Forward scattering due to slow-down of the intermediate in the H + HD --> D + H(2) reaction

Quantum dynamical processes near the energy barrier that separates reactants from products influence the detailed mechanism by which elementary chemical reactions occur. In fact, these processes can change the product scattering behaviour from that expected from simple collision considerations, as seen in the two classical reactions F + H(2) --> HF + H and H + H(2) --> H(2) + H and their isotopic variants. In the case of the F + HD reaction, the role of a quantized trapped Feshbach resonance state had been directly determined, confirming previous conclusions that Feshbach resonances cause state-specific forward scattering of product molecules. Forward scattering has also been observed in the H + D(2) --> HD + D reaction and attributed to a time-delayed mechanism. But despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigations, the details of the mechanism remain unclear. Here we present crossed-beam scattering experiments and quantum calculations on the H + HD --> H(2) + D reaction. We find that the motion of the system along the reaction coordinate slows down as it approaches the top of the reaction barrier, thereby allowing vibrations perpendicular to the reaction coordinate and forward scattering. The reaction thus proceeds, as previously suggested, through a well-defined 'quantized bottleneck state' different from the trapped Feshbach resonance states observed before.     

Dynamical resonance in F＋H2 chemical reaction and rotational excitation effect

Reaction resonance is a frontier topic in chemical dynamics research,and it is also essential to the understanding of mechanisms of elementary chemical reactions.This short article describes an im- portant development in the frontier of research.Experimental evidence of reaction resonance has been detected in a full quantum state resolved reactive scattering study of the F H2 reaction.Highly accurate full quantum scattering theoretical modeling shows that the reaction resonance is caused by two Feshbach resonance states.Further studies show that quantum interference is present between the two resonance states for the forward scattering product.This study is a significant step forward in our understanding of chemical reaction resonance in the benchmark F H2 system.Further experimental studies on the effect of H2 rotational excitation on dynamical resonance have been carried out.Dy- namical resonance in the F H2(j=1)reaction has also been observed.     

Vibrational excitation through tug-of-war inelastic collisions

Vibrationally inelastic scattering is a fundamental collision process that converts some of the kinetic energy of the colliding partners into vibrational excitation(,). The conventional wisdom is that collisions with high impact parameters (where the partners only 'graze' each other) are forward scattered and essentially elastic, whereas collisions with low impact parameters transfer a large amount of energy into vibrations and are mainly back scattered. Here we report experimental observations of exactly the opposite behaviour for the simplest and most studied of all neutral-neutral collisions: we find that the inelastic scattering process H + D(2)(v = 0, j = 0, 2) --> H + D(2)(v' = 3, j' = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) leads dominantly to forward scattering (v and j respectively refer to the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the D(2) molecule). Quasi-classical trajectory calculations show that the vibrational excitation is caused by extension, not compression, of the D-D bond through interaction with the passing H atom. However, the H-D interaction never becomes strong enough for capture of the H atom before it departs with diminished kinetic energy; that is, the inelastic scattering process is essentially a frustrated reaction in which the collision typically excites the outward-going half of the H-D-D symmetric stretch before the H-D(2) complex dissociates. We suggest that this 'tug of war' between H and D(2) is a new mechanism for vibrational excitation that should play a role in all neutral-neutral collisions where strong attraction can develop between the collision partners.     

He+H_2~+(HD~+,DH~+)反应的立体动力学研究

利用准经典轨线方法研究了He+H2+及其同位素取代反应的立体动力学性质,讨论了k,k′以及j′三个矢量之间的矢量相关.计算结果表明,反应的产物分子趋向于向前散射,并且产物的转动角动量不仅定向而且有较强的取向.     

D+OH (A2∑+,v=0，j=0)的反应动力学

在用多体项展式方法建立HDO分子解析势能函数的基础上,用准经典轨线（Quasiclassical trajectory, QCT）方法,研究了碰撞体系D+OH (〖WTBX〗A2∑+, v=0, j=0)在5个产物通道上的动力学特点. 结果表明：即使碰撞能量较低, D+OH (A2∑+,v=0, j=0)也不能形成长寿命络合物;交换反应D+OH→DH+O和D+OH→DO+H能在较宽的碰撞能量范围内发生, 且均为无阈能的放热反应,但其发生的几率不同,前者的反应截面明显大于后者;当碰撞能量进一步增大时（例如     

Theoretical study on stereodynamics of H + NeH+ (v = 0, j = 0) → H2 + + Ne reaction

Stereodynamics of reaction H + NeH+(v = 0,j = 0) → H2+ + Ne is investigated by quasi-classical trajectory method using a new potential energy surface constructed by Lv et al.The distributions of P(r),P(r) and PDDCSs are calculated at four different collision energies.The rotational polarization of product H2+ presents different characters at different collision energies.The product rotational angular momentum vector j’ is not only aligned,but also oriented along the direction perpendicular to the scattering plane.With the increase of collision energy,the rotation of product molecule has a preference of changing from the "in-plane" mechanism to the "out-of-plane" mechanism.Although the title reaction is mainly dominated by the direct reaction mechanism,the indirect mechanism plays a role when the collision energies are low.     

含时波包和准经典轨线法研究H(~2S)+NH→N(~4S)+H_2反应及同位素效应

在Poveda和Varandas构建的4 A″态势能面上,使用含时波包量子方法对反应H(2S)+NH进行了动力学的研究.首先计算了不同振动态和总角动量下该反应的反应概率、积分反应截面.计算中考虑了离心突然近似(centrifugal sudden approximation)和科里奥利耦合(Corioli coupling effect).然后计对同位素反应进行了计算,分析对比该体系的同位素效应,并研究了科里奥利效应在同位素反应中的影响.最后用准经典轨线(QCT)法计算了反应H+ND和D+ND的矢量性质,分析了碰撞能和同位素对反应动力学性质的影响.     

H+LiH及其同位素替代D+LiD反应的动力学研究

基于两个LiHH体系基态势能面,采用准经典轨线的方法对H + LiH → H₂ + Li及其同位素替代D+LiD → D₂ + Li反应进行了动力学研究,计算了基态反应几率、积分反应截面、产物矢量相关性质P(?_r)、极化微分反应截面以及不同振转态对积分反应截面的影响。通过对结果分析比较发现,Yuan-PES势能面具有小势垒,而Li-PES不存在势垒或势阱。基于Yuan-PES的积分反应截面略高于基于Li-PES的积分反应截面,此外还研究了振动激发对产物分子的转动角动量的取向特征和定向特征的影响,以及同位素替代对其的影响;H+LiH反应的前向散射趋势较D+LiD反应更明显,且Yuan-PES的前向散射程度更高。该研究丰富了该体系动力学性质,对以后该体系的实验研究具有一定的参考意义。     

碰撞能对反应S+HH/HD/DH/DD动力学性质的影响

以最新的势能面为基础,首先用量子方法和准经典法计算了反应S+HH在不同碰撞能下的反应截面,这2种方法的计算结果符合的很好,证明了计算结果的可靠性.然后计算了不同碰撞能下反应S+HH/HD/DH/DD的激发函数、产物散射方向、转动角动量定向和取向等动力学性质.结果表明碰撞能对反应S+HH有促进作用,大的质量因子会阻碍反应的发生,碰撞能和质量因子对反应的矢量性质均有明显的影响.     

Penning离子阱中H+,H2+/H,H2反应的研究

用Penning离子阱经碰撞反应H ,H 2/H,H2产生稳定的H n(n=3,4,5,6).高分辨离子谱中除了H ,H 2,H 3和H 5之外,还探测到H 4,H 6.根据Wright和Borkman预言n=4,6的偶数氢团簇离子与对应的n=5,7的奇数离子具有可比较的结合能,由该实验结果可以推断,n=4,6与n=5,7的离子在反应动力学方面具有相近的性质,都能够经碰撞合成反应获得.还分析了H 4,H 6的生成机制.     

Microdynamics study on reaction of atom H and radical NH (X~3∑)

The dynamics of the H + NH→N + H2 reaction has been investigated by means of the 3-atom model quasiclassical trajectory approach. The LEPS potential energy surface is employed in the study, which is obtained from the ab initio results and has an early saddle point in the minimum energy path. The results indicate that the reaction product H2 is mainly scattered backward, and the reaction is found to occur via a direct channel. The product H2 is in a cold excitation of rotational state, but has a hot vibrational excitation. Based on the potential surface and the trajectory analysis, the reaction mechanism has been explained successfully.     

氮杂炔正离子与2,3-二甲基丁烯反应机理研究

用半经验量子化学AM1方法研究氮杂炔正离子[R1-C≡N-R2] 与2,3-二甲基丁烯的反应机理.优化得到各驻点的几何构型,通过振动分析对过渡态进行了确认,解析了反应路径,并用同一方法研究当R1和R2分别被不同的烷烃基取代的反应情况.结果表明反应体系有两个过渡态,ts1为C2-C3接近时的过渡态;ts2为氢原子的迁移,最后得到产物.不同烷烃基取代有相同的反应机理,支链越多的烷烃基的相对能量越高,由于苯基为一平面结构,能量反而较支链烷烃基团低.     

理论研究H2S与羟基和Cl在没有水分子和有水分子条件下的反应机理

本文用量子化学计算方法研究没有水分子和有水分子条件下对Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应产生的影响.在wb97xd/aug-cc-pvtz水平下的计算结果表明,单个水分子加到反应中会使Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应的能垒分别减小3.0kal/mol和2.2kal/mol.同时两个反应的速率常数在水分子影响下也分...     

Detection of an intermediate of photosynthetic water oxidation

The oxygen that we breathe is produced by photosystem II of cyanobacteria and plants. The catalytic centre, a Mn4Ca cluster, accumulates four oxidizing equivalents before oxygen is formed, seemingly in a single reaction step 2H2O<==>O2 + 4H+ + 4e-. The energy and cycling of this reaction derives solely from light. No intermediate oxidation product of water has been detected so far. Here, we shifted the equilibrium of the terminal reaction backward by increasing the oxygen pressure and monitoring (by absorption transients in the near-ultraviolet spectrum) the electron transfer from bound water into the catalytic centre. A tenfold increase of ambient oxygen pressure (2.3 bar) half-suppressed the full progression to oxygen. The remaining electron transfer at saturating pressure (30 bar) was compatible with the formation of a stabilized intermediate. The abstraction of four electrons from water was probably split into at least two electron transfers: mildly endergonic from the centre's highest oxidation state to an intermediate, and exergonic from the intermediate to oxygen. There is little leeway for photosynthetic organisms to push the atmospheric oxygen concentration much above the present level.     

F,Cl原子与臭氧和甲烷反应机理和反应动力学的理论研究

用量子化学从关计算UMP2（full)方法研究F和Cl原子与甲烷分子和臭氧之间的反应机理，优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型，在Gaussian-3(G3)和G3MP2水平计算了它们的能量，研究结果表明：F原子与Cl原子一样与臭氧之间有很强的反应活性，而F原子与甲烷分子反应过程中有氢键生成，键能为3.71KJ/MOL，F原子与甲烷分子之间反应活性比与臭氧分子之间反应活性强。F原子易与甲烷分子生成含有氢键的化合物，且很快分解生成化学性质非常稳定的HF，能同F O3反应竞争，而CL原子甲烷分子反应过程中则无氢键生成现象，且在CL原子与臭氧和甲烷之间竞争反应时，CL原子与臭氧之间反应优先，同时我们还对F和CL原子与甲烷分子臭氧之间反应动力学速率常数进行了计算，我们的理论计算结果能合理地解释大气中CL原子是损耗臭氧的主要化学物质，而活性更强的F原子为什么对臭氧损耗较小的原因。     

A Kinetic Model of Chromium in a Flame

Chromium has been identified as a carcinogenic metal.Incineration is the useful method for disposal of toxic chromium hazard waste and a chromium kinetic model in a flame is very important to study chromium oxidation.Chromium chemical kinetics over a range of temperatures of a hydrogen/air flame is proposed.Nine chromium compounds and fifty-eight reversible chemical reactions were considered The forward reaction rates are calculated based on the molecular collision approach for unknown ones and Arrhenius's Law for known ones.The backward reaction rates were calculated according to forward reaction rates, the equilibrium constants and chemical thermodynamics.It is verified by several equilibrium cases and is tested by a hydrogen/air diffusion flame.The results show that the kinetic model could be used in cases in which the chromium kinetics play an important role in a flame     

A Kinetic Model of Chromium in a Flame

Chromium has been identified as a carcinogenic metal.Incineration is the useful method for disposal of toxic chromium hazard waste and a chromium kinetic model in a flame is very important to study chromium oxidation.Chromium chemical kinetics over a range of temperatures of a hydrogen/air flame is proposed.Nine chromium compounds and fifty-eight reversible chemical reactions were considered The forward reaction rates are calculated based on the molecular collision approach for unknown ones and Arrhenius's Law for known ones.The backward reaction rates were calculated according to forward reaction rates, the equilibrium constants and chemical thermodynamics.It is verified by several equilibrium cases and is tested by a hydrogen/air diffusion flame.The results show that the kinetic model could be used in cases in which the chromium kinetics play an important role in a flame     

H4C2N+氮杂阳离子的结构与反应性

组成为H4C2N^ 氮杂阳离子有烯丙基型和烯酮亚胺型两类，它们都有较强的亲电性和反应活性，通过环加成反应能导入一种含氮的杂环结构，生成新的氮杂环化合物，由于反应能在常温下进行，反应的原料容易得到，使得氮杂阳离子的反应在有机合成中有着重要的实用价值．应用量子化学理论及其计算方法，从理论上研究这类体系的骨架原子在不同位置时的结构及其异构体的稳定性，以及它们与含双键的分子进行环加成反应的机理，寻找其反应规律，对于在有机合成中正确认识和应用这类反应有着重要的指导意义。     

Measurement of the internal state of a single atom without energy exchange

A measurement necessarily changes the quantum state being measured, a phenomenon known as back-action. Real measurements, however, almost always cause a much stronger back-action than is required by the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum non-demolition measurements have been devised that keep the additional back-action entirely within observables other than the one being measured. However, this back-action on other observables often imposes its own constraints. In particular, free-space optical detection methods for single atoms and ions (such as the shelving technique, a sensitive and well-developed method) inevitably require spontaneous scattering, even in the dispersive regime. This causes irreversible energy exchange (heating), which is a limitation in atom-based quantum information processing, where it obviates straightforward reuse of the qubit. No such energy exchange is required by quantum mechanics. Here we experimentally demonstrate optical detection of an atomic qubit with significantly less than one spontaneous scattering event. We measure the transmission and reflection of an optical cavity containing the atom. In addition to the qubit detection itself, we quantitatively measure how much spontaneous scattering has occurred. This allows us to relate the information gained to the amount of spontaneous emission, and we obtain a detection error below 10 per cent while scattering less than 0.2 photons on average. Furthermore, we perform a quantum Zeno-type experiment to quantify the measurement back-action, and find that every incident photon leads to an almost complete state collapse. Together, these results constitute a full experimental characterization of a quantum measurement in the 'energy exchange-free' regime below a single spontaneous emission event. Besides its fundamental interest, this approach could significantly simplify proposed neutral-atom quantum computation schemes, and may enable sensitive detection of molecules and atoms lacking closed transitions.     

Microdynamics study on reaction of atom H and radical NH (X3Σ)

The dynamics of the H + NH→-N + H₂, reaction has been investigated by means of the 3-atom model quasiclassical trajectory approach. The LEPS potential energy surface is employed in the study, which is obtained from theab initio results and has an early saddle point in the minimum energy path. The results indicate that the reaction product H₂, is mainly scattered backward, and the reaction is found to occur via a direct channel. The product H₂, is in a cold excitation of rotational state, but has a hot vibrational excitation. Based on the potential surface and the trajectory analysis, the reaction mechanism has been explained successfully.