输电塔线体系风致覆冰脱落动力响应的研究

建立了两塔三线模型,采用数值实验研究了输电线路的动力特性和中跨覆冰导线发生舞动时覆冰脱落、覆冰不脱落这两种工况的输电塔线系统的动力响应特性,探讨了不同风速下二者响应的差异.计算模型考虑了输电线的初始变形和初始应力.分析结果表明,塔端不平衡张力和邻跨导线横向振幅都随着风速的增加而增大,舞动导致的覆冰脱落使邻跨导线横向振动频率大幅增加,竖向回弹高度相对减小,而中跨的竖向回弹高度和横向振幅分别增加了73.9%和57.7%左右.舞动导致的覆冰脱落对线路的影响不容忽视,在实际线路的设计中应加以特别的考虑.     

超高压输电线脱冰动力响应数值模拟

采用ABAQUS软件建立500 kV超高压输电线路的有限元模型,计算分析具有不同结构参数的耐张线路段在各种脱冰工况下导线的动力响应,获得导线冰跳高度和张力随时间的变化,进一步得到脱冰率、覆冰厚度、耐张段档数、档距以及高差等对导线脱冰后最大冰跳高度的影响规律,为重冰区超高压输电线路电线的间隙设计以及杆塔设计提供依据.     

考虑高差覆冰输电线路链式脱冰振动

输电线路是电网中重要的生命线工程,覆冰荷载是输电线路最大威胁之一.以国网新疆电力科学研究院某工程为研究对象,采用商业软件ANSYS进行输电线路的有限元数值仿真,通过冰单元生死技术实现对覆冰输电线链式和同时脱冰振动的有限元分析,得到等高差和有高差下单跨输电线脱冰跳跃高度的规律,由此与缩尺模型实验结果进行对比分析.研究表明:链式和同时覆冰导线脱冰模拟结果与实验吻合很好,相差在5%以内,证明了模拟方式的准确性;在等高差链式脱冰下,随着脱冰速度的增大,最大脱冰跳跃高度会增大逼近到一个定值,而最大轴力不随脱冰速度变化而变化.有高差链式脱冰情况下,保持初张力不变时,随着高差的增大,跨中最大脱冰跳跃高度近似指数增大,链式脱冰的最大跳跃高度逐渐逼近同时脱冰的跳跃高度值;高差的存在会加剧输电线的上翻情况,也即是脱冰跳跃最大高度大于覆冰后的垂度,可以通过降低输电线的初张力或者覆冰厚度来减少上翻情况的发生,降低危险隐患.     

考虑脱冰速度效应的输电线路脱冰模拟

输电线路的脱冰将对相邻塔产生纵向不平衡张力,严重威胁到输电线路的安全。提出输电线覆冰脱落的有限元模拟方法,与以往的模型试验结果进行比较以验证该方法的准确性,分析导线和地线整档同时脱冰产生的系统响应,最后针对导线的unzipping形式脱冰分析脱冰速度对响应的影响。本文的算例发现,地线整档同时脱冰将产生比导线整档脱冰更大的纵向不平衡张力。在unzipping形式脱冰分析中,脱冰速度越慢,系统响应越接近于静态卸载;脱冰速度越快,系统响应越接近于整档同时脱冰。     

多参数影响下输电线链式脱冰实验研究

输电线路脱冰振动产生的动态张力严重时将会导致线路断裂、倒塌等事故.文章以某工程为原型,基于动力相似理论,设计出1:30的单跨覆冰输电线的缩尺模型,采用电磁铁控制集中重物的释放来模拟覆冰输电线中冰荷载的脱落,开展链式脱冰和瞬时脱冰实验研究.研究了脱冰速度、脱冰方向,以及高差和防振锤单跨输电线脱冰振动响应的影响.结果表明:链式脱冰比瞬时脱冰跳跃高度低;无论是链式还是瞬时脱冰,脱冰跳跃最大高度随脱冰速度减小而减小,最终趋于瞬时脱冰的50％;在有减振装置防振锤情况下,链式脱冰减振效果更加明显;跳跃最大高度随高差倾角的增大而急剧增大,从中间到两边的脱冰方式最不利.     

导线脱冰与风偏相互影响研究

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究导线脱冰与风偏问题.首先介绍了计算模型和荷载的取值;然后研究了脱冰荷载与风荷载共同作用下输电线脱冰跳跃规律与风偏规律,得出脱冰档导线跨中点最大竖向位移在导线风偏脱冰同时作用达到最大,风荷载对导线脱冰跳跃高度影响较小,而脱冰档最大横向摆幅发生在导线先风偏再脱冰情况下,且脱冰时刻应为导线横向位移达最大时刻,此外脉动风作用下导线横向摆幅较静风荷载作用下明显增大;最后研究脉动风荷载作用下不同参数条件的导线脱冰横摆规律,提出的导线脱冰横向摆幅简化计算公式可作为线路和杆塔设计的参考依据.     

特高压输电线路导线脱冰跳跃动态特性

覆冰导线脱冰会引起导线的剧烈运动,使导线跳跃上下摆动,对输电线路造成危害很大的机械和电气事故。建立了3自由度多档导线模型分析特高压输电线路脱冰跳跃问题,研究了覆冰厚度、脱冰量、档距大小、耐张段中档数、导线悬挂点高差、不均匀脱冰等因素对导线脱冰跳跃的影响,对特高压输电线路导线排列、铁塔选型、档距配置的设计有一定的参考价值。通过大量的计算,静态纵向不平衡张力换算为动态纵向不平衡张力的冲击因数可取为1.8,留有了一定的裕度,能够满足工程实际的需要。     

输电线路脱冰跳跃幅值影响因素分析

导线覆冰脱落会引起导线剧烈跳跃摆动,导致输电线路产生严重的机械、电气事故．为明确输电线路脱冰跳跃幅值特性,揭示各项参数及其交互作用对冰跳幅值的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法,建立导线一绝缘子串耦合模型,对冰跳幅值在不同影响因子作用下的变化特性进行研究．结果表明,导线跳跃幅值随着覆冰厚度、脱冰量、导线刚度的增加而增加,其增大的幅度不断上升;冰跳幅值随着连续档数的增加而趋于稳定;悬挂点高差、绝缘子串长度等因素对跳跃幅值影响较小;不同脱冰方式导线跳跃幅值相差较大;风荷载对导线横向摆动影响较大,对竖向跳跃影响较小;交互作用分析过程中,脱冰量对冰跳幅值影响最大,脱冰方式与脱冰量之间的交互作用对幅值影响最小．相关成果为覆冰线路设计及后续覆冰脱落分析研究提供参考借鉴．     

输电导线脱冰跳跃高度实用简化计算公式

冰区输电线路杆塔塔头设计需要考虑绝缘间隙,其与导线脱冰最大跳跃高度直接相关。针对现有导线脱冰跳跃高度计算公式不适用于大档距大高差线路的问题,在已有研究成果基础上,重点针对大档距大高差线路,采用有限元方法模拟研究在不同线路结构参数和脱冰条件下导线的脱冰动力响应,通过分析数值模拟得到的导线冰跳高度与其脱冰前后弧垂差、线路档距和高差等的数据关系,采用非线性回归方法,得到计入线路档距和高差影响的导线脱冰跳跃高度工程适用简化公式,该公式适用于包括大档距大高差的线路,完善了公式的适用范围。     

山区大高差500 kV输电线路脱冰跳跃高度的计算方法

超特高压输电线路不可避免地经过高海拔和重覆冰的山区,大高差输电线路脱冰造成的不平衡张力和导线跳跃会对其电气及机械性能产生重要的影响。本文针对爬坡、翻山和跨谷等三种典型的山区500kV输电线路,建立了5档导线-绝缘子脱冰跳跃模型,通过附加力法得到了高差形式和高差角对导线跳跃高度幅值和不平衡张力的影响规律。结果表明：脱冰档存在高差时高侧绝缘子挂点受到的不平衡张力比低侧大,随着高差角的增大,低侧绝缘子挂点受到的不平衡张力加速减小,在30°时较高侧悬挂点受到的不平衡张力可达较低侧的3.06倍;相较于跨谷型,翻山型脱冰档两侧受到的不平衡张力更大,随着高差角的增大,翻山型与跨谷型的不平衡张力与跳跃高度均呈相反的变化趋势,在30°时翻山型不平衡张力达到最大值为30454.6N,跳跃高度达到最小值为10.02m,此时跨谷型不平衡张力达到最小值,跳跃高度达到最大值;通过分析弧垂差、跳跃高度幅值及线路高差角之间的关系,拟合得到大高差输电线路导线脱冰跳跃高度的计算公式,对线路设计和运维具有重要的工程价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the