A comparison of optimization theories for energy conservation in heat exchanger groups

In general, thermal processes can be classified into two categories: heat-work conversion processes and heat transfer processes. Correspondingly, the optimization of thermal processes has to have two different criteria: the well known entropy generation minimization method and the recently proposed entransy dissipation maximization method. This study analyzes the thermal issues in a heat exchanger group, and optimizes the unit arrangements under different constraints based on a suitable optimization criterion. The result indicates that the principle of minimum entropy generation rate is valid for optimizing heat exchangers in a thermodynamic cycle with given boundary temperatures. In contrast, the entransy dissipation maximization is more suitable in heat exchanger optimizations involving only heat transfer processes. Furthermore, the entropy generation rate induced by dumping used streams into ambient surroundings has to be taken into account, except for that originating from the hot and cold-ends of heat exchangers, when using the entropy generation minimization to optimize heat exchangers undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.     

Generalized thermal resistance for convective heat transfer and its relation to entransy dissipation

In order to further analyze and optimize convective heat transfer process further, the concepts of heat flux weighted average heat temperature and heat flux weighted average heat temperature difference in multi-dimensional heat transfer system were introduced in this paper. The ratio of temperature differ- ence to heat flux is defined as the generalized thermal resistance of convective heat transfer processes, and then the minimum thermal resistance theory for convective heat transfer optimization was devel- oped. By analyzing the relationship between generalized thermal resistance and entansy dissipation in convective heat transfer processes, it can be concluded that the minimum thermal resistance theory equals the entransy dissipation extremum theory. Finally, a two-dimensional convective heat transfer process with constant wall temperature is taken as an example to illustrate the applicability of generalized thermal resistance to convective heat transfer process analysis and optimization.     

基于红外热成像技术的软包锂电池热特性分析

Based on infrared thermal imaging technology and visual testing methods, the surface temperature variation characteristics and heat generation law of ternary soft-pack lithium battery under different working conditions were investigated. The ambient temperature, the discharge rate, and the ear clamping method are three variable conditions. The two are coupled to the control variable experiment to monitor the temperature rise of the battery surface. The results show that the optimal working temperature of the battery is 25 °C, to ensure that the different rate of discharge experiments at the most suitable working temperature, found that with the increase of the discharge rate, the heat generation increased, the surface temperature of the battery increased, the conductive clip clamping tab is compared with the copper clip holding tab This method will lead to insufficient overcurrent at the ear, a sharp increase in heat generation, and a significant temperature rise on the surface of the battery. This type of clamping is not conducive to heat dissipation of the battery, which provides a parameter basis for thermal battery design optimization and experimental operation. The test results have guiding significance for the optimization of the heat dissipation scheme.     

Constructal optimization on T-shaped cavity based on entransy dissipation minimization

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For a heat transfer model of a rectangular solid wall with an open T-shaped cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation is taken as optimization objective, and constructal optimization for the model is carried out when the system volume, the cavity volume and the volume of rectangle occupied by T-shaped cavity are fixed. Numerical results indicate that the optimal geometry construct of cavity can be schemed out based on entransy dissipation extremum principle. The formulation of dimensionless global （maximum） thermal resistance presented in a literature is modified; some new rules which are different from those reported in the literature are obtained based on the minimization of the modified objective. Comparisons of the numerical results show that the optimal system constructs deduced respectively from the two thermal resistance objectives are very different. The optimization by taking equivalent thermal resistance minimization as objective can more effectively reduce mean temperature difference of heat transfer than the optimization by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective, so that the performance of heat transfer for the total system can be improved. The more freedom the cavity has, the better the total system performance is. The correlations of the equivalent thermal resistance and the maximum thermal resistance of the system and three geometric degrees of freedom are found by using function fitting.     

新型生土材料调湿性能及导热性

使用膨胀石墨、碳纤维与石蜡研制出复合型相变蓄能材料,利用膨胀石墨、碳纤维作为高导热材料与结构支撑材料;通过物性参数遴选、结构参数优化设计方法,搭建高导热性能的复合相变材料蓄热电暖器实验台;研究不同蓄放热运行工况下该装置的蓄放热性能。研究结果显示,与日间主动式放热工况相比,日间被动式放热工况放热速率衰减较慢,被动式放热工况的最低放热速率比主动式放热工况最低放热速率高24. 7%。该装置可以利用主/被动放热方式调节蓄放热速率,满足不同房间的供热需求。在夜间蓄热、日间放热的运行工况下,该相变蓄热电暖器所在房间温度波动较小,具有较好热舒适性。该蓄热电暖器蓄热效率达67%,能充分利用夜间低谷电蓄热,实现降低运行费用的目的。     

碳纤维导热型低温相变材料蓄热电暖器蓄放热性能实验研究

使用膨胀石墨、碳纤维与石蜡研制出复合型相变蓄能材料,利用膨胀石墨、碳纤维作为高导热材料与结构支撑材料;通过物性参数遴选、结构参数优化设计方法,搭建高导热性能的复合相变材料蓄热电暖器实验台;研究不同蓄放热运行工况下该装置的蓄放热性能。研究结果显示,与日间主动式放热工况相比,日间被动式放热工况放热速率衰减较慢,被动式放热工况的最低放热速率比主动式放热工况最低放热速率高24. 7%。该装置可以利用主/被动放热方式调节蓄放热速率,满足不同房间的供热需求。在夜间蓄热、日间放热的运行工况下,该相变蓄热电暖器所在房间温度波动较小,具有较好热舒适性。该蓄热电暖器蓄热效率达67%,能充分利用夜间低谷电蓄热,实现降低运行费用的目的。     

新型开窗翅片板翅换热器热工性能试验

对9种不同结构参数的新型开窗翅片进行传热和流动阻力性能试验.在此基础上,给出传热因子和摩擦因子随雷诺数的变化曲线,并比较翅片间距和翅片长度等结构参数对其表面换热和阻力性能的影响.同时,利用单位传热面积泵功率和面积优化因子分析比较各翅片的综合强化传热效果.试验结果表明,新型开窗翅片的翅片间距对表面传热因子和阻力性能影响较为显著.     

识别材料导热系数和导温系数的温度场逆分析

为了识别材料导热系数和导温系数,采用观测温度同时识别材料导热系数和比热容,在建立同时确定导热系数和比热容的肯态温度场逆分析数值计算模型的基础上,引入混沌优化方法求解该优化模型。以克服阻尼牛屯等方法求解该模型所遇到的困难,在瞬态温度场正问题求解中采用了精细积分方法以提高计算精度,算例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance analysis of heat exchanger networks

Heat exchanger network optimization has an important role in high-efficiency energy utilization and energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a heat exchanger network is defined based on its entransy dissipation. In two-stream heat exchanger networks, only heat exchanges between hot and cold fluids are considered. Thermal resistance analysis indicates that the maximum heat transfer rate between two fluids corresponds to the minimum entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance; i.e. the minimum thermal resistance principle can be exploited in optimizing heat exchanger networks.     

基于密度法的热传导结构拓扑优化准则算法

热传导结构优化设计研究主要集中在形状及尺寸优化方面，这类方法由于结构初始估计构形带有经验性，通常并不是结构的最优拓扑，使设计具有局限性；为了有效求解热传导结构的最优拓扑，将结构力学中成熟的拓扑优化思想及其方法拓展到热传导结构的拓扑优化设计中，同时以最小热量传递势容耗散为优化目标，基于密度法建立热传导结构拓扑优化设计数学模型，并推导相应的优化准则；计算过程中应用基于卷积的滤波技术处理迭代密度场，消除数值计算不稳定性；不同条件下的数值算例验证了本文思想和算法的正确性、有效性，所得拓扑优化结果为后继的形状和尺寸优化提供了可靠的依据．     

箱体零件热变形温度场的快速计算新方法

本文提出了一个分析计算形状复杂、热源也较复杂的机械零件的温度场和热变形的新方法——热源法。运用此法可以推导出计算温度场的函数式,用以计算复杂形状零件的温度场和热变形比当前常用的数值法简便得多。而且函数式给出了各有关参数的相互关系的清楚的概念。这对设计人员的构思和决策将会带来帮助。本文结合一个典型化了的具体例子对热源法及其应用进行了分析与讨论热源法与数值法相比,有如下优点:1.简捷易用;2.较精确;3.复杂零件中的传热问题的物理概念清楚;4.只需中容量的微型计算机     

多过程与蒸汽系统能量集成的全局温焓曲线夹点分析法

对多个过程装置与蒸汽动力系统采用全局温焓分布曲线的夹点分析法进行全局能量集成与综合．在实现各过程内部热量交换的基础上,进行各过程之间的剩余热阱和热源与蒸汽动力系统的全局能量集成,包括废热回收、热功联产、蒸汽系统设计和透平网络综合．应用算例表明,通过合理权衡与调优,全局系统的能耗与排放具有明显下降     

航天器热控和环境控制生命保障系统热网的优化

为了对航天器热控、环境控制生命保障系统进行减轻质量化研究 ,建立其热网络优化模拟的实验系统 ,研究不同布局下热网络工作特性 ,以寻求热网络中热组件布局对系统质量的影响规律。实验结果表明 :热组件布局方式对系统换热有明显影响 ;热组件的优化布局能使系统质量下降 ,其幅度与平均换热温差有关。实验结果同理论分析及数值模拟结果相吻合。     

射流冲击下矩形柱鳍热沉结构优化

采用实验与数值计算相结合的方法对空气射流冲击下的矩形柱鳍热沉的肋片结构进行优化研究。对不同肋高和肋宽的矩形柱鳍热沉的热阻进行实验研究,并选用标准的kε湍流模型进行数值计算分析。研究结果表明:热阻随喷口雷诺数Re或喷口高径比H/D的增大而减小,但Re或H/D增大到一定程度时,热阻减小的幅度就不再明显;当热沉肋高范围为0.3≤Hf/L≤0.42、肋片宽度为Df/L=0.1时,热沉的散热能力与散热经济性之间能达到较好的平衡。将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,相对误差在10%以内。     

基于热约束的功率器件散热器成本最小化方法

散热器可大幅提高功率器件的散热能力和热安全性。但在实际工程中,散热器成本需被严格控制,否则将严重影响整个电力电子装置经济性。为此,本文提出一种基于热约束的功率器件散热器成本最小化方法。该方法在功率器件热网络模型的基础上,以器件结温最大值和热时间常数为热安全约束量,通过非线性优化算法,找寻最佳的散热器质量和散热面积参数,从而达到散热器成本最低的优化目标。以功率金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, MOSFET)及若干散热器为对象开展实例分析,结果表明所提方法能够为散热器的合理设计或选型提供重要依据。     

Experimental study on heat generation and dissipation performance of PEV Lithium-ion battery

Based on the lithium-ion battery pure electric vehicle (PEV) application, two capacity types of batteries are applied in thermal characteristic experiments. With the experimental comparison method, battery thermal characteristics and heat generation mechanism are studied. Experiments of batteries in cases of different dimensions, batteries with different air cooling velocity and two capacity types of batteries in free convection environment are put forward. Battery heat generation performance, heat dissipation performance and comparison of different capacity types' batteries are researched and summarized. Conclusions of battery heat generation and dissipation in PEV applications, important battery thermal management factors and suggestions are put forward.     

Optimization criteria for the performance of heat and mass transfer in indirect evaporative cooling systems

The wide application of evaporative cooling techniques in which the optimization criteria form the theoretical basis for improving evaporative cooling performance is essential for energy conservation and emission reduction.Based on exergy analysis and the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance method,this contribution aims to investigate the effects of flow and area distributions in the optimization of the performance of indirect evaporative cooling systems.We first establish the relationships of exergy efficiency,entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance and cooling capacity of a typical indirect cooling system.Using the prescribed inlet parameters,the heat and mass transfer coefficients and the circulating water mass flow rate,we then numerically validate that when the cooling capacity reaches a maximum,the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance falls to a minimum while the exergy efficiency is not at an extreme value.The result shows that the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance,not the exergy efficiency,characterizes the heat transfer performance of an evaporative cooling system,which provides a more suitable method for evaluating and analyzing the indirect cooling system.     

An equation of entransy transfer and its application

Entransy is a physical quantity describing heat transfer ability, and heat transfer is accompanied by entransy transfer. Thermal energy is conserved in its transfer process, while entransy is dissipated because of the irreversibility of its transfer process. As a result, entransy transfer must have its rules which are different from those of thermal energy transfer. Based on the definition of entransy, an entransy transfer equation is derived, which describes the entransy transfer processes of a multi-component viscous fluid subject to heat transfer by conduction and convection, mass diffusion and chemical reactions. The expressions of entransy flux and entransy dissipation are obtained simultaneously, and their physical mechanism is clarified. And further, the theory and method of optimizing heat transfer applying the entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process are expounded. The minimum thermal resistance principle and the entransy dissipation extremum principle are obtained by applying the steady-state entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process. The cases of the single-component steady-state convection heat transfer and the steady-state heat conduction show the application of the theory and method.     

上海快速城市化不同阶段城市热场景观格局演变研究

本文以上海市为例对城市热环境的空间分布特点及不同城市化阶段的演变特征进行分析.研究表明:随着上海城市化的深入,热环境空间结构趋于复杂,不同的城市化发展阶段热环境格局呈现出截然不同的演变特征.结合景观格局指数与转移矩阵对热环境的演变规律进行分析得出:城市化高速发展阶段,主城区及近郊区内的低温斑块等级上升明显,热环境格局的聚合度显著下降,景观多样性指数明显上升.优化发展阶段,主城区内强热场面积下降,近郊或远郊地区强热场明显增加,总体热环境格局的聚合度及多样性指数变化趋势减弱.本次研究结果展现了城市化不同阶段中城市热环境格局的分布与演变特征,为科学制定应对城市热岛问题的措施提供科学的参考.     

A new model for analyzing laminar forced convective enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid

In this paper, a new model to analyze laminar forced convective enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid is developed. The main characteristics of the model are- i) a new formula of the specific heat at constant pressure is used; ii ) a real heat transfer process is considered; that is, heat transfer processes occur not only between working fluid and microcapsules, but also between the mixture and tube wall; iii) the new method, which combines the newly developed axisymmetrical dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with finite difference method (FDM), is used to solve the control equations of this problem. The new model is validated by experimental data. Some new physical results on the variational characteristics of the specific heat at constant pressure with space and time during phase-change process, the time-marching history of the phase-change interfaces and so on are obtained. Several main physical factors that affect enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid are numerically analyzed. Some new understandings for the mechanism of enhanced heat transfer in the functionally fluid are obtained.