冬季太平洋海表温度与北半球中纬度大气环流异常的共变模态

根据近50年的全球海洋和大气再分析资料,利用奇异值分解和子波变换分析方法及绕极涡分析途径,揭示了冬季太平洋海表温度（SST）与北半球中纬度大气环流异常共变模态的时空特征．结果表明,冬季太平洋SST与北半球中纬度大气环流异常之间主要表现为两种时空结构显著不同的共变模态,即年际的ENSO模态和准20a时间尺度的年代际北太平洋模态．二者在空间结构上具有明显差异．对于年际ENSO模态,海洋异常表现为典型的ENSO型SST异常分布．其主信号在热带中东太平洋,次信号在北太平洋,两者变化位相相反;大气异常主要为PNA型波列,局限于太平洋一北美地区,具有局域性特征,对于年代际北太平洋模态,SST异常则主要限于中纬度北太平洋地区,表现为北太平洋中西部与北美西岸SST异常呈反相变化;大气异常则表现为整个中纬度西风带上纬向波列分布,具有纬向全球性特征,即不仅与PNA遥相关型联系,而且与太平洋上游的欧亚大气环流异常也有密切关系,当中纬度北太平洋异常冷时,则中纬度大气整个定常槽脊系统加强,反之,则减弱．进一步对大西洋分析表明,年代际北太平洋模态的产生很有可能与“两个海洋与一个大气”的耦合相互作用机制有关．     

ENSO影响热带大气季节内振荡的年代际变化特征

为了研究厄尔尼诺和南方涛动(ENSO)现象影响热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的年代际变化特征,利用奇异值分解(SVD)、小波分析和经验正交函数分析(EOF)等方法对热带大气ISO强度指数、赤道中东太平洋海温及热带大气环流场进行了分析。计算结果显示,20世纪70年代中期以前,ENSO对热带大气ISO的影响较弱;70年代中期以后,ENSO对热带大气ISO的影响加强。造成上述年代际变化的原因与热带大气环流的年代际变化有关,因此,ENSO对热带大气ISO的影响也存在年代际变化。     

西北太平洋生成热带气旋的年代际变化

为了分析热带气旋年代际变化的特征和造成这种变化的原因,利用西北太平洋编号台风资料对1949～2003年55 a的西北太平洋热带气旋特点进行分析,发现西北太平洋生成的热带气旋不管是频数还是生成位置都存在明显的年代际变化,根据热带气旋频数的年代际变化,把研究的55 a分成低频时期(LFP)和高频时期(HFP)分别加以考察.结果发现:热带气旋生成的高低频时期海气条件存在明显的差异,HFP的海温、对流、涡散度和切变条件都有利于西北太平洋热带气旋的生成,而LFP则明显存在物理量场的相反异常.这表示HFP的海气环境相比LFP更有利于热带气旋生成,说明了变化的海气条件是引起热带气旋频数和生成位置年代际变化的主要原因.     

大西洋热盐环流减弱对热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率的影响

利用一个完全耦合的海气模式, 通过对比分析两组试验中海表温度、盐度、风应力等气候态变化特征以及ENSO强度和频率的变化, 研究热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率对热盐环流减弱的响应。在北大西洋高纬地区注入1 Sv淡水后, 大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)减弱约90%, 这直接导致向北的经向热量输送减少, 使北大西洋有明显降温, 南大西洋略有升温。这些变化会经过大气和海洋的远程传播以及局地海气反馈作用, 影响热带太平洋气候平均态: 赤道东西太平洋的SST都略有增温, 但纬向温度梯度和纬向风应力并没有太大变化, 赤道太平洋温跃层的深度和倾斜度也基本保持不变。相应地, ENSO强度和频率也没有明显变化。由此得出结论: 热盐环流减弱会引起全球气候平均态的变化, 但对热带太平洋的年际变率没有太大影响。     

中国东北地区干旱趋势的年代际变化

选用东北地区(包括内蒙东部)26个气象站的温度和降水资料,分析了近50 a来的干旱发展趋势和年代际变化.认为:在向干旱发展的总趋势下还有明显的干湿年代际变化,温度逐年升高在干旱发展的总趋势中起主要作用,而降水的年代际变化在干旱的年代际变化中起重要作用,两者在12和25 a的低频振荡上有惊人的一致性.这种低频振荡与东亚中高纬度地区的区域西风环流指数的年代际变化相联系,它们之间呈很好的反位相关系;降水与区域经向环流指数则有很好的同位相关系.但在近50 a的时间范围内,上述各项变化特征在后半期不如前半期的关系好.这可能与全球增暖在高纬度和低纬度地区的强度不同所导致的东亚季风减弱有关.     

北太平洋海面高度低频变化特征及其影响因素

为了解北太平洋海面高度年际、年代际变化特征及其影响,基于1961年1月至2010年12月的简单海洋资料同化(SODA)海面高度再分析资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、小波分析、交叉小波等方法研究北太平洋海面高度低频时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:1961-2010年期间,北太平洋沿岸地区和副热带海域海面高度存在明显上升趋势,而中纬度太平洋存在下降趋势;海面高度EOF第一模态为年际变化,呈东西反位相分布;第二模态为年代际变化,以黑潮主轴(约30°N)为界,呈"跷跷板"式分布;海面高度异常与Nino3.4指数在热带太平洋和东太平洋呈正相关,在西太平洋为负相关,且相关性随纬度升高而减弱;海面高度异常与太平洋10年涛动(PDO)指数在大洋中纬度海域显著相关,热带中东太平洋海域二者为正相关;北太平洋海面高度年代际变化和年际变化的主要影响因素分别为PDO振荡、厄尔尼诺/南方涛动现象(ENSO)。     

大气环流年代际变化对东亚北部冬季气温异常的影响

 利用NCEP资料1949～1999年间的地表气温(SAT)进行经验正交函数分解(EOF).得到的前2个模态均表明,20世纪70年代中期以后,东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖明显,发生了显著的年代际变化.这种气温的异常变化主要受到东亚冬季风的直接影响.近20多年来,北极涛动维持在正位相并持续增强,其对东亚冬季风的影响也越来越显著,东亚冬季风持续减弱,使得东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖.通过对SAT和SLP进行奇异值分解(SVD),结果表明北极涛动的持续增强可能是东亚北部地区冬季增暖的重要原因之一.     

热带太平洋海平面年际和年代际变化研究进展

回顾热带太平洋对海平面长期趋势有重要影响的海平面年际和年代际变化的相关研究,总结包括近期提出的中部型厄尔尼诺在内的2种类型厄尔尼诺对热带太平洋海平面年际变化的影响,揭示了热带太平洋海平面年代际变化与信风年代际变化之间的紧密联系。指出赤道信风的增强对近期热带太平洋海平面变化格局的形成有决定性作用,厄尔尼诺强度的减弱对这种格局有贡献,而拉尼娜的影响有待深入研究。研究资料的局限性导致年代际变化的定量研究成果较少,在研究海平面年际和年代际变化时应用的热通量评估模型有待改进。     

登陆中国热带气旋路径的年代际变化

利用1951~2002年热带气旋年鉴资料,将52年分成ID1(1951~1979年)和ID2(1980~2002年)两个年代际时段,研究西北太平洋7~9月登陆中国热带气旋路径的年代际变化.结果表明,登陆中国热带气旋存在明显的月际、年际和年代际变化,从ID1到ID2,热带气旋路径频数在东海和菲律宾海明显下降,而在南海略微有所上升.东海和南海热带气旋路径频数的时间序列进一步揭示了20世纪70年代末期热带气旋路径频数位置的变化.     

ENSO循环 数据聚焦分析

ENSO包括热带太平洋的厄尔尼诺和热带大气南方涛动两方面的现象,它们是相互密切联系在一起的。厄尔尼诺一南方涛动实质上是海气相互作用耦合系统的异常变化,分别在海洋和大气中显现出来的现象。Bjerkness在1966年把这两种长期以来被认为割裂的海洋和大气现象,     

Covarying modes of the Pacific SST and northern hemispheric midlatitude atmospheric circulation anomalies during winter

The interannual-to-interdecadal relationship between the Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） and the northern hemispheric midlatitude＇s atmosphere represented by the circumpolar vortex was documented with the global oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data of recent 50 years. Two covarying modes of the Pacific SST and northern circumpolar vortex anomalies during winter were examined using the singular value decomposition and wavelet analysis techniques. One is the interannual, ENSO-related mode and the other is the interdecadal, North Pacific SST-related mode with a period of around 20 years. The two modes exhibit distinct spatial structures. For the interannual mode, the SST anomaly is characterized by a typical ENSO pattern with the principal signature in the tropical eastern Pacific and secondary one in the central North Pacific, while the atmospheric anomaly is regional, characterized by a Pacific-North American pattern. For the inter- decadal mode, large SST anomaly is located in the central North Pacific, while the atmospheric anomaly is zonally global, associated with the midlatitute＇s standing long-wave variations. When the central North Pacific is colder, the long-wave is stronger, and vice versa. Further investigations suggest that the interdecadal mode could involve an interaction between ＂two oceans and an atmosphere＂.     

Monsoonal oscillation revealed by the upper-troposphere water vapor band brightness temperature

The measurements of brightness temperature (BT) from the upper-troposphere water vapor channel 12 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar satellites from 1979 through 1995 are used to analyze the interannual variations of the global monsoon strength. Results show that in the interannual time-sclae the BT variability in the equatorial eastern Pacific (EEP) is out of phase with the BT variabilities in other four regions, i. e. South Asia, tropical south American, two subtropical areas in the South and North Pacific. The BT interannual variation mode may be called monsoonal oscillation (MO). The MO is the result of the atmospheric circulation anomaly in the troposphere.     

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean over the period of 1949–2003 is studied by using daily-mean NOAA/NCEP wind stress and monthly mean Reynolds SST data. The results indicate the strong negative correlation between SSTA and local wind energy input to surface waves in most of the domain at low and middle latitudes. The SST is low (high) during the years with more (less) wind energy input. The correlation coefficients are high in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the central midlatitude North Pacific at the decadal scale, and in the central tropical Pacific at the interannual scale. Vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean are closely associated with wind energy input, indicating that wind energy input may play an important role in interannual and decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean via regulating vertical mixing.     

A local positive feedback of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system on interdecadal timescales

SINCE THE 1990S, THE CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON INTERDE- CADAL TIME SCALES BECAME THE FOCUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATOLOGY RESEARCH MISSIONS[1―3]. ON TIME SCALES OF A DECADE OR MORE, THE OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDOMINATEDHEAT BALANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, S…     

The pathway of the interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean

Cases of the interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean and their evolution were examined in the paper with the statistic methods (CEOF and composite analysis) over the period of 1950–1993. Observations of oceanic temperatures in the upper 400 m revealed an obvious region of the interdecadal signals in the central North Pacific. Such signals propagated southwestward, then subducted to the subtropics. The hypothesized link for interdecadal oceanic variability between the subtropics and the tropics, especially with the western tropical Pacific was unraveled in order to detect the cause of decadal signals in the tropics. The thermal anomalies subducted in the central North Pacific east to the dateline only reach 18°N. There has been no further southward propagation since then due to a certain barrier. The origin of the interdecadal signals in the western tropical Pacific was traced to the southern tropical Pacific. There is a meridional pathway around the dateline where the signals were loaded. These variabilities were in the nature of the thermocline circulation.     

Interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean and its dynamic explanation

Interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean has been analyzed based on the long-term climatic observational data. Case study showed that strong interannual signals formed at the surface can penetrate the depth of seasonal thermocline, where the anomalies last a couple of years. Artificial time series based on damping with exponential decay of selected strong events agree well with the detected interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. A possible dynamic explanation for interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean was proposed that irregular interannual signals can lead to a slowly evolving climatic background with the interdecadal time scale through damping of the memory about anomalies in the seasonal thermocline.     

An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

January temperature anomalies over Northeast China and precursors

This paper analyzes the large-scale atmospheric circulation characteristics of anomalous cases of January temperatures that occurred in Northeast China during 1960-2008 and precursory oceanic conditions.The January monthly mean surface air temperature(SAT) anomalies and the duration of low temperature are used to define temperature anomaly cases.The anomalous cyclonic circulation over northeast Asia strengthens the northerly flow in cold Januarys,while the anomalous anticyclonic circulation weakens the northerly flow in the warm Januarys.The negative(positive) North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and increased(decreased) sea ice concentration in the Barents-Kara seas in the preceding month are probably linked to the cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation pattern over northeast Asia in the cold(warm) cases.Further analyses indicate that the preceding oceanic conditions play distinct roles in the SAT anomalies over Northeast China on different time scales.Strong relationships exist between North Pacific SSTA and the SAT in Northeast China on the interannual time scale.On the other hand,the sea ice concentration is more closely associated with the interdecadal variations of SAT in Northeast China.     

Interannual and interdecadal variabilities in SST anomaly over the eastern equatorial Pacific

The global sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly data from 1950 to 1996 were used to analyze spatial characters of interdecadal SST variations. A wavelet transform was made for the equatorial eastern Pacific SST anomaly time series. Results show that there are three remarkable timescale SST variations: 130-month interdecadal variation, 57-month interannual variation and 28-month quasi-2-a variation. Based on this result, an El Nino event was predicted in the early part of 1997.     

全球对流层顶气压场和温度场的时空演变结构特征

 利用1948~2004年共57年的对流层顶气压场和温度场资料,对全球对流层顶平均温压场的空间分布结构、年际和年代际变化以及季节变化进行了分析.结果表明:①热带对流层顶和极地对流层顶的平均气压场的空间位置和热状况大致吻合,并存在空间波动性,两半球对流层顶的温压场具有显著的非对称性;②对流层顶的纬向气压与温度距平场都具有不同尺度的年际和年代际变化,两极地区对流层顶的温压场最不稳定,两半球中纬度地区的时间演变尺度存在明显差异.对流层顶断裂带及其对应温度的时空波动存在反位相关系,20世纪70年代末温度出现突变现象,此时对流层顶断裂带迅速向南部空间移动;③不同季节对流层顶的温压场都将进行空间结构的调整,两者之间存在着季节变化的协调性,但北半球较南半球的演变过程复杂;④对流层顶温压场纬向距平的季节变率可划分为5个位相不同的时空波动区域,构成了气压场和温度场的经向型相关结构.北极地区气压场变化有超前于温度场变化的趋势,对流层顶断裂带的温度季节变化存在着双峰波动结构.冬半年断裂区的地理位置较夏半年稳定,气压场和温度场的最大季节变程均发生在南极.