罗氏沼虾复眼的形态和超微结构研究

用电子显微镜观察了日间光适应的罗氏沼虾复眼,结果显示其复眼呈圆球形,组成复眼的小眼为长方形,面积约为４７５μｍ ２⒚小眼由折光和感光两部分构成⒚几丁质的角膜分成数十层,成角膜细胞胞质呈网状,４ 个晶锥细胞远端为电子致密质,近端为电子透明质⒚７ 个小网膜细胞伸出的微纤毛组成了感杆束,其远端的直径约１．４μｍ ,中部的直径为７．４μｍ ,近端的直径只有１．７μｍ ⒚膜下储泡囊体积小,数量少,色素颗粒分布在整个细胞中⒚与短尾类的中华绒螯蟹复眼相比罗氏沼虾的复眼有其结构特异性     

中华绒螯蟹复眼的组织学结构及扫描电镜观察

应用组织切片及扫描电镜技术研究了中华绒螯蟹复眼的形态结构，中华绒螯蟹的复眼约由21000个小眼组成，每个小眼由折射器、受纳器和反 光器组成。折射器包括角膜与晶状体，角膜覆盖在眼睛外部的表面，由复杂的几丁质组成，产生角膜的成角膜细胞位于角膜下方；晶状体由晶体细胞内部物质形成，位于角膜和感杆束之间，感杆束由小网膜细胞膜突起的微绒毛汇合形成；受纳器即小网膜；反光器由两种色素构成，即远端色素与近端色素小；小网膜细胞形成轴索，穿过基膜上的网眼，联系神经节瓣。     

糠虾复眼超微结构的观察

使用电子显微镜研究了糠虾（Mysis latreille）复眼的超微结构．透射电镜观察结果显示：晶锥由4个晶锥细胞组成，2个位于远端，电子较致密，另2个位于近端，电子较疏松，晶锥延伸至近端与感杆束相连；7个小网膜细胞组成复眼的感光系统，感杆束直径在远端过核切面约为7．8μm．糠虾复眼的超微结构显示其感光器结构较一般十足目动物为原始，胞质中的细胞器种类和数量较少，色素颗粒较大，形态不规则．     

菜粉蝶与蛱蝶复眼和视叶的形态学结构研究

菜粉蝶(PierisrapaeLinnaeus)与蛱蝶(VanessacarduiLinnaeus)复眼均为长椭圆形,菜粉蝶小眼数约为5065个,蛱蝶为9231个,蛱蝶复眼表面的角膜小眼面间生有刺毛.菜粉蝶复眼背腹夹角与前后夹角分别为180°和165°,蛱蝶分别为220°和180°.2种蝶都为并列相眼,晶锥由4个晶锥细胞分泌而成的倒圆锥形.每个小眼由8个小网膜细胞围绕视杆为中心组成,菜粉蝶复眼背方的小眼由4个着色深和4个着色浅的小网膜细胞围成.色素颗粒主要集中于晶锥两旁的6个色素细胞中,小网膜细胞两旁也具有少量色素分布.视叶由视叶神经节层、视髓质层、小叶复合体3部分构成.小叶复合体分为小叶和小叶板,小叶位于小叶板前部,约占复合体体积的2/3.神经元分布于视叶中的皮质.视神经节与第一视交叉前部、小叶前部、小叶板后部也分布有大神经元胞体.除一些中小型细胞外,还有较大的类似于运动神经元的细胞存在于小叶前部.     

红螯螯虾的病害及其防治技术

］红螯螯虾（Cherax quadricarinatus)自20世纪90年代引进中国,已在中国多个省份养殖成功,成为中国的新兴淡水养殖种类,近年发展迅速。随着养殖规模的扩大和养殖密度的不断提高,病害问题逐渐显现。红螯螯虾的疾病主要由病原引起,营养缺乏和水质不良也会引起疾病。已报道的红螯螯虾的病原生物包括病毒、细菌、真菌、立克次氏体、原生动物和后生动物等。红螯螯虾对许多病原敏感,但尚未发现广泛传播的流行性疾病。对红螯螯虾病害的种类、危害和防治方法进行了较系统的介绍,可为红螯螯虾的养殖提供参考。     

蚤状溞复眼的形态和超微结构观察

采用电镜技术观察了蚤状潘的复眼,约有22个小眼组成．小眼面为圆形,平均面积为284．58μm^2．蚤状滏每个小眼含14个细胞,其中折光部分含有2个角膜细胞、5个晶体细胞、2个支持细胞;感光部分含有5个小网膜细胞．感杆束较短,上粗下细,横切面显示感杆束不规则,不同细胞伸出的微绒毛在感杆束中形成不同的区域,区域间存在较大空隙．根据蚤状漫复眼的形态和超微结构说明其感光器属于较原始模式．     

红螯螯虾的摄食行为及饵料选择性

对红螯螯虾的摄食行为进行了观察,并比较了红螯螯虾对几种饵料的选择性。结果表明,红螯螯虾的摄食过程可分为寻食、取食和清洗3个阶段。对单只红螯螯虾的摄食行为观察结果显示,投喂鱼肉、玉米、胡萝卜和配合饲料4种饵料时,红螯螯虾首次选择的饲料比率最高的为鱼肉,其次为玉米、胡萝卜,未选择配合饲料。对每次1 h的摄食过程的分析结果表明,红螯螯虾对玉米的摄食次数最多,且摄食时间最长,其次为鱼肉、胡萝卜,最后为配合饲料。小群体摄食观察结果表明,红螯螯虾会通过打斗获取优先摄食的机会,当每只红螯螯虾有机会同时摄取食物而不相遇时,未发现红螯螯虾因摄食而出现打斗行为。体重90 g左右的红螯螯虾对玉米颗粒粒径的偏好性强弱依次为2.5 mm、5 mm、1.5 mm和10 mm。投喂浸泡处理过的玉米,红螯螯虾的摄食速度提高。在鱼肉、玉米、胡萝卜和配合饲料4种饵料中,当同时投喂2种等量的饵料时,红螯螯虾对鱼肉的摄食速度最快,其次是玉米和配合饲料,对胡萝卜的摄食速度最慢。研究结果提示:在研制专用配合饲料时,必须考虑诱食性物质;在养殖过程中,可在饲料中添加诱食剂,以便红螯螯虾能尽快发现饲料,促进摄食;在喂养时,饵料宜分散投放。     

昆虫复眼的结构和功能

昆虫的复眼是昆虫最重要的光感受器,复眼是由一个个独立的小眼构成的,每个小眼主要是由角膜、晶锥、感杆束、色素细胞、基膜等组成.角膜和晶锥构成了复眼的屈光器,主要是起到透光、保护感受器和屈光的作用.感杆束和色素细胞可以随着光强的变化而变化,起到调节光量的作用,同时还起到视觉定向功能的作用.基膜是连接小眼和视神经的部分,起到了增加视神经感受性和支撑小眼的作用.     

红螯光壳螯虾Hsp70基因的特征及其在热应激下的表达

从NCBI数据库中获得红螯光壳螯虾CqHsp70的cDNA全长2231 bp,可编码643个氨基酸,其中4—598aa为HSP70结构域。实时定量PCR结果表明,CqHsp70基因在红螯光壳螯虾的鳃、肝胰腺、血液中均有表达。在高温（34 ℃）应激过程中,红螯光壳螯虾CqHsp70基因在三个组织中的表达量呈先升高后降低的模式,在12 h时表达量最高,与对照组存在显著性差异。这一结果说明高温应激后的12 h是红螯光壳螯虾调控热应激的关键点,在夏天高温季节的养殖过程中应特别加以注意。     

个体大小和性别及底质对红螯螯虾打斗行为的影响

红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)个体间打斗行为是影响养殖效益的重要因素。通过摄像记录,观察并分析了红螯螯虾不同个体大小、性别的打斗行为差异,以及不同环境底质和遮避物对其打斗行为的影响。结果显示:1)不同规格红螯螯虾的打斗行为特征存在差异,小规格螯虾(（0.11±0.01) g）比较保守温和,中等规格螯虾(（8.84±1.35) g）打斗行为最激烈,而大规格螯虾（(54.32±2.99) g）打斗强度大但发起打斗更为谨慎。2)对于大规格螯虾,雄性组的打斗次数和打斗时间极显著(P＜0.01)多于雌性组和异性组,而打斗强度、躲避次数和威胁次数在三个不同性别组之间均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。对于中小规格螯虾,打斗强度、打斗次数、打斗持续时间、躲避次数和威胁次数等打斗参数在三个不同性别组之间均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。3）在三种规格螯虾的异性组中,雄虾的打斗发起次数和打斗获胜次数均显著高于雌虾(P＜0.05),显示雄性较雌性好斗,且易获胜。4)在环境中添加PVC管、鹅卵石、沙、束状筛网等底质或遮避物后,红螯螯虾的打斗次数显著减少(P＜0.05)。结果表明,红螯螯虾个体长大后,雄性个体之间相遇更易引发争斗,且雄性表现出比雌性更好斗、更易取胜。建议在红螯螯虾不同养殖阶段,在养殖池中添加PVC管等各种遮避物或铺设不同底质来提高环境复杂度,以减少螯虾的打斗行为,增加养殖效益。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-