenges to biodiversity conservation.     

Field sports and conservation in the United Kingdom

Many natural habitats exist on privately owned land outside protected areas, but few governments can afford to enforce or subsidize conservation of this biodiversity. Even in some developed countries, conservation subsidy schemes have only achieved limited success. Fortunately, some landowners may be willing to accept management costs in return for other benefits, although this remains controversial when it involves the killing of charismatic species. For example, participants in British field sports, such as fox hunting and game-bird shooting, may voluntarily conserve important habitats that are required by quarry species. Here we report results from a multidisciplinary study that addressed this issue by focusing on three sites across central England. We found that landowners participating in field sports maintained the most established woodland and planted more new woodland and hedgerows than those who did not, despite the equal availability of subsidies. Therefore, voluntary habitat management appears to be important for biodiversity conservation in Britain. Current debates on the future of field sports in Britain, and similar activities globally, may benefit from considering their utility as incentives to conserve additional habitat on private land.     

广西自然保护区网络体系现状分析

广西自1961年建立花坪自然保护区以后,经过上世纪80年代初期的抢救性建设,目前已建成自然保护区达64处,形成了覆盖全广西的自然保护区网络体系。随着自然保护区事业的蓬勃发展,现有的自然保护区网络体系暴露出许多不足,尤其是在保护区的建设布局方面,各保护区孤立、分散,加上规模小,保护区网络未形成,难以有效发挥其生态保护功能。本文通过对现有保护区网络体系进行全面调查,综合运用生物地理学理论方法与地理信息系统技术,分析广西自然保护区网络体系建设的现状,这将为广西自然保护区建设布局提供科学的基础,具有重要的应用价值和科学意义。     

Systematic conservation planning

The realization of conservation goals requires strategies for managing whole landscapes including areas allocated to both production and protection. Reserves alone are not adequate for nature conservation but they are the cornerstone on which regional strategies are built. Reserves have two main roles. They should sample or represent the biodiversity of each region and they should separate this biodiversity from processes that threaten its persistence. Existing reserve systems throughout the world contain a biased sample of biodiversity, usually that of remote places and other areas that are unsuitable for commercial activities. A more systematic approach to locating and designing reserves has been evolving and this approach will need to be implemented if a large proportion of today's biodiversity is to exist in a future of increasing numbers of people and their demands on natural resources.     

我国的生物多样性及其保护现状

本文系统地论述了生物多样性的含义,在生态系统、物种及遗传多样性三个水平上阐述了生物多样性对人类生存和发展的意义.并介绍了我国生物多样性的现状,总结了多年来我国在生物多样性方面所取得的成绩,最后提出我国生物多样性的保护措施及建议.