Characterization of Fe-S minerals influenced by buried ancient woods in the intertidal zone, East China Sea

An ancient wood layer dated at about 5600 cal. a BP by AMS14C dating was discovered in the intertidal zone, East China Sea. Samples affected by ancient woods, including fresh coast bedrock, weathering bedrock, seepage water from coast, seepage water from ancient wood layer, intertidal seawater, fresh water, beach mud, ancient wood barks and ancient peat, were collected for geochemical analysis. The beach mud and the bacteriogenic iron oxides （BIOS） in coastal seepage water were analyzed by min- eralogical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）-selected area electron dif- fraction （SAED） analysis. Inorganic sulfur compositions and b＇34S of the ancient peat and the beach mud were determined. The results showed that Fe, Mn, S （SO~-） were enriched in the intertidal area at different levels, very likely caused by fermentation of ancient woods. The presence of abundant iron- oxidizing bacteria （FeOB） and sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） in this intertidal zone was confirmed by HRTEM-SAED observation, and these bacteria were involved in Fe-S cycle to induce extracellular biomineralization. The negative ~4Sv.cDT （--2.9%o） likely indicated the biogenic origin of iron-sulfide minerals in the beach mud at high sulfate reduction rate （SRR）. These findings are helpful for under- standing the biogeochemical Fe-S cycle and biomineralization process at high organic matter deposition rate and high SRR in the intertidal zone, estuary, or near shoreline.     

Fatty-acids and their <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>13</Superscript>C characteristics of seep carbonates from the northern continental slope of Gulf of Mexico

Here we reported the fatty-acids and their δ¹³C values in seep carbonates collected from Green Canyon lease block 185 (GC 185; Sample GC-F) at upper continental slope (water depth: ~540 m), and Alaminos Canyon lease block 645 (GC 645; Sample AC-E) at lower continental slope (water depth: ~2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico. More than thirty kinds of fatty acids were detected in both samples. These fatty acids are maximized at C₁₆. There is a clear even-over-odd carbon number predominance in carbon number range. The fatty acids are mainly composed of n-fatty acids, iso-/anteiso-fatty acids and terminally branched odd-numbered fatty acids (iso/anteiso). The low δ¹³C values (−39.99‰ to −32.36‰) of n-C₁₂:0, n-C₁₃:0, i-C₁₄:0 and n-C₁₄:0 suggest that they may relate to the chemosynthetic communities at seep sites. The unsaturated fatty acids n-C_18:2 and C_18:1△⁹ have the same δ¹³C values, they may originate from the Beggiatoa/Thioploca. Unlike other fatty acids, the terminally branched fatty acids (iso/anteiso) show lower δ¹³C values (as low as −63.95‰) suggesting a possible relationship to sulfate reducing bacteria, which is common during anaerobic oxidation of methane at seep sites.     

A reconnaissance of Cu isotopic compositions of hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit Jinman,Yunnan, China

The Jinman deposit is a low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit, which occurs along faults and fractures within Middle Jurassic sandstone and mudstone units of the Lanping-Simao Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of Yunnan Province. In this note, we report for the first time the Cu isotopic compositions of Cu-sulfides from the Jinman deposit. The data show large variations and low δ⁶⁵Cu values of -3.70‰ to +0.30‰, which are in sharp contrast to the δ⁶⁵Cu values of high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal copper deposits (-0.62‰ to +0.40‰) and the modern ocean-floor massive sulfide deposits (-0.48‰ to +1.15‰). It is suggested that the Cu isotope fractionation at Jinman is affected mainly by the following factors, i.e. a low temperature of ore formation (150—286℃); a sedimentary source for ore materials; various stages of ore deposition; and involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming processes.     

厌气混合培养中产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌的动力学竞争Ⅰ.动力学推定的模型及实验方法

产甲烷菌(MPB)和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的竞争是一个有关厌气处理过程生死存亡的重大问题。研究的目的是提供一个明确实际厌气过程中MPB和SRB竞争机理的动力学研究方法。首先，以Monod模型为基准建立了一整套动力学模型用于微生物菌体浓度和诸动力学常数推定。其次，进行包括乙酸和氢气利用MPB和SRB的两系列连续培养及批量实验，为下一步的动力学常数推定及讨论实际厌气过程中MPB和SRB的动力学竞争机理打好基础。     

长庆油田金属管材的腐蚀性细菌类群研究

对长庆油田 10 1站和马岭 4 2 # 井注入水、原油及油水混合样品中可引起金属管材腐蚀的细菌进行分离、鉴定。结果表明 ,这些样品中都含有硫酸盐还原菌 (Sulfate reducingBacteria ,SRB)、铁细菌 (IronBacteria ,IB)及少量硫杆菌。其中硫酸盐还原菌种类较多 ,主要为脱硫弧菌属和脱硫肠状菌属。铁细菌主要为纤发菌属 (Leptothrix)、赭色菌属 (Ochrobium)及鞘铁菌属 (Siderocapsa) ;各样品中的硫杆菌主要是脱氮硫杆菌。硫酸盐还原菌与铁细菌的存在对采油管线造成了腐蚀危害 ,讨论了这类细菌在油田的分布 ,以便更有效地防止油田环境中微生物对金属管材的腐蚀。     

Glycerol ether biomarkers and their carbon isotopic compositions in a cold seep carbonate chimney from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

At modern cold seeps,the anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)is the dominant pathway for methane consumption in marine sediments.AOM,which is mediated by a consortium of methane oxidizing archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria,is proposed to be responsible for authigenic carbonate formation.A methane-derived carbonate chimney was collected from the Shenhu area, northern South China Sea.The membrane lipids and their very low carbon isotopic compositions(?115‰to?104‰)in the Shenhu chimney suggest the presence of an AOM process.Three specific archaeal and bacterial biomarkers were detected,including Ar,DAGE 1f,and monocyclic MDGD.Their strongly depleted??13C values(?115‰to?104‰),which are lower than those of the normal marine lipids in sediments,reveal biogenic methane as their origin.The carbonate deposits exhibiting a chimney structure indicate that a vigorous methane-rich fluid expulsion may have occurred at the seafloor.We propose that the decomposition of gas hydrates at depth is the likely cause of seepage and cold seep carbonate formation in the Shenhu area.     

Large selenium isotopic variations and its implication in the Yutangba Se deposit, Hubei Province, China

The selenium isotopic ratios have been measured in the Yutangba Se deposit, Hubei Province, China. The results show that the δ 82/76SeNIST values vary from -12.77‰ to 4.93‰, which is the largest Se iso- topic variation found so far in natural terrestrial samples. The sample Ytb-5 of high-selenium carbona-ceous shale has the lightest Se isotopic composition with a δ 82/76SeNIST value of -12.77‰. On the basis of variations of Se isotope in the deposit along with other geological and geochemical evidence, the "redox model" is suggested to favor the explanation of the occurrence of native Se in the deposit. The application to the Yutangba Se deposit with the discovery of large Se isotopic fractionation for natural samples indicates the potential of Se isotope as a new geochemical tracer.     

储罐过渡层硫酸盐还原菌控制及处理标准研究

采油过程中,联合站沉降罐底形成了较厚的过渡层,过渡层主要成分为硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),严重腐蚀管道,形成大量硫化亚铁颗粒,使过渡层具有较强的导电性,严重影响了电脱水器的正常运行和原油的脱水质量。同时,由于过渡层的存在,占据了沉降罐的有效容积,影响了污水的沉降效果。为此在污水处理及地面系统中开展SRB控制和过渡层处理方法研究,进而确定SRB的控制及过渡层的处理标准,最终实现油田回注水质基本达标。     

Molybdenum isotopic composition as a tracer for low-medium temperature hydrothermal ore-forming systems: A case study on the Dajiangping pyrite deposit,western Guangdong Province,China

Little is known about the range or controls on the molybdenum isotopic composition of low-medium temperature hydrothermal ore-forming systems. We present molybdenum isotope data from 12 hydrothermal syndepositional silicalite and carbonaceous slate samples from the Dajiangping pyrite deposit in western Guangdong Province, South China. The δ ^97/95 Mo values from Orebody III range from −0.02‰ to 0.29‰, with an average of 0.18‰. In contrast, the composition values from Orebody IV display a larger variation from −0.70‰ to 0.62‰. However, the five samples from the main ore bed all show strong negative values. This indicates that the significant variation in molybdenum isotopic composition supports different hydrothermal ore-forming metallogenesis and a metallogenic environment between the two orebodies. Orebody III is likely to have been deposited from submarine exhalative hydrothermal fluids under a relatively strong reducing environment and Orebody IV may have also been influenced by hydrothermal superimposition in a more oxidized disequilibrium condition. In addition, the δ ^97/95 Mo values of Orebody IV are clearly negative, together with the values increasing stratigraphically upward in the ore beds, suggesting that the metallogenic environment of Orebody IV is different from the open oceanic systems. There might be dynamic fractionation in this restricted environment. Therefore, the molybdenum isotope can be used as an effective tracer for the ore-forming fluid and metallogenic environment.     

海水中硫酸盐还原菌对09Cr2AlMoRE钢的腐蚀行为

采用动极化曲线、电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学测试技术和化学浸泡法研究海水中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对09-Cr2AlMoRE钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明,SRB新陈代谢产物S2-与腐蚀产物Fe2+反应生成硫化铁,促进了09Cr2AlMoRE钢的阳极活性溶解.09Cr2AlMoRE钢的腐蚀产物呈絮状,颗粒粗大、疏松,分布不连续;杆状硫酸盐还原菌在钢表面局部富集、附着,细菌通过细胞外高聚物被腐蚀产物所包裹.09-Cr2AlMoRE钢在接菌海水中的腐蚀产物由FeS构成,其中硫元素含量高达8.29%.膜沉积处的FeS与附近的09-Cr2AlMoRE钢表面组成腐蚀电偶电池,而SRB的作用在于不断提供H2S以维持FeS的电化学活性,从而加速腐蚀.     

利用硫酸盐还原菌处理酸牲矿山废水

利用硫酸盐还原菌处理矿山废水的方法没有二次污染，运作费用低，同时还可以回收单质硫或硫化物，已经成为酸性矿山废水处理技术的前沿课题。综述了利用硫酸盐还原菌处理酸性矿山废水的研究进展，以及国内外学者对碳源、温度、pH值、硫化物等硫酸盐还原影响因素的研究结果。     

Preliminary Mo isotope data of Phanerozoic clastic sediments from the northern margin of the Yangtze block and its implication for paleoenvironmental conditions

Mo isotopes along with Nd isotopes and other geochemical characteristics of the Phanerozoic clastic sediments from the northern margin of the Yangtze block were analyzed by MC-ICP-MS and some other techniques, spanning the period from Cambrian to Jurassic. The δ 98Mo values and εNd(t ) in these sedimets were observed to exhibit a large range of variation (?0.65‰―+1.87‰, ?1.46―?10.90, respec-tively). Specifically, the sample from Late Permian Maokou Formation has relatively positive values in both δ 98Mo and...     

Authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in sediments of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and their implications for methane flux and gas hydrate formation

This is a report of the study of the authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in a sediment core (NH-1) collected on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea, where other geo-physical and geochemical evidence seems to suggest gas hydrate formation in the sediments. The study has led to the findings: (1) the pyrite content in sediments was relatively high and its grain size relatively large compared with that in normal pelagic or hemipelagic sediments; (2) the shallowest depth of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) content maximum was at 437.5 cm (>2 μmol/g), which was deeper than that of the authigenic pyrite content maximum (at 141.5-380.5 cm); (3) δ 34S of authigenic pyrite was positive (maximum: 15‰) at depth interval of 250-380 cm; (4) the positive δ 34S coincided with pyrite enrichment. Compared with the results obtained from the Black Sea sediments by Jorgen-sen and coworkers, these observations indicated that at the NH-1 site, the depth of the sulfate-methane interface (SMI) would be or once was at about 437.5-547.5 cm and the relatively shallow SMI depth suggested high upward methane fluxes. This was in good agreement with the results obtained from pore water sulfate gradients and core head-space methane concentrations in sediment cores collected in the area. All available evidence suggested that methane gas hydrate formation may exist or may have existed in the underlying sediments.     

The biomarkers of 2,6,10,15, 19-pentamethylicosenes and their carbon isotopic composition in the sediments from the Gulf of Mexico

The methanogenic archaea and sulfate reduction bacteria are flourishing in the sediments associated with gas venting and gas hydrate settings on the sea floor, where the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) me-diated by these bacteria is the dominant path…     

Effects of sulfide on sulfate reducing bacteria in response to Cu（Ⅱ）, Hg（Ⅱ） and Cr（VI） toxicity

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is identified as the primary organisms responsible for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. However, most heavy metals can inhibit the growth of SRB during heavy metal treatment processes. Sulfide is a metabolic product of SRB and it can precipitate or reduce heavy metals. This study focused on the effects of sulfide on SRB resistance to Cu(II), Hg(I) and Cr(VI) toxicity. First, we considered the existence style of various heavy metals with and without sulfide addition by...     

COD与Fe0对硫酸盐还原菌还原作用的影响

采用间歇实验方法，分别在不同底物浓度下，分析了影响硫酸盐还原的机理，并考察了加入Fe^0对反应体系的强化作用．结果表明，底物浓度不足会减缓反应速度并降低最终反应结果，但对其反应延迟期没有影响．Fe^0对酶活性有调节作用，可以减小底物浓度变化对反应速度的影响，提高对底物的利用率．体系最终pH值随c（COD）／c（SO4^2-）增大逐渐提高，当c（COD）／c（SO4^2-）达到一定值后，最终pH值基本维持恒定．在相同底物浓度下，单质铁强化体系的最终pH值略高于空白体系．空白和单质铁强化两种体系的适宜c（COD）／c（SO4^2-）分别在5．1～6．9和3．9—5．1之间．在相同处理能力下，单质铁强化体系所需底物浓度是空白体系的75％．     

Variability of snail growing season at the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 75 ka

Knowledge of seasonal climate change is one of the key issues facing Quaternary paleoclimatic studies and estimating seasonal climate change is difficult,especially changes such as seasonal length on glacial-interglacial timescales.The stable isotope composition from seasonal land snail shells provides the potential to reveal seasonal climatic features.Two modern land snail species,cold-aridiphilous Pupilla aeoli and thermo-humidiphilous Punctum orphana,were collected from different climatic zones in 18 localities across the Chinese Loess Plateau,spanning 11 degrees of longitude and covering a range of 1000 km2.The duration of the snail growing season(temperature ≥10℃) was shorter(202 ± 6 d) in the eastern Loess Plateau compared with in the western Loess Plateau(162 ±7 d).The δ13C of P.aeoli shells was ?9.1‰ to ?4.7‰ and ?5.0‰ to 0.3‰ for δ18O.For P.orphana,the δ13C ranged from ?9.1‰ to ?1.9‰ and ?8.9‰ to ?2.9‰ for δ18O.Both the δ13C and δ18O differences between the two snail species were reduced from the east to the western Loess Plateau(2.8‰ to 0.2 ± 1.1‰ for δ13C and 4.7‰ to 2.9 ± 1.3‰ for δ18O).These isotopic differences roughly reflect the difference in the growing season lengths between the east and west Loess Plateau indicating that the duration of the snail growing season shortens by 15 d or 19 d if the difference decreases by 1‰ in δ13C or δ18O,respectively.Thus,the difference in δ13C and δ18O between both snail species can be used to reveal the length of the snail growing season in the past.Based on our investigation,the length of the snail growing seasons from the Xifeng region during the last 75 ka was reconstructed.During the mid-Holocene(8-3 ka),the mean isotopic difference from both snail species reached maximum values of 2.6 ± 0.7‰ and 2.1 ± 1.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.This was followed by MIS 3 that ranged from 2.5 ± 0.4‰ for δ13C and 1.6 ± 0.8‰ for δ18O.The Last Glacial Maximum changed by only 0.2‰ and 0.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.Therefore,we estimate that the duration of the snail growing seasons to be ～200 ± 10 d during the mid-Holocene,190 ± 6 d in MIS 3 and 160 ± 3 d during the last glacial period.     

Additive characters and orthogonal systems of polynomials in several indeterminates over residue class rings

Letm, n andk be positive integers, m> 1 andk≤ n. Let ‰ _m =‰m‰ denote the residue class ring modulom. Let ‰ _m denote the group of additive characters of ‰ _m denote the identity of ‰ _m . A necessary and sufficient condition for the systemf ₁,...,f _k ∈ ‰ _m [x ₁, ...,x _m ] to be orthogonal is given: for all additive characters ψ₁, ..., ψ _k ∈ ‰ _m with ψ_i,≠x₀ forsomei, . As corollaries, the result of Shiue-Sun-Zhang and the result of Sun are obtained.     

Preliminary study of microscale zircon oxygen isotopes for Dabie-Sulu metamorphic rocks： Ion probe in situ analyses

151 in situ analyses of oxygen isotopes were carried out by ion micro-probe for zircons from 8 localities of HP-UHP metamorphic rocks including eclogites in the Dabie-Sulu terrane. The results show significant heterogeneity in δ^18O values, with variation in different rocks from -8.5‰ to 9.7‰ and within one sample from 2‰ to 12‰. No measurable difference in δ^18O was observed between protolith magmatic (detrital) zircons and metamorphic recrystallized zircons within analytical uncertainties from the ion micro-probe measurements. This indicates that the metamorphic zircons have inherited the oxygen isotopic compositions of protolith zircons despite the HP to UHP metamorphism. According to their protolith ages from zircon U-Pb in situ dating by the same ion micro-probe, two groups of oxygen isotope composition are recognized, with one having δ^18O values of 6‰-7‰ for old protolith of 1.9-2.5 Ga ages and the other 0‰-2‰ for young protolith of 0.7-0.8 Ga ages. The latter anomalously low δ^18O values of zircons indicate that the magma has had the obvious involvement of meteoric water when forming the young protolith of high-grade metamorphic rocks. This may be correlated with the snowball Earth event occurring in South China and the world elsewhere during the Neoproterozoic.     

Foliar δ^13C and δ^15N values of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley and their environmental controls

The foliar C and N stable isotopic compositions （δ^13C and δ^15N） and the relationships between these compositions and environmental factors of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley were investigated. There were three distribution patterns for foliar δ^13C with mean values of -26.7‰±0.4‰, -29.7‰ ±0.6‰ , and -26.9‰± 1.2‰ in cold-moist, temperate-moist, and arid-hot environments, respectively. The δ^15N values ranged from -1.4‰ ±1.7‰ to 14.3‰ ± 0.1‰, with higher values under arid-hot conditions and the lowest values in plants growing at higher altitudes under cold-moist conditions. A strong negative relationship between mean annual precipitation and δ^15N explained more than half of the observed variation in the δ^15N values （r2= 0.54, P 〈 0.001）; a modest positive relationship was also found between δ^15N and temperature （r2 = 0.32, P 〈 0.01）. A weakly positive relationship existed between δ^13C and temperature, and changes in δ^13C values with precipitation and altitude followed quadratic curves. This suggests a shift in the effects of water and heat conditions caused by altitude on carbon isotopic discrimination.