激光束在大气中的传播特性研究

激光大气传输特性是研究激光在通过大气传播的过程中,大气与激光相互作用产生的一系列线性与非线性效应以及这些效应对激光传输的影响。文章基于正的共焦非稳定谐振腔的激光场,采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)等方法研究激光光束在大气中的传播特性,分析了强激光器如二氧化碳激光器在大气传输中产生的一些线性光学效应,并在只考虑大气折射、大气分子吸收等对激光光束的影响下,求出了激光光束在大气中的偏移、光束的扩展和光束质量等,进而利用β参数和Strehl比来评价高能激光器的光束质量特性,给出了这两个参数随着最高能量变化的图形。     

组织信任氛围对员工绩效的影响

忽视组织内部信任氛围建设,员工与组织之间缺乏互信,导致其工作绩效得不到提高。文章首先分析如何建设组织的信任氛围,并在此基础上分析组织信任氛围对改善员工绩效的作用途径。     

Stable methane hydrate above 2 GPa and the source of Titan's atmospheric methane

Methane hydrate is thought to have been the dominant methane-containing phase in the nebula from which Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their major moons formed. It accordingly plays an important role in formation models of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Current understanding assumes that methane hydrate dissociates into ice and free methane in the pressure range 1-2 GPa (10-20 kbar), consistent with some theoretical and experimental studies. But such pressure-induced dissociation would have led to the early loss of methane from Titan's interior to its atmosphere, where it would rapidly have been destroyed by photochemical processes. This is difficult to reconcile with the observed presence of significant amounts of methane in Titan's present atmosphere. Here we report neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies that determine the thermodynamic behaviour of methane hydrate at pressures up to 10 GPa. We find structural transitions at about 1 and 2 GPa to new hydrate phases which remain stable to at least 10 GPa. This implies that the methane in the primordial core of Titan remained in stable hydrate phases throughout differentiation, eventually forming a layer of methane clathrate approximately 100 km thick within the ice mantle. This layer is a plausible source for the continuing replenishment of Titan's atmospheric methane.     

The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b

About ten per cent of the known extrasolar planets are gas giants that orbit very close to their parent stars. The atmospheres of these 'hot Jupiters' are heated by the immense stellar irradiation. In the case of the planet HD 209458b, this energy deposition results in a hydrodynamic state in the upper atmosphere, allowing for sizeable expansion and escape of neutral hydrogen gas. HD 209458b was the first extrasolar planet discovered that transits in front of its parent star. The size of the planet can be measured using the total optical obscuration of the stellar disk during an observed transit, and the structure and composition of the planetary atmosphere can be studied using additional planetary absorption signatures in the stellar spectrum. Here we report the detection of absorption by hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of HD 209458b. Previously, the lower atmosphere and the full extended upper atmosphere of HD 209458b have been observed, whereas here we probe a layer where the escaping gas forms in the upper atmosphere of HD 209458b.     

连铸过程中钢液增氮影响因素的试验研究

研究了中包覆盖剂及连铸结晶器保护渣对82B及35K钢液吸氮的影响,结果表明:只要连铸钢液与大气接触就会增氮;熔点高于连铸钢液温度的中包覆盖剂不利于防止钢液吸氮;在同样的条件下,35K钢液吸氮量比82B大.     

激光在大气中传输特性的仿真研究

大气对激光传输产生光强闪烁、光束漂移及光斑扩展等影响,严重限制了激光通信、激光测距等系统的工作性能。因此全面开展大气信道中激光传输特性研究是十分重要和必要的。主要研究建立了大气吸收、大气散射衰减效应理论模型及光强起伏、光束漂移和光斑扩展等大气湍流效应影响模型。在分析各模型的基础上,重点进行大气吸收、散射理论模型的仿真和大气湍流对激光传输特性影响模型的仿真。仿真结果表明:大气的吸收和散射将对功率产生衰减;大气抖动引起的激光散斑效应、光束偏折和扩展效应将影响跟踪精度和视轴对准精度;大气湍流引起的光功率波动效应将影响通信的速率和误码率。     

Effects of sintering atmosphere on the physical and mechanical properties of modified BOF slag glass

This study proposes an efficient way to utilize all the chemical components of the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag to prepare high value-added glass-ceramics. A molten modified BOF slag was converted from the melting BOF slag by reducing it and separating out iron component in it, and the modified BOF slag was then quenched in water to form glasses with different basicities. The glasses were subsequently sintered in the temperature range of 600–1000℃ in air or nitrogen atmosphere for 1 h. The effects of different atmospheres on the physical and mechanical properties of sintered samples were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by conducting experiment on evaluating the sintering shrinkage, water absorption and bulk density. It is found that the kinetics of the sintering process is significantly affected by sintering atmosphere. In particular, compared with sintering in air atmosphere, sintering in N₂ atmosphere promotes the synergistic growth of pyroxene and melilite crystalline phases, which can contribute to better mechanical properties and denser microstructure.     

激光在大气中的传输特性研究

激光在大气中传输受到大气的吸收,大气中微粒的散射和折射的影响,使激光在传输过程中能量不断衰减。本文以激光测距设计的应用要求为出发点,从大气的组成入手,对激光在大气中传输的理论特性进行研究,并推导激光在大气中传输损耗的数学公式。针对以上几个因素的影响,本文在选择波长的基础上,用MATLAB软件对激光经过大气散射后的透射率进行模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析。通过数据计算和MATLAB软件的模拟证明,在传输距离相同的条件下,波长越长,分子的散射越弱;波长越短,其散射越明显。     

The structure of Venus' middle atmosphere and ionosphere

The atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus have been studied in the past by spacecraft with remote sensing or in situ techniques. These early missions, however, have left us with questions about, for example, the atmospheric structure in the transition region from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere (50-90 km) and the remarkably variable structure of the ionosphere. Observations become increasingly difficult within and below the global cloud deck (<50 km altitude), where strong absorption greatly limits the available investigative spectrum to a few infrared windows and the radio range. Here we report radio-sounding results from the first Venus Express Radio Science (VeRa) occultation season. We determine the fine structure in temperatures at upper cloud-deck altitudes, detect a distinct day-night temperature difference in the southern middle atmosphere, and track day-to-day changes in Venus' ionosphere.     

护士心理压力的现状及对策研究

护理工作责任重，面临的冲突较多，造成了护士心里压力过大，如果没有一个良好的心里状态，很难适应现代医学的需要，因此护士要善于进行自我心态的调整，使压力得以缓解共建和谐友好的工作氛围。     

金属锰JMn93A渗氮的实验研究

应用真空电阻炉高温渗氮,X射线衍射分析等实验测试方法,研究了粒度,温度,气相组成等因素对金属锰渗氮的影响,工业用气态氮作为渗氮气体的主要气相组成,可同时发生金属锰的氮化和氧化,生成Mn4N和MnO化合物,随渗氮温度的提高,锰氧化物的含量相应增高,渗氮气氛中配加氨气,使氨气的分压相应降低,平衡吸附浓度降低。渗氮试样的含氮量降低。     

在思想政治理论课大班教学中实现良好师生互动的思考

师生互动是教学过程中对教师和学生的积极性、主动性加以充分发挥的教学形式之一、实践证明,教学过程中师生互动能创造一个轻松活跃的学习氛围,有助于思想政治理论课教学有效性地发挥,但当前思想政治理论课教学中比较突出的现象是教学班级偏大,不利于师生之间的课内和课外交流,故在思想政治理论课大班教学中如何实现良好的师生互动,是思想政治教育者们所面临的重要课题。     

An extended upper atmosphere around the extrasolar planet HD209458b

The planet in the system HD209458 is the first one for which repeated transits across the stellar disk have been observed. Together with radial velocity measurements, this has led to a determination of the planet's radius and mass, confirming it to be a gas giant. But despite numerous searches for an atmospheric signature, only the dense lower atmosphere of HD209458b has been observed, through the detection of neutral sodium absorption. Here we report the detection of atomic hydrogen absorption in the stellar Lyman alpha line during three transits of HD209458b. An absorption of 15 +/- 4% (1sigma) is observed. Comparison with models shows that this absorption should take place beyond the Roche limit and therefore can be understood in terms of escaping hydrogen atoms.     

光学方法测定大气水汽总量的探讨

介绍一种测量大气水汽总量的方法和仪器。仪器测量出通过大气的太阳（或月亮）光谱水汽吸收带带心（吸收带心波长取９３５ｎｍ，参考波长８８９ｎｍ）的剩余强度Ｒ，按相关式Ｒ＝０．５９求出测量程上大气的水汽总量Ｗ，垂直气柱上的水汽总量Ｗ０由Ｗ０＝Ｗ／ｍ求出，ｍ为观测方向对应的大气光学质量．仪器观测结果和气象部门的探空资料符合得较好，平均误差为５７％．     

差分光学吸收光谱法测量大气中的亚硝酸

应用差分光学吸收光谱法在复旦大学校园内选取适当的地点对亚硝酸(HONO)进行了为期近3个半月的监测(从2002-12-14至2003-04-01),通过测得的数据,分析了亚硝酸在监测期间的浓度变化规律,以及在1日内HONO与NO2,O3的变化规律,得到的结果与国外报道相符合．     

大气腐蚀在低合金钢显微组织中的发生与发展

采用光学金相技术结合交流阻抗测量,分析了三种低合金钢在模拟的沿海大气环境中的初期腐蚀行为.实验发现,显微组织直接决定钢的初期腐蚀行为并间接影响长期腐蚀行为.在腐蚀初期,铁素体钢中的大角晶界易于被择优腐蚀,而贝氏体内的小角晶界的择优腐蚀趋势较弱,铁素体+珠光体钢的择优腐蚀集中于珠光体及其边界.铁素体裸钢有较强的耐腐蚀性,但其锈层电阻随腐蚀时间增加产生的增量较小;贝氏体与铁素体+珠光体裸钢的耐腐蚀性较差,但其锈层电阻随腐蚀时间增加产生的增量较大,长期腐蚀性能更优.这些结果表明,在适当合金化后,贝氏体作为新型低成本高强度耐候钢的基本组织极具应用潜力.     

激光无线通信光发射与接收电路的设计

提出了一种为半导体激光器的调制驱动电路,能够在大气激光通讯中稳定工作。还研究了大气信道的特点,并讨论了大气信道对信号的吸收、散射和湍流影响,给出了衰减的因子。结合信道编码定理,讨论了适于在大气中传输的码型,特别是RS码,得出了适合大气信道的编码码长和码率的选择依据。     

Deficiency of molecular hydrogen in the disk of beta Pictoris

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is by far the most abundant material from which stars, protoplanetary disks and giant planets form, but it is difficult to detect directly. Infrared emission lines from H2 have recently been reported towards beta Pictoris, a star harbouring a young planetary system. This star is surrounded by a dusty 'debris disk' that is continuously replenished either by collisions between asteroidal objects or by evaporation of ices on Chiron-like objects. A gaseous disk has also been inferred from absorption lines in the stellar spectrum. Here we present the far-ultraviolet spectrum of beta Pictoris, in which H2 absorption lines are not seen. This allows us to set a very low upper limit on the column density of H2: N(H2) 6 x 10-4. As CO would be destroyed under ambient conditions in about 200 years (refs 9, 11), our result demonstrates that the CO in the disk arises from evaporation of planetesimals.     

SmNi5—xCux吸氢性能研究

研究了用Ｃｕ逐步取代ＳｍＮｉ５中的Ｎｉ原子所得的系列ＳｍＮｉ５－ｘＣｕｘ物质的吸氢性能。经测定ＳｍＮｉ５和ＳｍＣｕ５饱和吸氢量很小，分别为０．４Ｈ／ｍｏｌ和０．２５Ｈ／ｍｏｌ，但当Ｃｕ取代ＳｍＮｉ５中部分Ｎｉ时，饱和吸氢量明显增加，其中ＳｍＮｉ４Ｃｕ的饱和吸氢量最大，在０℃时可达３．５Ｈ／ｍｏｌ。ｘ－射线衍射分析结果表明ＳｍＮｉ５－ｘＣｕｘ均属六方晶系，ＣａＣｕ５型结构。     

Observation of an O8 molecular lattice in the epsilon phase of solid oxygen

Of the simple diatomic molecules, oxygen is the only one to carry a magnetic moment. This makes solid oxygen particularly interesting: it is considered a 'spin-controlled' crystal that displays unusual magnetic order. At very high pressures, solid oxygen changes from an insulating to a metallic state; at very low temperatures, it even transforms to a superconducting state. Structural investigations of solid oxygen began in the 1920s and at present, six distinct crystallographic phases are established unambiguously. Of these, the epsilon phase of solid oxygen is particularly intriguing: it exhibits a dark-red colour, very strong infrared absorption, and a magnetic collapse. It is also stable over a very large pressure domain and has been the subject of numerous X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic and theoretical studies. But although epsilon-oxygen has been shown to have a monoclinic C2/m symmetry and its infrared absorption behaviour attributed to the association of oxygen molecules into larger units, its exact structure remains unknown. Here we use single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected between 13 and 18 GPa to determine the structure of epsilon-oxygen. We find that epsilon-oxygen is characterized by the association of four O2 molecules into a rhombohedral molecular unit, held together by what are probably weak chemical bonds. This structure is consistent with existing spectroscopic data, and further validated by the observation of a newly predicted Raman stretching mode.