3D virtual reconstruction of the Pleistocene cheetah skull from the Tangshan, Nanjing, China

The development of computer tomography and image processing has made it possible to establish virtual 3D reconstruction and non-invasive dissection of fossil specimens. We used these methods to reconstruct a virtual 3D skull of a Pleistocene cheetah skull from the Tuozi cave, Tangshan, Nanjing, and virtually dissected it for anatomic studies, and measured the volumes of different parts of the endocranium. The endocranium of the cheetah skull has showed that its frontal sinus is beehive-like, the frontal lobe of cerebra is relatively large but the temporal lobe is relatively small, its cerebral sulcus and gyrus are more complicated than those of the domestic cat, similar to those of the domestic dog, but simpler than those of giant panda, pig, cattle and horse. The technology of virtual 3D reconstruction and non-invasive dissection of fossil specimens can extend the morphological study from the exterior to the interior, and it can also help to study fragile specimens and virtually backup rare and precious specimens.     

鹦鹉嘴龙的研究进展及CT应用

鹦鹉嘴龙作为亚洲东部地区早白垩世时期中所特有的原始角龙类群,对研究角龙类的起源和演化有着重要意义。近年来在辽宁西部地区发现大量鹦鹉嘴龙化石,大大推进了该类恐龙的骨骼解剖学和古生物学研究。结合最新研究进展,对鹦鹉嘴龙科内的属种分异度进行了剖析,并对该科的地史地理分布特征和演化历史进行了讨论。此外,本项研究应用医学CT扫描和计算机辅助三维图像重建技术,对辽西新发现的一件完整的鹦鹉嘴龙头骨进行了CT扫描和三维图像的复原。这一手段的应用揭示了该头骨腭面的形态结构,为鹦鹉嘴龙类的解剖和生物学研究提供了新的特征信息。     

模拟退火算法在三维重建问题中的应用

讨论了目前常用的三维重建的方法,针对这些方法的局限性,提出了一种解决此类问题的方法,即将模拟退火算法应用在三维重建中。实践证明,这种方法是有效的,并且对解决其他类似问题具有一定的启发作用。     

Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia

The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data about its postcranial morphology are still relatively scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735, and the remains from three adult individuals. This material shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features. The primitive features include a small body size, a low encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the derived features include modern-human-like body proportions and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal features.     

New discovery of fossil cycad-like plants from the Middle Jurassic of West Liaoning,China

The Cycadales are one of the most ancient lineages of seed plants, with a fossil record that extends over 250 mil- lion years. Cycads are believed to have originated from the Late Palaeozoic, and reached its maximum diversity and distribution during the Mesozoic; however, their evo- lutionary history has remained relatively poorly under- stood[1―4]. This largely results from the lack of anatomi- cally well preserved fossil evidence and reproductive re- mains. In recent years, more researche…     

基于形变模型的三维人脸快速重建改进算法

针对传统三维人脸重建算法效率低且难以满足实际应用的缺陷, 提出一种三维人脸重建改进算法。该算法基于ASM（Active Shape Model) 增强算法, 自动地对特定二维人脸特征区域进行准确定位, 并实现三维人脸数据库的归一化; 利用稀疏形变模型对特定正面二维人脸进行快速三维重建; 采用明暗纹理恢复算法对重建后的三维模型人脸特征区域的每个顶点法线进行约束, 并将其应用于人脸识别中。实验结果表明, 该方法可实现对特定正面二维人脸快速三维重建, 并取得较好的三维重建精度与识别率, 与经典ASM算法相比, 精度提高12.3%, 迭代次数减少6次。     

A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia

Knowledge of the evolutionary history of living New World anthropoids is limited by a relatively poor fossil record. The discovery in 1986 of a new fossil monkey from the middle Miocene deposits of La Venta, Colombia, 12-15 million years ago (Myr BP), is the first example of a living New World monkey genus appearing in Tertiary rocks. Including anatomical evidence of the dentition and facial skull, it provides an unambiguous link between a Neogene fossil and the owl monkey, Aotus, the only modern crepuscular-nocturnal anthropoid primate. This new form brings to three the number of La Venta fossil monkeys which preserve excellent dentitions sharing extensive similarities with modern genera. All of these species are potentially ancestral to their extant relatives. The La Ventan Aotus is additional support for the idea that the modern platyrrhine radiation includes long-lived genera or generic lineages, some of which may be traceable to the early Miocene, 20 Myr BP.     

基于沥青混合料三维数值试样的非均匀性分析

为了从三维细观尺度评价沥青混合料在荷载作用下的非均匀性，利用X-ray CT扫描沥青混合料试样，获取试样内部的精确三维细观结构，根据三维重构原理开发程序并建立了与混合料试样内部空间实际分布形态一致的三维数值试样，分别赋予集料、砂胶和空隙不同的材料属性，进行低温、快速加载条件下的间接拉伸虚拟仿真．结果表明：与基于三维均质体试样的数值模拟相比，三维数值试样内部的应力和应变分布都完全呈现不均匀状态，与实际试验状态更一致；有空隙时的平均应力集中因子（2．78）明显大于无空隙时的平均应力集中因子（1．42），表明空隙的存在明显增加了试样受荷载作用下的应力集中，该方法克服了传统数值模拟无法考虑各因素空间分布影响的局限性．     

Skull of the large non-macrostomatan snake Yurlunggur from the Australian Oligo-Miocene

Understanding the origin and early evolution of snakes from lizards depends on accurate morphological knowledge of the skull in basal lineages, but fossil specimens of archaic snakes have been rare, and either fragmentary or difficult to study as a result of compression by enclosing sediments. A number of Cenozoic fossil snakes from Australia have vertebral morphology diagnostic of an extinct group, Madtsoiidae, that was widespread in Gondwana from mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) to Eocene times, and also reached Europe in the late Cretaceous period. Despite this long history, only about half the skull is known from the best-known species Wonambi naracoortensis, and the few known cranial elements of other species have added little further evidence for phylogenetic relationships. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed for their relationships and evolutionary significance, either as basal ophidians with many ancestral (varanoid- or mosasaur-like) features, or advanced (macrostomatan) alethinophidians of little relevance to snake origins. Here I report two partial skeletons referred to Yurlunggur, from the late Oligocene and early Miocene of northern Australia, which together represent almost the complete skull and mandible. The exceptionally preserved skulls provide new evidence linking Yurlunggur with Wonambi and other madtsoiids, falsifying predictions of the macrostomatan hypothesis, and supporting the exclusion of Madtsoiidae from the clade including all extant snakes.     

基于三维重建的人脸姿态估计

人脸姿态估计是计算机视觉及人脸识别领域的一项关键研究内容.将三维模型应用于估计人脸图像姿态参数,提出了基于三维重建的人脸姿态估计算法.根据人脸正面图片上的特征点计算出形状参数,实现三维人脸重建.基于三维人脸模型,由姿态图片上提取的特征点信息推知等姿态下模型上对应特征点的信息,针对照模型正面姿态,运用线性回归估计姿态参数.实验表明,重建的三维人脸具有较好的真实感,在较大的姿态变化范围内,该方法也能够取得较好的估计精确并具有鲁棒性.     

基于唇重构与三维耦合CNN的多视角音唇一致性判别

针对传统音唇一致性判别方法主要对正面唇动视频进行处理,未考虑视频采集角度变化对结果的影响,且容易忽略唇动过程中的时空特性等不足,文中以唇部角度变化对一致性判别的影响为研究重心,结合三维卷积神经网络在非线性表示和时空维度特征提取上的优势,提出了基于正面唇重构与三维耦合卷积神经网络的多视角音唇一致性判别方法。该方法先通过在生成器中引入自映射损失来提高正面重建效果,并采用基于自映射监督循环一致性生成对抗网络（SMS-CycleGAN）的唇重构方法对多视角唇图进行角度分类及正面重构;然后设计两个异构三维卷积神经网络,分别用来描述音频和视频信号,并提取包含长时时空关联信息的三维卷积特征;最后引入对比损失函数作为音视频信号匹配的相关度鉴别度量,将音视频网络输出耦合到同一表示空间,并进行一致性判别。实验结果表明,文中方法能重建出更高质量的正面唇图,一致性判别性能优于多种不同类型的比较方法。     

Application of computed tomography in paleoanthropological research

Hominin fossils are the most important materials for exploring questions about human origins and evolution. Because human fossils are very rare, it is impossible to use highly destructive techniques in order to study their morphology. Traditional analyses can only rely on the information gained from the study of the external morphology of specimens, and these approaches limited the study of human evolution. The application of computed tomography (CT) has facilitated major developments in paleoanthropology. To date, few studies on Chinese hominin fossils have used CT scanning methodology, but this is rapidly changing. In order to better understand the application of CT methodology in paleoanthropology, we review the applications of CT scanning on hominin fossils throughout the world. Studies examined include virtual fossil reconstruction, the use of endocasts to elucidate brain morphology, biomechanical analyses of bone distribution, imaging of mummies and research on early human health, and skeletal and dental microanatomical research.     

基于单幅正面照和统计模型的三维人脸重建方法研究

为提升单张图片三维重建的效率、提高重建的精准度,提出了一种基于单张图片和统计模型的三维人脸重建技术。首先基于智能行为理解组（intelligent behaviour understanding group,IBUG）,采用监督下降算法（SDM）进行训练来建立二维人脸特征点参数模型;再应用该参数模型对给定图片进行特征点提取;然后基于北京工业大学3D数据库（BJUT-3D）进行三维人脸统计模型的构建;最后,以三维人脸统计模型为基础,使用学习因子自适应梯度下降法对能量函数进行迭代优化,得到统计模型参数化向量,使用该向量来调整统计模型,实现与给定图片相匹配的三维人脸模型构建。实验证明,与现有的方法相比,本文方法重建出的三维人脸模型具有更高的精确度和自适应度。     

A mammalian fossil from the Dingqing Formation in the Lunpola Basin, northern Tibet, and its relevance to age and paleo-altimetry

The distal extremity of a rhinocerotid humerus from the upper part of the Dingqing Formation at the Lunbori locality in Baingoin County, northern Tibet, is the first mammalian fossil found in Cenozoic deposits of the Lunpola Basin. The medial condyle of the distal trochlea of the humerus specimen from Lunbori gradually contracts from medially to laterally. The margin of the medial surface of the medial condyle is not prominent, the well-developed medial epicondyle strongly extends posteriorly, and is divided from the articular facet of the medial condyle by a groove; all of which are characteristic for the Rhinocerotidae. The medial condyle is wide at the bottom and narrow at the top. The medial collateral ligament fossa is relatively shallow, and the medial collateral ligament tubercle is very weak. The medial part of the upper margin of the medial condyle smoothly connects to the bony surface above, but there is no clear boundary between them. All of these characteristics are identical with those of Plesiaceratherium. These comparisons imply that the Lunbori specimen is closest to Plesiaceratherium gracile in the Shanwang Fauna from Linqu, Shandong Province, in size and morphology. Thus, its age is suggested to be the late Early Miocene (Shanwangian Age), about 18?C16 Ma. Discovery of the rhinocerotid fossil suggests that the upper part of the Dingqing Formation deposited in the Neogene. While adjusting to paleo-temperatures of the Early Miocene, a paleo-ecosystem reconstruction indicates that the paleo-elevation was close to 3000 m in the Lunpola Basin during this time.     

急性颅内血肿并静脉窦损伤15例报告

目的探讨急性颅内血肿并静脉窦损伤诊断、治疗、手术方法。方法急性颅内血肿清除时修补静脉窦损伤,术中行明胶海棉压迫,硬脑膜悬吊8例,上矢状窦前1/3损伤断裂结扎1例,间断缝合、骨膜、硬脑膜翻转修补缝合5例,术中修补硬脑膜6例。结果本组治愈11例,上肢感觉障碍2例,死亡2例,1例死亡于手术中。结论对于静脉窦损伤患者尽量做到早诊断、早治疗,抢救患者的生命,提高治愈率。     

Discovery of a pterodactylid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China

A well-preserved pterosaur with nearly complete skull is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun in western Liaoning. It is characterized by a low and long crestless skull, slender and pointed teeth, long metacarpal, nearly equal length of metatarsals I–III and short pedal digit V. It is referred to a new genus and species of the family Pterodactylidae:Haopterus gracilis gen. et sp. nov. This is the first pterosaur with a nearly complete skull from the Jehol Biota; it also represents the first non-controversial fossil record of Pterodactylidae in Asia.Haopterus is more derived thanPterodactylus from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen in Germany. This discovery extends the distribution of the family Pterodactylidae from Europe and Africa to Asia and its latest occurrence from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. The discovery ofHaopterus gracilis provides further evidence for the study of the origin and radiation of the Jehol Biota; it also sheds new light on the evolution and distribution of pterosaurs in the late Mesozoic.     

基于三角网格曲面的颅骨修补片重构方法

针对传统颅骨修补术采用自由曲面设计存在造型不理想的局限性,提出了一种基于三角网格曲面的颅骨修补片重构方法。重构过程首先由CT扫描和图像处理获得缺损颅骨三维三角网格曲面模型,然后标识骨窗边界及修补片边界,并对骨窗多边形边界做合法性检查,通过每次寻找多边形边界中夹角最小的一对邻边构造新的三角面片,直至覆盖整个骨窗区域;再进行颅骨修补片与头形吻合度的调整;最后对修补片与颅骨复合的误差进行验证。实物制作的结果表明修补片与患者颅骨匹配良好。目前应用该方法已完成病例10余例,为临床缺损颅骨修复又提供了一种手段。     

沥青混合料三维离散元虚拟单轴蠕变试验

为了从沥青混合料不连续特征的角度研究其永久变形行为,采用离散元方法进行了沥青混合料三维离散元虚拟单轴蠕变试验,生成了包含粗集料、沥青砂浆及空隙的沥青混合料三维离散元虚拟试件,对虚拟试件微观组成成分之间的接触赋予了相应的微观接触模型,并采用基于时温等效原理的方法对粘弹性离散元模型的计算效率进行了优化,最后将三维虚拟试验结果与二维虚拟试验及室内试验结果进行了比较.研究表明:时温等效原理能够大大减少粘弹性离散元模型的计算时间;三维虚拟试验结果与室内试验结果相差无几,二维虚拟试验结果大于三维虚拟试验及室内试验结果,且随着荷载的增大差异也随之增大.     

基于Web3D的交互式产品演示设计探索

Web3D技术是一种互联网上的3D图形技术,是网络技术和虚拟现实的结合,将其应用于互联网电子商务的三堆产品展示领域是这一技术目前的发展趋势之一.该文介绍了Web3D技术的发展概况及国内几种主要Web3D技术的特点,对Web3D技术在产品演示方面的应用进行KJ法分析,以Flash3D技术为例讨论网络三维交互式产品演示的实现模式,并提供技术及设计思路.     

三维颅骨形态量化表示与非线性性别判定

颅骨性别鉴定在法医学和面貌复原等领域具有重大研究意义和应用价值.本文以陕西关中地区94例汉族成年人三维颅骨数据为研究对象,利用自主研发的系统软件标定出62个显著特征点.在此基础上提取可测量和非可测量特征,并将非可测量特征进行量化表示;提出使用非线性降维方法和非线性分类器结合的方法对颅骨的性别进行分类.实验结果表明:本文整合的可测量和非可测量特征包含更多的性别判别信息,非线性降维与非线性分类结合的方法可以大幅提高性别判别精度,最高正确率可达到96.36%.