P^53——生命科学研究中的热点分子

对Ｐ＾５３基因的结构、表达调控及其蛋白质的结构和功能进行了介绍，并讨论了Ｐ＾５３与细胞周期、ＰＣＤ的关系及在肿瘤发生中的重要性。     

P~(53)-生命科学研究中的热点分子

对Ｐ５３基因的结构、表达调控及其蛋白质的结构和功能进行了介绍，并讨论了Ｐ５３与细胞周期、ＰＣＤ的关系及在肿瘤发生中的重要性。     

DDP对裸鼠人体卵巢癌的治疗作用

通过测量肿瘤体积以及应用流式细胞仪、ＡＧ－ＮＯＲ、Ｐ５３抗癌基因检测细胞ＤＮＡ含量，观察ＤＤＰ对裸鼠人体卵巢癌的治疗作用，结果表明ＤＤＰ有抑制肿瘤细胞ＤＮＡ含量的作用，ｐ５３基因与ＤＮＡ损伤药物诱导的细胞凋亡有关，进一步证实ｐ５３基因参与细胞生长与调控。     

应用PCR－SSCP银染技术检测消化系统肿瘤的P53基因突变

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ银染技术，初步研究了肝细胞癌、胃癌和大肠癌中Ｐ５３基因的第６和第７外显子的分子结构改变。对来自癌组织ＤＮＡ和正常组织ＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ电泳带迁移作对比分析，发现３０例肝癌病人中，６例肝癌样品电泳带迁移异常；２６例胃癌病人中，４例胃癌样品电泳带迁移异常；２９例大肠癌病人中，６例大肠癌样品电泳带迁移异常。依据ＤＮＡ单链构象与分子电泳迁移的关系，研究结果表明：该三组病人中，Ｐ５３基因第６、７外显子的突变率分别为２０．０％，１５．４％和２５．０％。同时，也间接提示了Ｐ５３基因突变可能是肝细胞癌、胃癌和大肠癌中一种较多见的分子结构改变。     

胃癌中p53基因失活及其蛋白产物的免疫组化分析

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ银染，Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂我及免疫组化等方法同步研究２５例胃癌标本的ｐ５３基因突变，杂合性丢失及蛋白持表达，在２２例胃癌中同时获得有关ｐ５３基因突变和杂合性丢失的检测结果，被检出ｐ５３基因突变的５例胃癌中，２例伴有杂合性丢失，３例仅有ｐ５３基因突变。     

肿瘤相关基因对大肠肿瘤临床诊断及预后应用的研究

目的 探讨Ｒａｓ,Ｐ５３基因对大肠肿瘤的早期诊断及预后的临床应用价值。方法 用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）ＥＢ染色技术对２５例大肠肿瘤原发灶组织进行了Ｋｉ－,Ｎ－ｒａｓ第１处显子和Ｐ５３基因５～８外显子的点突变进行检测。息肉性腺瘤组织中１／２（５０％）发生了Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ点突变。在大肠癌组织中,存在Ｎ－ｒａｓ点突变、Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ点突变、Ｐ５３基因５～８外显子突变,大肠肿瘤组织存在     

肝细胞性肝癌P53基因多态性定点突变

对Ｐ５３阳性的８例肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）广西科学，１９９５，２（１）：５５～５７）中的７例的Ｐ５３基因进行ＤＮＡ单键构象多态性分析（ＳＳＣＰ）和ＰＣＲ扩增物直接测序。结果，７例均在Ｐ５３第７外显子第２４９编码区的３号位发现异常。１例在２４９编码区的第３碱基微小丧失引起乱码突变；另６例在此位点同时出现突变的Ｔ和Ｃ带，成为的多态性突变形式。外显子５、６、８和９没有异常。估计除黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１外可能有别的致癌因素协同作用造成此种多态性。认为南宁地区是继中国江苏启东和莫桑比克后的第３个ＨＣＣＰ５３基因２４９编码区有集中突变热点的地区。     

原发性肝癌P53基因第249密码子突变的研究

用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ）技术对７例原发性肝细胞癌（ＰＨＣ）进行Ｐ＾５３基因第２４９密码子突变的检测。结果：７例肝细胞癌中３例有Ｐ＾５３基因第２４９密码子突变，突变率达４２．９％。     

黄曲霉毒素高污染区肝细胞癌P53基因高频率定点突变

用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲ＿ＲＦＬＰ）分析技术，对广西黄曲霉毒素高污染２例肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）进行分析，检查Ｐ５３基因第７外显子的２４９密码子的突变频率。结果发现３６／５２例ＨＣＣ中２４８密码子有集中的点突变，频率为６９．２％。Ｐ５３基因突变热点与乙型肝炎病毒感染无关。提示黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１是突变热点的主要原因。     

腺病毒介导的wtp53基因对五种癌细胞系的生长抑制 …

构建重组腺病毒载体ＡｄＣＭＶｐ５３，将ｗｔｐ５３分别导入ＰＧ（人肺巨细胞瘤细胞）、ＣＡＥ（人结肠癌细胞）、ＨＣＴ（人结肠癌细胞）、ＨｅＬａ９人宫颈癌细胞）及ＢＥＬ７４０２（人肝癌细胞）五种癌细胞中，测定ＡｄＣＭＶｐ５３对癌细胞的半抑制浓度（ＩＣ５０）和细胞生长曲线，分别不同组织癌组织对ＡｄＣＭＶｐ５３的敏感程度。结果表明，ＡｄＣＭＶｐ５３对癌细胞具有与病毒剂量相关的明显致死作用，但不同细胞对腺病毒     

NUMB controls p53 tumour suppressor activity

NUMB is a cell fate determinant, which, by asymmetrically partitioning at mitosis, controls cell fate choices by antagonising the activity of the plasma membrane receptor of the NOTCH family. NUMB is also an endocytic protein, and the NOTCH-NUMB counteraction has been linked to this function. There might be, however, additional functions of NUMB, as witnessed by its proposed role as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer. Here we describe a previously unknown function for human NUMB as a regulator of tumour protein p53 (also known as TP53). NUMB enters in a tricomplex with p53 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase HDM2 (also known as MDM2), thereby preventing ubiquitination and degradation of p53. This results in increased p53 protein levels and activity, and in regulation of p53-dependent phenotypes. In breast cancers there is frequent loss of NUMB expression. We show that, in primary breast tumour cells, this event causes decreased p53 levels and increased chemoresistance. In breast cancers, loss of NUMB expression causes increased activity of the receptor NOTCH. Thus, in these cancers, a single event-loss of NUMB expression-determines activation of an oncogene (NOTCH) and attenuation of the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. Biologically, this results in an aggressive tumour phenotype, as witnessed by findings that NUMB-defective breast tumours display poor prognosis. Our results uncover a previously unknown tumour suppressor circuitry.     

p63 protects the female germ line during meiotic arrest

Meiosis in the female germ line of mammals is distinguished by a prolonged arrest in prophase of meiosis I between homologous chromosome recombination and ovulation. How DNA damage is detected in these arrested oocytes is poorly understood, but it is variably thought to involve p53, a central tumour suppressor in mammals. While the function of p53 in monitoring the genome of somatic cells is clear, a consensus for the importance of p53 for germ line integrity has yet to emerge. Here we show that the p53 homologue p63 (refs 5, 6), and specifically the TAp63 isoform, is constitutively expressed in female germ cells during meiotic arrest and is essential in a process of DNA damage-induced oocyte death not involving p53. We also show that DNA damage induces both the phosphorylation of p63 and its binding to p53 cognate DNA sites and that these events are linked to oocyte death. Our data support a model whereby p63 is the primordial member of the p53 family and acts in a conserved process of monitoring the integrity of the female germ line, whereas the functions of p53 are restricted to vertebrate somatic cells for tumour suppression. These findings have implications for understanding female germ line fidelity, the regulation of fertility and the evolution of tumour suppressor mechanisms.     

Regulation of p53 activity through lysine methylation

p53 is a tumour suppressor that regulates the cellular response to genotoxic stresses. p53 is a short-lived protein and its activity is regulated mostly by stabilization via different post-translational modifications. Here we report a novel mechanism of p53 regulation through lysine methylation by Set9 methyltransferase. Set9 specifically methylates p53 at one residue within the carboxyl-terminus regulatory region. Methylated p53 is restricted to the nucleus and the modification positively affects its stability. Set9 regulates the expression of p53 target genes in a manner dependent on the p53-methylation site. The crystal structure of a ternary complex of Set9 with a p53 peptide and the cofactor product S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (AdoHcy) provides the molecular basis for recognition of p53 by this lysine methyltransferase.     

Participation of p53 cellular tumour antigen in transformation of normal embryonic cells

The cellular tumour antigen p53 is found at elevated levels in a wide variety of transformed cells (for reviews see refs 1, 2). Very little is yet known about the precise relationship of p53 to malignant transformation. Although the increase in p53 levels could be a secondary by-product of the transformed state, it is equally possible that p53 is actively involved in altering cellular growth properties, especially as it has been implicated in the regulation of normal cell proliferation. We sought to test whether p53 could behave in a manner similar to known genes in a biological test system, and we demonstrate here that p53 can cooperate with the activated Ha-ras oncogene to transform normal embryonic cells. The resultant foci contain cells of a markedly altered morphology which produce high levels of p53. Cell lines established from such foci elicit tumours in syngeneic animals.     

Growth regulation of a cellular tumour antigen, p53, in nontransformed cells

Many transformed cells in culture have been found to express elevated levels of a cellular tumour antigen, termed p53. This protein has also been implicated in the regulation of cellular growth. For these reasons experiments were designed to examine the expression of p53 as quiescent cultures of nontransformed 3T3 fibroblasts were stimulated to reenter the cell cycle. Synchronous populations of cells were obtained by releasing a culture from density-dependent inhibition of growth with the addition of fresh serum. Steady-state levels of p53 protein and mRNA were measured as a function of time after addition of serum to quiescent cultures and the rate of synthesis of p53 protein was analysed at a number of time points. The results, reported here, demonstrate an increase in the synthesis and steady-state levels of p53 protein and mRNA prior to DNA synthesis in late G1, and suggest a role for p53 in the progression of cells from a growth-arrested state to an actively dividing state.     

Stage-specific sensitivity to p53 restoration during lung cancer progression

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process that results from the sequential accumulation of mutations in key oncogene and tumour suppressor pathways. Personalized cancer therapy that is based on targeting these underlying genetic abnormalities presupposes that sustained inactivation of tumour suppressors and activation of oncogenes is essential in advanced cancers. Mutations in the p53 tumour-suppressor pathway are common in human cancer and significant efforts towards pharmaceutical reactivation of defective p53 pathways are underway. Here we show that restoration of p53 in established murine lung tumours leads to significant but incomplete tumour cell loss specifically in malignant adenocarcinomas, but not in adenomas. We define amplification of MAPK signalling as a critical determinant of malignant progression and also a stimulator of Arf tumour-suppressor expression. The response to p53 restoration in this context is critically dependent on the expression of Arf. We propose that p53 not only limits malignant progression by suppressing the acquisition of alterations that lead to tumour progression, but also, in the context of p53 restoration, responds to increased oncogenic signalling to mediate tumour regression. Our observations also underscore that the p53 pathway is not engaged by low levels of oncogene activity that are sufficient for early stages of lung tumour development. These data suggest that restoration of pathways important in tumour progression, as opposed to initiation, may lead to incomplete tumour regression due to the stage-heterogeneity of tumour cell populations.     

Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas

Although cancer arises from a combination of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, the extent to which tumour suppressor gene loss is required for maintaining established tumours is poorly understood. p53 is an important tumour suppressor that acts to restrict proliferation in response to DNA damage or deregulation of mitogenic oncogenes, by leading to the induction of various cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis or cellular senescence. Consequently, p53 mutations increase cell proliferation and survival, and in some settings promote genomic instability and resistance to certain chemotherapies. To determine the consequences of reactivating the p53 pathway in tumours, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to conditionally regulate endogenous p53 expression in a mosaic mouse model of liver carcinoma. We show that even brief reactivation of endogenous p53 in p53-deficient tumours can produce complete tumour regressions. The primary response to p53 was not apoptosis, but instead involved the induction of a cellular senescence program that was associated with differentiation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. This program, although producing only cell cycle arrest in vitro, also triggered an innate immune response that targeted the tumour cells in vivo, thereby contributing to tumour clearance. Our study indicates that p53 loss can be required for the maintenance of aggressive carcinomas, and illustrates how the cellular senescence program can act together with the innate immune system to potently limit tumour growth.     

Deubiquitination of p53 by HAUSP is an important pathway for p53 stabilization

The p53 tumour suppressor is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low levels in normal cells by Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis. Stabilization of p53 is crucial for its tumour suppressor function. However, the precise mechanism by which ubiquitinated p53 levels are regulated in vivo is not completely understood. By mass spectrometry of affinity-purified p53-associated factors, we have identified herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP) as a novel p53-interacting protein. HAUSP strongly stabilizes p53 even in the presence of excess Mdm2, and also induces p53-dependent cell growth repression and apoptosis. Significantly, HAUSP has an intrinsic enzymatic activity that specifically deubiquitinates p53 both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive point mutant of HAUSP in cells increases the levels of p53 ubiquitination and destabilizes p53. These findings reveal an important mechanism by which p53 can be stabilized by direct deubiquitination and also imply that HAUSP might function as a tumour suppressor in vivo through the stabilization of p53.