水稻抽穗后源质量与产量关系的研究

以中粳稻武育粳3号和杂交中籼稻汕优63为材料, 采用不同密肥等栽培措施, 形成成穗率不同的群体, 研究水稻抽穗后源质量与产量关系.水稻高产群体, 抽穗期LAI适宜, 有效叶面积率高, 高效叶面积率为75%～80%, 灌浆期光合势在2.1×106m2·d-1以上,势粒比(光合势与总颖花量的比值)在47cm2·d-1·粒-1以上.势粒比能反映抽穗后群体源库发展动态优劣,是经济产量形成期源库质量的较好表述.在抽穗期适宜叶面积基础上,降低抽穗后叶面积下降速率,提高势粒比是进一步提高产量的有效途径.     

遮荫对冬小麦生长及形态建模的影响

为了探究光照条件的改变对冬小麦生长形态的影响。设置4种遮荫处理,分别达到光照强度的81.3%(L81.3)、57.9%(L57.9)、43.6%(L43.6)和27.8%(L27.8),无遮荫处理作常规对照记为CK。结果表明,对冬小麦从拔节期至成熟期长期遮荫,可造成随着光照强度的减小,冬小麦各生育期延长的情况逐渐加剧,株高在拔节期至抽穗期逐渐减小,叶面积和叶面积峰值逐渐增加,以及穗长线性减小。不同遮荫处理对最终株高没有形成较为明显的规律性。叶面积随着冬小麦生长时间的变化表现出"先增大,后减小"的规律,不同遮荫条件下,叶面积的峰值发生偏移,且峰值相对增加值和光强消减值之间的关系用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性,遮荫在一定程度上促进了叶面积的增加,同时延缓了叶面积变黄和衰老。用Logistic函数拟合株高、Gauss函数拟合叶面积和线性拟合穗长均有较好的相关性。因此,L81.3处理对冬小麦生长形态影响较小,用拟合函数可以进行不同光照条件下各指标的预测,并且对研究冬小麦生长形态等方面的变化对产量和耗水等方面的影响。     

CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊叶片形态特征的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊(Gali-nsona parviflora)叶片形态特征的影响.结果表明,在高浓度CO2(700 μmol/mol)和高浓度O3(80 nmol/mol)处理条件下,牛膝菊的比叶面积、叶形指数、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、宽度和周长均有减少的趋势,其中比叶面积、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、周长减小差异非常显著(P≤0.01);比叶重均增加,差异非常显著(P≤0.01);叶片长与宽的比值在高浓度CO2处理下有增加的趋势,在高浓度O2处理下有减小的趋势,但差异均不显著;叶片长度与叶片宽度、周长、面积之间的异速生长类型符合y=aXk模型.牛膝菊叶片的气孔面积、周长、宽度和长度与对照相比,在高浓度CO2处理下,均有增加的趋势且差异显著(O.010.05)外,其余差异均非常显著(P≤O.01).CO2与O3浓度增加对牛膝菊气孔参数影响不大.在高浓度CO2,O3及对照处理条件下,气孔密度的变异系数比气孔指数的变异系数大.     

节能日光温室内CO2浓度对西葫芦生理代谢的影响

研究了高纬度地区冬季节能日光温室内不同CO2浓度对西葫芦生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在提高CO2浓度条件下,植株体内蔗糖、淀粉含量有不同程度的增加。2000μL/L处理的净光合速率比对照提高了62.22%,增长最为显著,1000μL/L的净光合速率比对照提高54.12%,3000μL/L的净光合速率增长最小,为对照的38.21%。CO2浓度升高后,还可解除西葫芦的光合午体现象。此外,在2000μL/L CO2浓度下生长的西葫芦,其叶片的POD酶谱带比其它浓度下多一条,其POD酶的活性在1000μL/L、2000μL/L、3000μL/L CO2浓度下分别提高了12.12%、17.75%、0.3%。在提高CO2浓度的情况下,叶片叶绿素及全氮量则有减少趋势。     

大气CO2浓度增加对冬小麦品质性状的影响

依据自行设计的模拟气候变化试验装置系统(CGC),研究大田条件下CO2浓度增加对不同冬小麦品种(中育5号和中优9701)品质性状诸如面粉蛋白质含量、沉降值、面团特性以及淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明:面粉蛋白质含量随CO2浓度增加(幅度为57mg·kg-1)明显下降,CO2浓度从451mg·kg-1增加到565mg·kg-1时,中育5号和中优9701品种的面粉蛋白质含量分别下降了4.5%和3.1%;在451～565mg·kg-1范围内,CO2浓度增加使沉降值降低,但影响较小,而对面团流变学特性诸如面团形成时间和延伸性有负面影响,其中对中优9701粉质参数影响微小;CO2浓度增加对烘烤品质影响不利,尤其面包体积下降明显.此外,CO2浓度增加对淀粉糊化特性的影响具有双重性,一方面CO2水平有限度的升高可在一定程度上改善面条的食用品质;另一方面CO2水平进一步提高又对食用品质产生负面影响.     

扬花期冬小麦叶面积指数高光谱遥感反演研究

利用扬花期冬小麦实测冠层高光谱数据与同步叶面积指数(LAI)数据,分析350～1 000 nm波段范围内冠层反射率与LAI之间的相关性,分别在蓝波段、红波段、绿波段及近红外波段选取光谱特征波段,并用其计算6种被广泛应用于植被LAI反演的植被指数.通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,构建扬花期冬小麦LAI反演模型并进行真实性检验.研究结果表明,6种植被指数与冬小麦LAI均具有显著相关性,其中NDGI和EVI反演模型效果较好,拟合方程决定系数R~2均高于0. 6,分别为0. 634和0. 623.最后通过精度验证,得出结论:EVI反演模型R~2最高,为0. 779,故选取EVI为自变量的二次模型为扬花期冬小麦LAI最佳反演模型.研究可为作物长势监测及产量估算等提供一定的理论依据.     

氮磷钾添加对无患子叶片性状和果实产量的影响

以10年生无患子无性系为研究对象，通过设置施肥与不施肥两处理，分析氮磷钾养分添加对不同无性系无患子叶片性状和果实产量的影响.结果表明：(1)与对照相比，氮磷钾添加下无性系1号无患子叶面积增加了5.60%,无性系1号和5号无患子比叶面积分别增加了0.48%和3.80%,仅无性系3号无患子叶干物质含量在养分添加下显著增加了5.70%,其他无性系无患子均无显著差异；(2)在氮磷钾添加处理下，无性系1号和5号无患子光合净呼吸速率相较于对照分别增加了1.19%、39.40%;无性系5号无患子胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率和光合氮利用效率显著高于对照，而其他无性系则均无显著差异；(3)叶面积、净光合速率、叶片光合氮利用效率与果实产量呈显著正相关，而比叶面积与果实产量呈显著负相关；(4)氮磷钾添加均不同程度地促进了无患子果实的生长发育，增加其果实产量.研究结果可为无患子苗木培育及资源开发利用提供理论参考.     

冬小麦农艺性状对花前水分胁迫的响应

 为研究冬小麦对花前水分胁迫的响应,在大田条件下,以济麦20为材料,设置正常水分(CK)、中度干旱(MD)和重度干旱(SD)三个水分处理进行试验。水分胁迫下,冬小麦春季分蘖减少,有效分蘖比例增加,叶面积、株高和物质累积量等均减小,生长过程受阻。叶面积变化主要由叶片长度的减小引起,且对旗叶影响程度低于低位叶;株高的降低主要是第IV、第V高位节间长度的降低,第I、第II低位节间反而有所增长;次生根发生减少,通过减少根密度及增加根长适应干旱;物质积累因水分胁迫而受阻,且物质向根系的分配增加,根冠比增大。水分胁迫下,冬小麦花前生长发育受阻,地上部通过减小生长量适应水分胁迫,降低幅度随胁迫加剧而增大;根系在减少发生的同时,增加根长,扩大吸收面积。     

节能日光温室内CO_2浓度对西葫芦生理代谢的影响

研究了高纬度地区冬季节能日光温室内不同CO2 浓度对西葫芦生理代谢的影响。结果表明 ,在提高CO2 浓度条件下 ,植株体内蔗糖、淀粉含量有不同程度的增加。 2 0 0 0 μL/L处理的净光合速率比对照提高了 6 2 .2 2 % ,增长最为显著 ,10 0 0 μL/L的净光合速率比对照提高 5 4.12 % ,3 0 0 0 μL/L的净光合速率增长最小 ,为对照的 38.2 1%。CO2 浓度升高后 ,还可解除西葫芦的光合午体现象。此外 ,在 2 0 0 0 μL/LCO2 浓度下生长的西葫芦 ,其叶片的POD酶谱带比其它浓度下多一条 ,其POD酶的活性在 10 0 0 μL/L、2 0 0 0 μL/L、3 0 0 0 μL/LCO2 浓度下分别提高了 12 .12 %、17.75 %、0 .3%。在提高CO2 浓度的情况下 ,叶片叶绿素及全氮量则有减少趋势     

大气CO_2含量升高对棉叶化学成分的影响

利用开顶式CO2控制室(OTC)研究了CO2含量升高对转Bt基因棉(GK-12)和常规棉(Simian-3)叶片中化学成分的影响.结果表明:大气CO2含量升高使Simian-3、GK-12棉叶的总C质量分数分别增加29.08%、29.11%,C/N值增加40.54%、39.84%,单宁质量分数增加15.28%、21.12%;而使叶片含水量分别降低3.48%、1.82%,含N量降低23.89%、22.92%.棉花品种仅影响到叶片中单宁的质量分数,并且对照CO2含量下GK-12的质量分数比S3中的质量分数低7.5%.说明大气CO2含量升高不但影响转基因植物的生长发育,而且还改变转基因植物体内的化学成分的组成与质量分数.     

Response of leaf dark respiration of winter wheat to changes in CO2 concentration and temperature

Accurate evaluation of dark respiration of plants is important for estimation of the plant carbon budget.The response of leaf dark respiration of winter wheat to changes in CO 2 concentration and temperature was studied,using an open top chamber during 2011-2012,to understand how leaf dark respiration of winter wheat will respond to climate change.The results indicated that leaf dark respiration decreased linearly with increased CO2 concentration.Dark respiration decreased by about 11% under 560 μmol mol-1 CO2 compared with that under 390 μmol mol-1 CO2.Leaf dark respiration showed an exponential relationship with temperature,and the temperature constant(Q10) was close to 2.Moreover,the responses of leaf dark respiration to CO concentration and temperature were independent.A leaf dark respiration model based on CO2 concentration and temperature responses was developed.This model provides a method for estimation of the leaf dark respiration rate of winter wheat under future climate change and guidance for establishment of crop carbon countermeasures.     

干湿变化条件下小麦的补偿效应研究

试验研究了土壤干湿变化对冬小麦生长和产量的影响。结果显示,拔节期和抽穗期恢复供水,可使在苗期和孕穗期遭受不同程度干旱的冬小麦的株高、叶片数、叶面积、以及干物重等方面都超过其相应对照,表现出明显的补偿生长效应。同时,各复水处理与对照相比,分配到冠部的干物质比例均增加,R/S下降。中度水分胁迫后充分供水的处理,可以在生物量和产量上都超过一直保持充分供水的对照,发生了超补偿。从而达到了农业生产上所要求的节水和增产的目的。     

Characterization of high-yield performance as affected by genotype and environment in rice

We characterized yield-relevant characters and their variations over genotypes and environments （locations and years） by examining two rice varieties （9746 and Jinfeng） with high yield potential. 9746 and Jinfeng were planted in two locations of Shanghai, China, during 2005 and 2006. The results show that there was a large variation in grain yield between locations and years. The realization of high yield potential for the two types of rice was closely related to the improved sink size, such as more panicles per square meter or grains per panicle. Stem and leaf biomasses were mainly accumulated from tillering stage to heading stage, and showed slow decline during grain filling. Meanwhile, some photosynthetic characters including net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, leaf area index （LAI）, specific leaf area （SLA）, fluorescence parameter （maximum quantum yield ofPSll, Fv/Fm）, chlorophyll content （expressed as SPAD value）, as well as nutrient （N, P, K） uptake were also measured to determine their variations over genotypes and environments and their relationships with grain yield. Although there were significant differences between years or locations for most measurements, SLA at tillering and heading stages, Fv/Fm and LAI at heading stage, stem biomass at heading and maturity stages, and leaf nitrogen concentration at tillering and heading stages remained little changed, indicating their pos- sible applications as selectable characters in breeding programs. It was also found that stem nitrogen accumulation at tillering stage is one of the most important and stable traits for high yield formation.     

A meta-analysis of responses of wheat yield formation to elevated ozone concentration

The meta-analysis method was applied to quantitatively investigate effects of the elevated ozone concentration ([O₃]) on chlorophyll concentration, gas exchange and yield components of wheat. There were 39 effective references through Web of Science (ISI, USA) and Chinese journal full-text database (CNKI, China). The results of meta-analysis indicated that elevated [O₃] decreased grain yield, grain weight, grain number per ear, ear number per plant and harvest index by 26%, 18%, 11%, 5% and 11%, respectively, relative to ambient air. The decrease in leaf physiological characters was much greater than that in yield when wheat was expose to elevated [O₃], while light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat), stomatal conductance (Gs) and chlorophyll content (Chl) decreased by 40%, 31%, and 46%, respectively. The responses to elevated [O₃] between spring wheat and winter wheat were similar. Most of the variables showed a linear decrease trend with an increase of [O₃]. The most significant decrease for Asat, Gs and Chl was found in grain filling stage. Elevated [CO₂] could significantly ameliorated or offset the detrimental effects caused by elevated [O₃]. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30670387), Eco-Frontier Fellowship of the Ministry of Environment, Japan (Grant No. 07-C062-03) and Ministry of Science and Technology of People’s Republic China with 973 Project (Grant No. 2002CB410803)     

气候变化对商丘冬小麦生育期的影响

利用商丘农业气象观测站1981—2013年冬小麦物候期观测资料、同期气象观测资料,采用一次线性函数分析法分析了冬小麦生育期间气象因素和生育期变化特征,并采用相关分析法分析了气候变化对生育期的影响.结果表明:1冬小麦各生育阶段及全生育期平均气温均呈上升趋势;降水量在越冬至返青期、拔节至乳熟期呈增多趋势,其他阶段呈减少趋势,全生育期呈减少趋势;日照时数在返青至乳熟期呈增多趋势,其他生育期呈减少趋势,全生育期呈减少趋势.2从起身到开花期、成熟期均存在不同程度的提前趋势,播种至返青期、乳熟期呈微弱的推迟趋势.3开花到乳熟期、抽穗到开花期间隔天数的增加趋势达到极显著水平.4影响冬小麦物候期变化最显著的气象因子是平均气温,且物候期与平均气温绝大多数时段呈负相关.5冬小麦返青到起身期对气候变化最为敏感,其次是起身到拔节期、抽穗到开花期和乳熟到成熟期.     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on the glucosinolate contents under different nitrogen levels in bolting stem of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra L.)

The effects of CO₂ enrichment on the growth and glucosinolate (GS) concentrations in the bolting stem of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra L.) treated with three nitrogen (N) concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mmol/L) were investigated. Height, stem thickness, and dry weights of the total aerial parts, bolting stems, and roots, as well as the root to shoot ratio, significantly increased as CO₂ concentration was elevated from 350 to 800 μl/L at each N concentration. In the edible part of the bolting stem, 11 individual GSs were identified, including 7 aliphatic and 4 indolyl GSs. GS concentration was affected by the elevated CO₂ concentration, N concentration, and CO₂×N interaction. At 5 and 10 mmol N/L, the concentrations of aliphatic GSs and total GSs significantly increased, whereas those of indolyl GSs were not affected, by elevated atmospheric CO₂. However, at 20 mmol N/L, elevated CO₂ had no significant effects on the concentrations of total GSs and total indolyl GSs, but the concentrations of total aliphatic GSs significantly increased. Moreover, the bolting stem carbon (C) content increased, whereas the N and sulfur (S) contents decreased under elevated CO₂ concentration in the three N treatments, resulting in changes in the C/N and N/S ratios. Also the C/N ratio is not a reliable predictor of change of GS concentration, while the changes in N and S contents and the N/S ratio at the elevated CO₂ concentration may influence the GS concentration in Chinese kale bolting stems. The results demonstrate that high nitrogen supply is beneficial for the growth of Chinese kale, but not for the GS concentration in bolting stems, under elevated CO₂ condition.     

Trend, seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing

The concentration of atmospheric CO₂ in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7% · a⁻¹ from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) μmol · mol⁻¹ in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO₂ source and increasing biotic CO₂ sink contribute to the drop of CO₂ concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) μmol · mol⁻¹, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) μmol·mol⁻¹. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO₂ concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO₂ concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO₂ concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 μmol·mol⁻¹. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO₂, whereas the interannual variation of CO₂ concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO₂ in a less degree.     

新疆春小麦干物质积累分配动态与产量形成

通过三年对两个春小麦品种试验研究,说明春小麦干物质积累强度以拔节至灌浆盛期最大.干物质积累的动态全株、主茎、穗、茎和分蘖是S型曲线,叶片、叶鞘和全叶干物质积累呈抛物线.全叶干物质积累与叶面积系数、主茎叶面积,单株叶面积消长动态一致.开花后伴随籽粒干物质积累增加,其他非经济器官干物质积累呈有规律的向籽粒转移.叶、鞘、茎三者转移量,叶片>叶鞘>茎,它们转移总量占籽粒重30%左右.     

滇重楼光合作用与环境因子的关系

 利用LI-6400光合测定仪和人工气候箱研究了滇重楼叶片的光合补偿点、光合饱和点、羧化效率和CO₂补偿点,并进行温度、相对湿度对光合速率的单因子影响研究.滇重楼叶片的光合补偿点为5.7μmol/(m²·s),光合有效辐射增至2000μmol/(m·s)²仍未测到光合饱和点,最适光合有效辐射为750～2000μmol/(m·s)².叶片的羧化效率为0.0295,CO₂补偿点为65μmol/mol,光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而明显增加,高于大气正常值的CO₂浓度对增加滇重楼光合作用的光能利用率是有利的.光合速率在温度11～20℃范围内,随温度升高上升;20～35℃随温度升高下降,最适温度为16～28℃.相对湿度20%～85%的试验范围内,叶片光合速率随湿度增加而增大,最适相对湿度条件在75%以上.     

Molecular dissection of genetic basis of significant correlation among five morphological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To enhance understanding of the genetic basis of trait correlation in rice, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F₆ and F₇) from a cross between Zhenshan97 and HR5 was employed to identify main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and epistatic QTL (E-QTL). Highly significant positive correlations were detected among five traits of heading date (HD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), flag leaf length (FLL) and flag leaf width (FLW) in 2 environments. Four to 8 main QTLs were detected for an individual trait. No E-QTL was detected for PH. One, 4, 4 and 5 E-QTLs were detected for FLL, HD, FLW and PL, respectively. Each E-QTL individually explained less than 3% of trait variation except E-QFll1. Comparison of QTL results was made in order to dissect the genetic basis of trait correlation. We found that main QTLs with pleiotropic effects and QTL clusters were the main genetic basis of trait correlation. No E-QTL had pleiotropic effects. E-QTL played an important role in the genetic basis of individual trait, but it made a little contribution to trait correlation.