Low-frequency noises in GaAs MESFET’s currents associated with substrate conductivity and channel-substrate junction

Low-frequency noises in GaAs MESFET are usually observed when investigating the drain current and substrate leakage current under sidegate bias conditions. Experimental results show that the magnitude of low-frequency noises is in a direct dependency upon the sidegate bias and the noises in drain current will disappear if sidegate bias increases more negatively beyond a certain voltage. A mechanism associated with the substrate conductivity and the channel-substrate junction modulated by sidegate bias is proposed to explain the fluctuation of low-frequency noises.     

Reverse leakage current in AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

The reverse leakage characteristics of AlGaNbased ultraviolet light-emitting diodes fabricated on sapphire substrate are studied by temperature-variable current–voltage(I–V)measurement from 300 to 450 K.At low-reverse bias range(0–0.5 V),the reverse leakage current exhibits tunneling characteristics.Meanwhile,under a more negative reverse bias range([0.5 V),the log(I)–log(V)plots exhibit close-to-linear dependency,which is in good agreement with the transport mechanism of space-charge limited current.A phenomenological leakage current model focusing on electron transmission primarily through continuous defect band formed by linear defects like dislocations is suggested to explain the reverse current–voltage characteristics.     

Experimental observation of spontaneous chaotic current oscillations in GaAs/Al0.45Ga0.55As superlattices at room temperature

Spontaneous self-sustained chaotic current oscillations are observed experimentally in lightly-doped weakly-coupled GaAs/Al0.45Ga0.55As superlattices at room temperature for the first time.The mole fraction of Aluminum in the barrier is chosen to be 0.45 to suppress the thermal carrier leakage through the X-band valley,The effective nonlinearity induced by the sequential well-to-well resonant tunneling can still be strong enough to induce spontaneous chaotic current oscillations even at room temperature,The frequency spectrum of the chaotic current oscillations is ranged from DC to 4 GHz,which can be used as ultra-wide-band noise sources with a bandwidth of several Giga Hertz.     

Design of a CMOS Adaptive Charge Pump with Dynamic Current Matching

A novel structure for a charge pump circuit is proposed, in which the charge-pump （CP） current can adaptively regulated according to phase-locked loops （PLL） frequency synthesis demand. The current follow technology is used to make perfect current matching characteristics, and the two differential inverters are implanted to increase the speed of charge pump and decrease output spur due to theory of low voltage difference signal. Simulation results, with 1st silicon 0. 25μm 2. 5 V complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） mixed-signal process, show the good current matching characteristics regardless of the charge pump output voltages.     

Modulation of low-frequencyoscillations in GaAs MESFETs’ channel current by sidegating bias

The demand for higher speed and better functionality incircuits using GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect tran-sistor (MESFET’s) has led to higher density. Higher den-sity has caused increasing sensitivity to interaction amongFET’s. When we place an electrode nearby the MESFETand set the voltage across the electrode beyond a criticalvalue, the drain current ID will decrease abruptly and thesidegate current ISG will increase rapidly. This is calledsidegating effect[1,2]. The sidega…     

Effect of coherent-light phase on tunneling process

The coherent-light-driven tunneling in double quantum wells has been studied. The electrons are coupled to a system of phonons and subjected to the two beams of coherently optical waves. By adopting a gauge to both the external field and the phonon field, the phonon field operators in the Schrodinger equations are eliminated. In this way, an expression of the tunneling current is conveniently derived considering the relaxation effect. It is shown that under the intense laser field, the tunneling current oscillates rapidly with time at low temperature. The duration of the oscillations is related to the temperature. By adjusting the phase difference of the two light-beams, the oscillation frequency can be modulated.     

A Steady-State Errors Correction Method for Eliminating Measurement Errors

This paper proposes a steady-state errors correction （SSEC） method for eliminating measurement errors.This method is based on the detections of error signal E（s） and output C（s） which generate an expected output R （s）.In comparison with the conventional solutions which are based on detecting the expected output R （s） and output C （s） to obtain error signal E （s）,the measurement errors are eliminated even the error might be at a significant level.Moreover,it is possible that the individual debugging by regulating the coefficient K for every member of the multiple objectives achieves the optimization of the open loop gain.Therefore,this simple method can be applied to the weak coupling and multiple objectives system,which is usually controlled by complex controller.The principle of eliminating measurement errors is derived analytically,and the advantages comparing with the conventional solutions are depicted.Based on the SSEC method analysis,an application of this method for an active power filter （APF） is investigated and the effectiveness and viability of the scheme are demonstrated through the simulation and experimental verifications.     

Emission characteristics of surface second-order metal grating distributed feedback semiconductor lasers

To obtain high-power semiconductor lasers with stable operation in a single longitudinal mode and improve the characteristics of the output beam,an end-emitting surface second-order metal grating distributed feedback(DFB) laser emitting at around 940 nm is fabricated.The characteristics of the uncoated devices with and without gratings are tested under room temperature continuous-wave conditions without any temperature-control device and compared.The devices with gratings achieve high powers of up to 385 mW/facet and a small lateral far-field angle of 2.7° at 1.5 A,have only 4.13 nm/A wavelength-shift,and 0.09 nm spectral linewidth at 600 mA,and operate in a stable longitudinal mode.Devices without gratings operate in multimode,with a larger lateral far-field angle(7.3°) and spectral linewidth(1.3 nm),although with higher output powers.Because of the integration of second-order metal gratings and their very high coupling capability,the output beam quality is improved greatly,the lasing wavelength is stable and varies slowly with changes in injection current,while the spectrum is narrowed dramatically,and the far-field angles are greatly reduced.This opens the way for the realization of watt-scale power broad-stripe(>100 μm) surface second-order metal grating end and surface-emitting DFB lasers and arrays with single frequency,single mode operation and high output beam quality.     

RF channel performance assessment for a multiple carrier millimeter-wave communication system

Channel capacity, system versatility and ease of maintenance are factors of prime concern in future generations of wireless communication systems. As a result, millimeter-wave can offer considerable advantages in providing broadband interface. Nonlinearity and noise effects, including parametric fluctuations, are two significant causes for signal degradation in broadband communication systems. Two methods to assess the performance of an RF channel in a multi-carrier system are described. By measuring the forward transfer function from transmitter IF to receiver IF as the frequency is swept across the channel bandwidth, characteristics such as gain flatness, channel dispersion, and saturation effects are revealed. To evaluate the ability of the communication link in preserving the synchronization between two carriers, their heterodyned spectrum at the receiver IF output is studied. Both measurement methods employ standard equipment and have been found to be effective when applied to a multi-carrier millimeter-wave system with over 1 GHz instantaneous bandwidth.     

Permeation study of the potassium channel from streptomyces Lividans

A three-state hopping model is established according to experiments to study permeation of an open-state potassium channel from Streptomyces Lividans (KcsA potassium channel). The master equations are used to characterize the dynamics of the system. In this model, ion conduction involves transitions of three states, with one three-ion state and two two-ion states in the selectivity filter respectively. In equilibrium, the well-known Nernst equation is deduced. It is further shown that the current follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics in steady state. According to the parameters provided by Nelson, the current-voltage relationship is proved to be ohmic and the current-concentration relationship is also obtained reasonably. Additional validation of the model in the characteristic time to reach the steady state for the potassium channel is also discussed. This model lays a possible physical basis for the permeation of ion channel, and opens an avenue for further research.     

Two-Level Cross-Talked Admission Control Mechanism for QoS Guarantee in 802.11e EDCA

This paper describes a two-level cross-talked admission control mechanism that guarantees quality of service （QoS） requirements for multimedia applications over wireless local area networks （WLANs）. An enhanced distributed channel access analytical model is used to compute the maximum number of admitted users according to the QoS requirements and the packet arrival characters. Then, some channel resources are reserved for handoff calls based on the maximum number of admitted users and the call-level traffic model. The channel utilization ratio is also measured to reflect the current system traffic load. The maximum number of admitted users and the channel utilization ratio are used for admission control for applications with QoS requirements in the call level and for rate control of best effort applications in the packet level using the p-nonacknowledgement scheme. Thus, the QoS requirements are statistically guaranteed while the system is efficiently utilized. Simulations validate the effectiveness of this mechanism to guarantee the QoS and bandwidth utilization.     

Signal frequency based self－tuning fuzzy controller for semi－active suspension system

A new kind of fuzzy control scheme, based on the identification of the signal‘ s main frequency and the behavior of the ER damper, is proposed to control the semi-active suspension system. This method ad-justs the fuzzy controller to achieve the best isolation effect by analyzing the main frequency‘ s characters and inspecting the change of system parameters. The input of the fuzzy controller is the main frequency and the op-timal damping ratio is the output. Simulation results indicated that the proposed control method is very effec-tive in isolating the vibration.     

Characteristics of InGaN-based superluminescent diodes with one-sided oblique cavity facet

We have fabricated InGaN-based superlumi-nescent diodes （SLDs） with one-sided oblique facet. The characteristics of the SLDs and laser diodes with the same cavity length （800 μm） were compared. The typical peak wavelength and the full width at half maximum of the spectrum in superluminescence regime are 445.3 and 7.7 nm for the SLDs with 800 μm cavity length. The characteristics of the SLDs with different cavity length were also demon-strated in a comparative way. It is found that the gain of the InGaN multi-quantum wells in blue spectral range is a linear function of the current density below gain saturation region. The lasing threshold current turns out to be higher for the shorter SLD （S-SLD） （400 μm）, but the output light intensity of the longer SLD （800 μm） is higher than that of the S-SLD under the same current density. The gain saturation phe-nomenon was observed in S-SLD when it was biased at a current density larger than 27.5 kA/cm^2. The increase of junction temperature was identified as the main reason for gain saturation through spectra analysis.     

Theoretical Analysis of TCS with a Comparison to HGS in Characteristics

A theoretical analysis of TCS is provided to explain the structure evolution along the filament during processing. This analysis based on the spinning process kinematics incorporates the constitutive equation of PET polymer, a convection and radiation combining procedure in the thermal channel, and taking into account the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics. The characteristics of the fiber so-produced are compared with those produced by HGS.     

Comparison of Achievable Rates of OFDM and Single Carrier Communication Systems

This paper presents a theoretical comparison of a single carrier system and a multi-carrier system through an analysis of the achievable rate under frequency selective fading with channel state information at the receiver. A scheme was designed to compare the achievable rates of a single carrier system and an Or-thogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. A thorough theoretical analysis of the two-path channel was conducted, and simulations were also used to analyze practical stochastic channels. Analysis and simulation results show that the achievable rates of the two approaches are comparable when the channel is flat fading. However, when the channel is frequency selective fading, the single carrier system outperforms the OFDM system. The achievable rate of the OFDM system is about 10% lower than that of the single carrier system at higher SNRs.     

Design of a fast-transient and high-stabilized GPS low dropout regulator

A high stabilized low dropout(LDO) voltage regulator fabricated for GPS radio frequency(RF) chip in SMIC 0.18μm CMOS technology is presented.The LDO mainly consists of bandgap reference,error amplifier,resistive feedback network and AC current path.A fast current path is added to improve the performance of LDO's transient response.Equivalent series resistance(ESR)compensation and internal Miller compensation are used to constitute the frequency compensation.The measurement results of the transient response of the output voltage show that it can recover within 2μs with less than 120 mV ripple when the load current is changed from 0 to 100 mA.The total quiescent current of LDO and bandgap reference(without load) is 260 μA.     

Low-frequency waves in magnetic reconnection

The characteristics of low-frequency waves in magnetic reconnection are studied using two-dimensional hybrid simulation code. In a coordinate system moving with fluid,the time series of a magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic reconnection plane,By, is transformed into the power spectrum via fast Fourier transformation,while the wave propagation direction and polarization are determined by minimum variance analysis of the electric field.The results show that low-frequency Alfvén ion-cyclotron waves dominate the reconnection area.These waves have frequencies 0-1Ωp(where Ωp is the local proton gyro frequency)and all are left-handed circularly polarized.Among these waves,large-amplitude turbulence,with frequencies of 0-0.6Ωp and isotropic propagation,dominates the outflow regions.This can cause the reversal of By in the quadrupole structure.In the inflow regions, dominant waves,propagating mainly parallel to the ambient magnetic field,have higher frequencies and smaller amplitudes.The frequency of the main peak of wave energy is usually higher than 0.5Ωp.     

Modal Parameter Identification of Offshore Platforms under Ambient Excitation

This paper intends to identify the modal parameters of an offshore platform under ambient excitation, and to compare the identified results with theoretical solutions. Using ambient sources of excitation to determine the modal characteristics of large civil engineering structures is desirable for several reasons. The forced vibration testing of such structures generally requires a large amount of specialized equipment and makes the tests quite expensive. Also, an automated health monitoring system for a large civil structure will most likely use ambient excitation. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) is applied in conjunction with the common basis-normalized system identification (CBSI) to identify structural modal parameters (natural frequency, damp ratio, mode shape), with limited acceleration information. Finally,offshore platform numerical model gets output response data under ambient excitation. Simulated data from numerical model of an offshore platform under ambient excitation is used for the identification of the system. According to the comparison results, the proposed method is shown to be effective for modal parameter identification under ambient excitation.     

Artificial Life： Visual Model with Simulation of a Plant Pet

This paper introduces an L-system model, which simulates a plant pet. The plant, named Wilson, is able to respond to the change of its virtual environment and to user‘s behaviors. However it does not speak or move. What users can see are only the changes of its appearance. The connection between the plant‘s appearance and external inputs is implemented with some parameters embedded in the L-system.