改善大功率涡轮增压柴油机性能的研究

根据降低大功率涡轮增压柴油机燃油消耗率的需要，讨论了改善柴油机性能的主要措施，通过对缸盖气道的改进设计，使进、排气道的通流能力显著提高，涡流强度也有较大增加，柴油机燃烧过程得到改善。同时，采用新型的涡轮增压器ＮＲ１５／Ｒ代替ＶＴＲ１６１，增加了排气能量的回收，从而使６ＤＳ－１８Ａ柴油机的燃油消耗率在标定工况下降低１２ｇ／（ｋＷ．ｈ）。     

基于面径比的车用高速柴油机增压匹配研究

涡轮的面径比是废气涡轮增压器与车用发动机匹配的重要参数之一。将两台面径比不同的涡轮增压器与车用高速柴油机进行了匹配研究。结果表明:匹配较小面径比增压器的柴油机进气压力较高,新鲜充量增加,排气背压较高;低转速区域内进气压力和新鲜充量的增加提高了柴油机的燃烧效率,而排气负功的影响作用较弱,因此外特性输出转矩增加,燃油消耗率降低;高转速区域的排气负功影响作用增加,经济性变差;全工况烟度排放均较低。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油的特性

为了掌握柴油机燃用生物柴油时的性能变化，在四缸废气涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上燃用0^#柴油、脂肪酸甲酯和分别含有30％及50％（质量比）脂肪酸甲酯的混合柴油，在1800r／min和2200r／min全负荷工况下，进行了柴油机动力性、燃料经济性、HC、CO、NOx、排气烟度和自由加速工况下的排气烟度试验。通过对比发现，柴油机燃用含有脂肪酸甲酯的燃料对动力性、燃料经济性的影响较小，可以显著降低HC排放和排气烟度，但CO排放会略有增加，NOx排放则随燃料脂肪酸甲酯含量的提高有明显增加。研究表明，脂肪酸甲酯可作为柴油机的替代燃料，值得推广应用。     

柴油机燃用柴油/乙醇混合燃料的性能与排放研究

为了给柴油／乙醇混合燃料的应用提供试验和理论依据，进行了柴油机燃用柴油／乙醇混合燃料的性能与排放研究，研究结果表明：随着燃料中乙醇掺混比例的增加，有效燃油消耗率有所增加，但当量柴油有效燃油消耗率降低，有效热效率增加；在掺混比例较高时，需要添加十六烷值改进剂提高混合燃料的十六烷值；在同一工况下，发动机排气烟度随乙醇的加入而减少，NOx排放则无明显的增加；排气烟度的下降率随含氧量的增加而增大，未添加十六烷值改进剂时升高的幅度小于添加十六烷值改进剂后．减小供油提前角，NOx排放下降，排气烟度增加。     

径流式涡轮排气扩压器流动性能模拟研究

本文研究了径流式涡轮排气扩压器特性对涡轮增压器与中速柴油机匹配性能的影响。在研究过程中，假定排气扩压器的气流为一元准稳定不可压缩气流，试验装置采用压缩气源供气。根据相似理论模拟中速柴油机排气的气流状态进行内壁为直线型面（定为Ａ型）及内壁为曲线型面（定为Ｂ型）这两种型面的扩压器模拟试验。计算和试验结果表明：（１）不论Ａ型或Ｂ型排气扩压器都能改善径流式涡轮的性能，从而提高涡轮效率及涡轮增压器总效率；（２）当扩张角较大时，Ｂ型扩压器因有较高的扩压器效率及压力恢复系数，其性能优于Ａ型扩压器，这将更有利于改善涡轮增压器与中速柴油机的匹配性能。     

混合增压柴油机增压系统参数模拟计算研究

该文优化调整模拟计算时确定的混合增压系统的参数,扩大了增压系统涡轮的流量,减小了高速电机功率,电机功率下降直接带来发动机的轻量化和增压器转动惯量的大幅减小。同时,涡轮流量的增加还提高了车用发动机在常用工况下的经济性和低速高负荷工况下的潜在动力性。与原废气旁通增压柴油机相比,参数调整后的混合增压柴油机减小了排气提前角调整不当对发动机燃油经济性的扰动。     

电动复合增压对柴油机高海拔性能的影响

受高原环境影响,柴油机燃烧恶化,造成功率降低、油耗增高、有害排放物增多。采用废气涡轮增压能够一定程度改善上述问题,但也存在涡轮响应滞后、超速、喘振、增压效率随着海拔高度的增加而降低等不足。为有效解决上述问题,通过增加一级电动增压器的方法来改善柴油发电机组的高原环境适应性,利用GT-SUITE软件分别构建了某型发电用废气涡轮增压柴油机和电动复合增压的数值仿真模型,分析了电动复合增压技术对发电用柴油机高海拔性能的影响。结果表明,电动复合增压不仅能有效恢复柴油机输出功率和扭矩,海拔5 000 m时,输出功率和扭矩分别提升了57%和92%,还可以有效降低燃油消耗率,海拔4 500 m时的效果最好,减少了原机81%的油耗率。同时,对减少尾气中CO、HC化合物的排放也有一定效果。     

船舶柴油机涡轮增压器常见故障分析

涡轮增压器是船舶动力装置的重要部件,其工作状况是否良好,对改善气缸的燃烧条件,降低燃油消耗,提高柴油机的功率有着十分重要的意义。由于船舶柴油机涡轮增压器的工况恶劣,使用中易发生故障。本文通过其运行中的常见故障,阐述了故障原因并加以分析,提出了排除故障的方法及预防建议。     

不同排气系统对涡轮增压柴油机性能的影响

以某增压中冷柴油机为研究对象,利用GT-POWER软件建立了该增压中冷柴油机工作过程仿真模型,并根据试验数据进行了校核计算.在上述工作的基础上,对增压柴油机的三脉冲排气系统进行了改型设计,建立了MPC排气系统和定压排气系统仿真模型,验证了模型的有效性.通过对三种排气系统的仿真及对比分析,表明MPC及定压排气系统选取合理的较小排气管径能够降低发动机油耗,减弱涡轮进口压力脉动,保证较高的涡轮效率和功率输出;发动机额定工况下,三种排气系统对发动机及涡轮性能的影响存在明显差异,三脉冲系统的发动机性能优于MPC与定压排气系统;发动机中低转速时,MPC系统使得涡轮效率较三脉冲与定压系统有所提升.      

慢速船上柴油机和涡轮增压器配合影响因素与特性研究

涡轮增压器是现代柴油机运行中非常重要的一部分,可以显著地提升柴油机的运行性能以及燃烧效率,降低柴油机的燃油消耗,在进行慢速船柴油机与涡轮增压器的配合时,容易出现涡轮增压器喘振的现象,对发动机的运行产生不利影响。该文对涡轮增压器的喘振裕度进行分析,并设计涡轮增压器喘振裕度稳定性实验,以此来保证柴油机和涡轮增压器之间配合良好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the