拟南芥多聚ADP-核糖化修饰蛋白的富集和鉴定

多聚ADP-核糖化修饰[poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation,PARylation]是一种可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰,该修饰由多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP]催化.多聚ADP-核糖化修饰蛋白主要在动物中发现,在植物中少有报道.微生物来源的蛋白质AF1521具有一个能结合多聚ADP-核糖[poly(ADP-ribose),PAR]的macro结构域(macro domain),其突变蛋白AF1521-G42E失去了结合PAR的活性.我们利用AF1521蛋白对PAR的亲和作用来富集拟南芥中的PARylation蛋白质底物并进行质谱分析,同时用AF1521-G42E作为富集过程的负对照.通过这种方法,我们得到多个ADP-核糖化修饰相关蛋白,并对其中一个蛋白GRP7进行了验证.     

Role of poly(ADP-ribose) formation in DNA repair.

The abundant nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalyses the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). This protein has an N-terminal DNA-binding domain containing two zinc-fingers, which is linked to the C-terminal NAD(+)-binding domain by a short region containing several glutamic acid residues that are sites of auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The intracellular production of poly(ADP-ribose) is induced by agents that generate strand interruptions in DNA. The branched homopolymer chains may attain a size of 200-300 residues but are rapidly degraded after synthesis. The function of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is not clear, although it seems to be required for DNA repair. Here we describe a human cell-free system that enables the role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in DNA repair to be characterized. The results indicate that unmodified polymerase molecules bind tightly to DNA strand breaks; auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the protein then effects its release and allows access to lesions for DNA repair enzymes.     

研究聚ADP核糖基化作用与细胞恶变关系的双基因真核表达重组体的构建

本文将聚ADP核糖聚合酶基因1．4kb部分序列反向插入真核表达载体pMAMneo和pSMG中，同时12位密码子突变的活化ras癌基因也一同克隆到上述载体中，从而获得具有不同真核基因筛选标记的双基因真核表达重组体pMAMneo－Cl．4－T24，pMAMneo－Cl.4－arT24，及pSMG－Cl．4-T24，上述质粒的构建成功为研究聚ADP核糖基化作用与细胞恶变的关系提供了一种新的分子模型．     

反义PARP基因真核表达重组体的构建及其HeLa转化细胞系的建立

利用DNA体外重组技术将PARP基因cDNA部分序列反向克隆到真核表达载体pMAMneo上,构建成重组质粒pMAMneo－C1．4和pMAMneo－C0．3．将重组质粒pMAM－neo－C1．4转染HeLa细胞,经G418筛选,建成细胞系HeLa－C1．4－neo,Southern杂交结果表明,外源PARP基因cDNA部分序列已稳定整合到受体细胞基因组中,该细胞系的建立为研究聚ADP核糖基化作用在细胞内的功能打下了基础．     

Poly(ADP-ribose) is required for spindle assembly and structure

The mitotic spindle is typically thought of as an array of microtubules, microtubule-associated proteins and motors that self-organizes to align and segregate chromosomes. The major spindle components consist of proteins and DNA, the primary structural elements of the spindle. Other macromolecules including RNA and lipids also associate with spindles, but their spindle function, if any, is unknown. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a large, branched, negatively charged polymeric macromolecule whose polymerization onto acceptor proteins is catalysed by a family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Several PARPs localize to the spindle in vertebrate cells, suggesting that PARPs and/or PAR have a role in spindle function. Here we show that PAR is enriched in the spindle and is required for spindle function--PAR hydrolysis or perturbation leads to rapid disruption of spindle structure, and hydrolysis during spindle assembly blocks the formation of bipolar spindles. PAR exhibits localization dynamics that differ from known spindle proteins and are consistent with a low rate of turnover in the spindle. Thus, PAR is a non-proteinaceous, non-chromosomal component of the spindle required for bipolar spindle assembly and function.     

降低PARP酶活性对培养细胞SCE及微核效应的影响

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖基化作用是细胞内的一种重要的核蛋白转译后加工修饰，它参与细胞内很多重要的生物事件．催化该反应的酶是聚腺苷二磷酸核糖合酶（ＰＡＲＰ），底物为ＮＡＤ．本文使用ＰＡＲＰ酶的抑制剂苯甲酰胺处理培养细胞，研究了降低ＰＡＲＰ酶活性对培养细胞姐妹染色单体交换及微核效应的影响，为全面评价ＰＡＲＰ酶抑制剂在细胞内的功效打下基础．     

(ADP-ribose)n participates in DNA excision repair

Chromatin proteins are covalently modified by at least five different processes; in no case has the precise physiological function been established. One of these post-synthetic, covalent modifications is effected by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which uses the coenzyme NAD+ to ADP-ribosylate chromatin proteins. The modification consists largely of mono(ADP-ribose), but long, homopolymer chains of (ADP-ribose) are also present. Various physiological functions have been suggested for (ADP-ribose)n. Here we demonstrate that one function of (ADP-ribose)n is to participate in the cellular recovery from DNA damage. Specific inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase prevent rejoining of DNA strand breaks caused by dimethyl sulphate and cytotoxicity is enhanced thereby. The rejoining of strand breaks is prevented also by nutritionally depleting the cells of NAD.     

掺铂微粒的聚2，5－二甲氧基苯胺膜电极对甲醛氧化的电催化作用

以电位扫描法将铂微粒沉积在聚２，５┐二甲氧基苯胺薄膜电极上制得铂微粒掺杂的聚２，５┐二甲氧基苯胺电极．该电极集催化活性和电活性于一体，在甲醛浓度为１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的硫酸溶液里的电化学氧化显示了较高的催化活性．铂微粒的大小、分布和载量，甲醛的浓度，电氧化温度等因素对电催化作用均有影响     

A regulatory cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase in Caenorhabditis elegans

Messenger RNA regulation is a critical mode of controlling gene expression. Regulation of mRNA stability and translation is linked to controls of poly(A) tail length. Poly(A) lengthening can stabilize and translationally activate mRNAs, whereas poly(A) removal can trigger degradation and translational repression. Germline granules (for example, polar granules in flies, P granules in worms) are ribonucleoprotein particles implicated in translational control. Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene gld-2, a regulator of mitosis/meiosis decision and other germline events, encodes the catalytic moiety of a cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (PAP) that is associated with P granules in early embryos. Importantly, the GLD-2 protein sequence has diverged substantially from that of conventional eukaryotic PAPs, and lacks a recognizable RRM (RNA recognition motif)-like domain. GLD-2 has little PAP activity on its own, but is stimulated in vitro by GLD-3. GLD-3 is also a developmental regulator, and belongs to the Bicaudal-C family of RNA binding proteins. We suggest that GLD-2 is the prototype for a class of regulatory cytoplasmic PAPs that are recruited to specific mRNAs by a binding partner, thereby targeting those mRNAs for polyadenylation and increased expression.     

Regulation of calcium signalling in T lymphocytes by the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a natural compound that mobilizes calcium ions in several eukaryotic cells. Although it can lead to the release of calcium ions in T lymphocytes, it has not been firmly established as a second messenger in these cells. Here, using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, we show that stimulation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 (TCR/CD3) complex results in activation of a soluble ADP-ribosyl cyclase and a sustained increase in intracellular levels of cADPR. There is a causal relation between increased cADPR concentrations, sustained calcium signalling and activation of T cells, as shown by inhibition of TCR/CD3-stimulated calcium signalling, cell proliferation and expression of the early- and late-activation markers CD25 and HLA-DR by using cADPR antagonists. The molecular target for cADPR, the type-3 ryanodine receptor/calcium channel, is expressed in T cells. Increased cADPR significantly and specifically stimulates the apparent association of [3H]ryanodine with the type-3 ryanodine receptor, indicating a direct modulatory effect of cADPR on channel opening. Thus we show the presence, causal relation and biological significance of the major constituents of the cADPR/calcium-signalling pathway in human T cells.     

PAR3 is a cofactor for PAR4 activation by thrombin

Identification of the mechanisms by which the coagulation protease thrombin activates platelets is critical for understanding haemostasis and thrombosis. Thrombin activates cells at least in part by cleaving protease-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (PARs). PAR3 and PAR4 are thrombin receptors expressed in mouse platelets. Inhibition of thrombin binding to mPAR3 (ref. 4) and knockout of the mPAR3 gene inhibited mouse platelet activation at low but not high concentrations of thrombin. Thus PAR3 is important for thrombin signalling in mouse platelets. Expression of human PAR3 in heterologous expression systems reliably resulted in responsiveness to thrombin. Curiously, despite its importance for the activation of mouse platelets by thrombin, mouse PAR3 (mPAR3) did not lead to thrombin signalling even when overexpressed. We now report that mPAR3 and mPAR4 interact in a novel way: mPAR3 does not itself mediate transmembrane signalling but instead functions as a cofactor for the cleavage and activation of mPAR4 by thrombin. This establishes a paradigm for cofactor-assisted PAR activation and for a G-protein-coupled receptor's acting as an accessory molecule to present ligand to another receptor.     

Detection of refolding conformers of complement protein C9 during insertion into membranes

Human complement protein C9 is a hydrophilic serum glycoprotein responsible for efficient expression of the cytotoxic and cytolytic functions of complement. It assembles on the surface of a target cell together with C5, C6, C7 and C8 to form the membrane attack complex (MAC) and therefore has to change structure to become an integral membrane protein. As the protein assumes a stable structure in an aqueous environment, the question arises as to how it can enter the hydrophobic interior of a membrane. During MAC assembly C9 polymerizes into a circular structure, termed poly(C9) (ref. 8), which is responsible for the cylindrical electron microscopic appearance of the MAC. The suggestion has been made that C9 must at least partly unfold in order to enter a membrane and also that polymerization of the molecule is intimately linked to insertion and cytotoxicity. The extent of unfolding and the mechanism of polymerization are not understood, nor is it known precisely which parts of the molecule participate in the proposed structural changes. We have been able to capture refolding C9 conformers during membrane insertion with the help of sequence-specific anti-peptide antibodies. Some of these antibodies inhibit C9-mediated haemolysis but not C9 polymerization, while others have the opposite effect. This suggests that the two processes are independent.     

硫酸盐存在下废有机玻璃热降解机理的探讨

利用热重分析的方法研究了Fe2(SO4)3、Al2(SO4)3、MgSO4、BaSO4、CuSO4五种硫酸盐对废有机玻璃热降解过程的影响,并对所试5种硫酸盐的催化活性进行了考察.探讨了该热解过程新的反应机理,同时还求得了各种硫酸盐存在下热解过程的表观活化能值,在研究范围内,Fe2(SO4)3的催化活性最为显著.     

Phenomenon and mechanism of “secondary damage” during repair of DNA damage in irradiated mammalian cells

By means of comet assay, a study of kinetics curve of DNA damage repair in irradiated SX-9 cells that came from mouse breast cancer proceeded. It was found that while the initial DNA damages had nearly been repaired, DNA damages arose for the second time, then they were repaired again. As a result, a phenomenon of “secondary damage” was found during the repair of DNA damages in irradiated SX-9 cells. Further research illuminated that 3-aminobenzamide (3AB), which is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, could change the proceeding of “secondary damage”. For this reason it is poasible that there exists some inner relationship between the phenomenon of “secondary damage” and the function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.     

The APOBEC-2 crystal structure and functional implications for the deaminase AID

APOBEC-2 (APO2) belongs to the family of apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic (APOBEC) polypeptides, which deaminates mRNA and single-stranded DNA. Different APOBEC members use the same deamination activity to achieve diverse human biological functions. Deamination by an APOBEC protein called activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is critical for generating high-affinity antibodies, and deamination by APOBEC-3 proteins can inhibit retrotransposons and the replication of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus. Here we report the crystal structure of APO2. APO2 forms a rod-shaped tetramer that differs markedly from the square-shaped tetramer of the free nucleotide cytidine deaminase, with which APOBEC proteins share considerable sequence homology. In APO2, two long alpha-helices of a monomer structure prevent the formation of a square-shaped tetramer and facilitate formation of the rod-shaped tetramer via head-to-head interactions of two APO2 dimers. Extensive sequence homology among APOBEC family members allows us to test APO2 structure-based predictions using AID. We show that AID deamination activity is impaired by mutations predicted to interfere with oligomerization and substrate access. The structure suggests how mutations in patients with hyper-IgM-2 syndrome inactivate AID, resulting in defective antibody maturation.     

Enzyme catalysis: not different, just better

Where are we in our understanding of enzyme catalysis? The gloomier view is that protein structure and enzyme function are the finely balanced end-products of many weak interactions that can be summed only by massive computing power, and more precise parameterization than we enjoy at present. The cheerier position is that proteins are built on definable principles, and that enzymes use recognizable catalytic devices that will allow us to understand how existing enzymes work and to design new ones. To assess which interpretation is the more realistic, the simple reaction catalysed by triosephosphate isomerase is considered here. This examination illustrates some of the catalytic features of enzymes that are understood, and exposes a few that are not. But overall, the question turns out to have an optimistic answer.     

纳米复合光催化剂制备及对PAR降解的研究

以钛酸四正丁酯和无水乙醇为主要原料,另掺杂一定比例的Fe3+,以溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-TiO2复合光催化剂,并用XRD和SEM等手段进行表征。以4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)光催化降解为模型反应,在可见光条件下对所制备的催化剂催化性能进行表征和评价。结果表明,掺铁比不掺杂TiO2有更高的催化活性,同时也验证了锐钛矿型TiO2是催化活性最高的晶型。     

Structure of the DNA deaminase domain of the HIV-1 restriction factor APOBEC3G

The human APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B messenger-RNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G) protein is a single-strand DNA deaminase that inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), other retroviruses and retrotransposons. APOBEC3G anti-viral activity is circumvented by most retroelements, such as through degradation by HIV-1 Vif. APOBEC3G is a member of a family of polynucleotide cytosine deaminases, several of which also target distinct physiological substrates. For instance, APOBEC1 edits APOB mRNA and AID deaminates antibody gene DNA. Although structures of other family members exist, none of these proteins has elicited polynucleotide cytosine deaminase or anti-viral activity. Here we report a solution structure of the human APOBEC3G catalytic domain. Five alpha-helices, including two that form the zinc-coordinating active site, are arranged over a hydrophobic platform consisting of five beta-strands. NMR DNA titration experiments, computational modelling, phylogenetic conservation and Escherichia coli-based activity assays combine to suggest a DNA-binding model in which a brim of positively charged residues positions the target cytosine for catalysis. The structure of the APOBEC3G catalytic domain will help us to understand functions of other family members and interactions that occur with pathogenic proteins such as HIV-1 Vif.