骆马湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的源解析

运用主因子分析和多元线性回归分析法对骆马湖表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源进行源解析,探讨几种主要燃烧源PAHs的贡献率．结果表明,沉积物中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和秸秆燃烧以及交通工具尾气排放,累计贡献率为99．7％．     

长江重庆段沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其来源

对长江重庆段12个采样点枯水期和丰水期沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析表明,枯水期PAHs含量为0.64～3.98 μg/g,丰水期为0.85～4.63 μg/g,其中菲(Phe)含量最高,占总量的11％～27％;PAHs组成集中在中环(3～5环),而低环(2环)和高环(6环)含量很少,组成随着采样时间不同存在着显著性差异,丰水期释放出更多高环PAHs.沉积物PAHs主要来源于植物、煤炭等燃料的不完全燃烧和来往船只的燃油泄漏;与其他地区相比,研究区PAHs含量处于中等水平,已有个别PAHs化合物(如芴Fle、菲Phe)超过生物毒性试验的可能效应浓度(PEL)标准,对该地区生态将构成一定的潜在危害.     

条子河表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为了解辽河典型支流四平市条子河表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况,选取10个采样点采集表层沉积物样品,测定了其中的PAHs质量浓度、分析了其空间分布特征、应用多种方法解析了PAHs的来源并对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,条子河表层沉积物中PAHs质量浓度范围为601.3~2 906.2 ng/g,算数平均值为1 527.3 ng/g,所检出的PAHs的环数均为2-4环化合物,且以4环为主,占PAHs的63.6%~71.5%。来源解析表明条子河表层沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于煤和生物质的燃烧。生态风险评价结果显示,3环的苊和芴在各个采样点可能产生一定的负面毒性效应;位于条子河干流、临近四平市城区采样点的沉积物中PAHs对生物可能产生中低毒性;而其他采样点存在综合生态风险的可能性很小。     

油田居住区土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与风险评价：以胜利油田为例

油田城市作为一类与采油厂共同发展起来的特殊城市,长期的原油开采和城市活动导致了其居住区土壤多环芳烃污染特征的特殊性和复杂性。本文以胜利油田内的居民区土壤为研究对象,调查了城镇、郊区和农村3种不同土地利用类型的45个土壤样品,从污染水平、空间分布和潜在来源等方面阐明了研究区土壤中16种多环芳烃的污染特征,并且根据毒性当量计算了16种多环芳烃的终生癌症风险增量。结果表明：16种多环芳烃总量的浓度范围为16.24～685.2 ng/g,平均为（126.0±158.3）ng/g。在三种土壤类型中,城镇和郊区土壤普遍受到多环芳烃的污染,且主要成分为菲、?、芘和荧蒽。在土壤剖面中,表层多环芳烃的浓度水平通常高于底层,该趋势在郊区和城市地区的剖面中尤为明显。通过分析土壤中多环芳烃的特征比值结果以及多环芳烃与与总石油烃含量的相关性,揭示了油田居民区土壤中多环芳烃主要来源于石油污染。致癌风险评估结果指出了油田区农村、城郊的表层土壤以及城区的所有土层土壤中的多环芳烃均存在致癌风险,需要研究人员和政府人员对这类地区中的多环芳烃污染开展进一步的监测、分析和管理工作。     

Primary investisation of the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in water and soil of Xuanwei and Fuyuan,Yunnan Province,China

Lung cancer incidence in Xuanwei and Fuyuan is extremely high. The air pollution, especially indoor airborne PAHs generated by burning smoky coals, has been considered as the most probable reason. The air pollution may affect drinking water and soil through dry and wet deposition. In this study, the concentrations of PAHs in water and soil samples from Xuanwei and Fuyuan were monitored to investigate the influence of atmospheric PAHs pollution on water and soil. No obvious PAHs pollution in water was found in these two areas, indicating that airborne PAHs have no apparent effect on the drinking water （well water）. The smoky coal combustion from household and industry, such as the activities related to power plants, coking plants and chemical industries, is responsible for the soil PAHs pollution in these two areas. The soil pollution might be the reemission source and would pose long-term threat to the local environment and health of residents.     

皖南沿江地区海相烃源岩特征研究

目的为皖南沿江地区海相地层的油气勘探提供依据。方法综合运用有机岩石学、热解分析及有机地球化学等方法,详细研究了皖南沿江地区海相烃源岩的有机质生烃特征,并进行了油气勘探评价选区。结果研究区发育下古生界、二叠系、下三叠统3套主力海相烃源岩,其中下古生界、二叠系烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型为主,有机质丰度高,热演化程度较高,油气勘探应主要以找气为主;下三叠统烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,有机质丰度较低,但烃源岩厚度巨大,热演化阶段适中,可作为勘探远景目标。结论皖南沿江盆地群海相烃源岩具有良好的油气生成条件,是油气勘探的有利地区。     

辽东湾拗陷南部古近系原油芳烃地球化学特征与油源分析

研究辽东湾拗陷南部旅大地区古近系原油芳烃地球化学特征,为油气成因研究及油源判别提供参考.以LD27-2和LD22-1油田等为例,对明化镇组、馆陶组、东营组和沙河街组原油或岩屑抽提物进行系统的芳烃色谱-质谱分析,共检测出12个系列169种化合物,提取能够指示生源、沉积环境、成熟度和油源的地球化学参数并进行系统分析.结果表...     

A study on the characterization of smoke movement in shafts with different fire source positions

In this study, experimental and numerical simulation methods were combined to simulate the changing course of the temperature and velocity fields in nine different fire scenes. The characteristics of smoke movement in shafts with different fire source position factors （h/H） were quantitatively investigated, and the non-dimensional fitting function between the fire source position factors and the maximum temperature was deduced. The results showed that the location of the neutral plane moved upward as the fire source rose, and all the generated smoke spread to the upper areas; however, there was barely any smoke in the lower areas. The maximum temperature was inversely proportional to the fire source position factor; the higher the source position is, i.e. the higher the ra- tio factor is, the lower the maximum temperature is in the shaft. The experimental verification of the fire dynamics simulator （FDS） showed good results.     

汶川强震区龙溪河流域泥石流灾害分布规律研究

“5· 12”汶川地震后的强震区暴发了数次泥石流灾害,2010年8月13日都江堰龙溪河流域的泥石流灾害就是其中最严重的灾害之一.龙溪河流域在75 mm/h强降雨条件下,长11 km流域内共有45处暴发泥石流灾害.在现场调查和遥感资料分析的基础上,对都江堰龙溪河沿线泥石流灾害分布规律和流域面积、高差、距断层距离、坡度、岩性等影响要素的关系进行了研究,表明:①流域面积小于1.0 km2的泥石流流域占多数,达到总数的73.3％;②高差(200～400)m范围内泥石流点最多,占总数的41.3％％,其他高差区段差别不大;③在坡度为20.～40.的范围内,其数量占总数的90％以上;而在坡度20.以内的泥石流点相对较少;④距离发震断裂5 km范围内集中了该区域的所有泥石流分布点;距断裂带越近,灾害分布越多;⑤泥石流灾害点在各类岩层中均较发育,但硬岩地层地质灾害分布最为集中,占48.9％.通过以上规律研究旨在为泥石流灾害的预测和防治提供借鉴和参考.     

小流域中-低频泥石流与山洪输沙比例的讨论:以金沙江支流海子沟为例

泥石流山洪输沙比是工程防治设计的重要参数。本文以金沙江支流海子沟为例,调访了近115a的泥石流活动历史,查明了1996年一次最大规模泥石流运动参数,采用雨洪法计算了不同的泥石流发生频率下泥石流的流量、总量。通过对1899年至今海子沟堰塞坝泥沙淤积的测定,得出海子沟流域每年泥沙淤积量为1.23×10~5 m~3,总输沙量为1.42×107 m~3,流域平均剥蚀速率为1.5mm/a。由不同泥石流频率下海子沟泥石流的固体物质总量,计算出自1963年以来海子沟泥石流输沙量为1.67×10~6 m~3,而此期间山洪泥石流的总输沙量为6.65×10~6 m~3,由此确定海子沟泥石流的输沙量占山洪泥石流输沙总量的25%。而官坝河泥石流、白龙江流域泥石流、蒋家沟泥石流输沙量分别占总输沙量的29.5%、62.9%、99%,泥石流输沙量随着泥石流频率的增加而增加。高频率泥石流工程拦挡仅考虑泥石流输沙量;类似白龙江流域松散固体物质丰富的半干旱气候区泥石流防治拦挡工程需考虑山洪输沙量;而类似官坝河、海子沟中等频率的泥石流沟,需更多考虑山洪输沙量。     

基于流域尺度的水环境分区识别与评价——以辽河流域(浑太水系)山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程为例

以“辽河流域(浑太水系)山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程”项目为依托,针对浑太水系流域上游修复区,建立了主成分分析、层次聚类、水质标识指数与反距离权重插值法相结合的水环境评价体系。利用主成分分析法进行指标降维筛选,对所选指标进行方差检验,通过聚类分析以及差异化将173个监测点分组,利用水质标识指数法对分组后的均值进行评价,再将结果分配到对应监测点。基于流域尺度与行政区划相结合的方法进行水环境评价分区,对研究区进行分区反距离插值,得到浑太水系流域上游的水环境状况。结果表明：173个监测点共分为14组,一组处于Ⅳ类水质,一组处于劣Ⅴ类水质,剩余12组均为Ⅲ类水质。以浑河流域和太子河流域为大界限,浑河流域被划分为5个评价区,太子河流域被划分为4个评价区,其中有6个分区整体处于Ⅲ类水平;浑太流域上游水质状况较好,仅太子河流域中的清河、浑河流域中的大柳河为Ⅳ类,以及浑河流域内的李石河和古城子河流域为劣Ⅴ类,其余均为Ⅲ类;清河和大柳河主要为五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)超标,李石河和古城子河均为金属镉超标。进行流域尺度的水环境分区识别与评价,可打破以往水环境评价中的行政区域界限...     

A new section of Kaili Formation （Cambrian） and a biostratigraphic study of the boundary interval across the undefined Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan,Jianhe County,China with a discussion of global correlation based on the first appearance datum of Oryctocephalus indicus （Reed, 1910）

A trilobite biostratigraphic study of a new section of the Kaili Formation at Jianshan, Chuandong Village, Jianhe County, Guizhou is reported. Additional occurrences of key species associated with the Ovatoryctocara granulata-Bathynotus holopygus Zone and the overlying Oryctocephalus indicus Zone that were originally defined from the trilobite assemblages at the WuliuZengjiayan section of the Kaili are reported from this new section. The first appearance datum （FAD） of Oryctocephalus indicus occurs at the 44.52 m above the base of the unit. Based on study of abundant specimens （n = 800） from the Kaili Formation, we argue that Oryctocephalus indicus is a widespread taxon with a global distribution. O. reticulatus （Lermontova, 1940） from the middle part of the Kounamkites Zone of the Amganian Stage in the Molodo River region of Siberia and O. americanus （Sundberg and McCollum, 2003） from Nevada, North America are similar to representatives of O. indicus which occur in the O. indicus Zone of the Kaili Formation. O. reticulatus and O. americanus are here synonymized with O. indicus （Reed, 1910）. This study strengthens the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section of the Kaili Formation as a candidate section for a Global Stratotype for the base of the unnamed Cambrian Series 3.     

A new section of Kaili Formation (Cambrian) and a biostratigraphic study of the boundary interval across the undefined Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan, Jianhe County,China with a discussion of global correlation based on the first appearance datum of Oryctocephalus indicus(Reed,1910)

A trilobite biostratigraphic study of a new section of the Kaili Formation at Jianshan,Chuandong Village,Jianhe County,Guizhou is reported.Additional occurrences of key species associated with the Ovatoryctocara granulata-Bathynotus holopygus Zone and the overlying Oryctocephalus indicus Zone that were originally defined from the trilobite assemblages at the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section of the Kaili are reported from this new section.The first appearance datum (FAD) of Oryctocephalus indicus occurs at the 44.52 m above the base of the unit.Based on study of abundant specimens (n = 800) from the Kaili Formation,we argue that Oryctocephalus indicus is a widespread taxon with a global distribution.O.Reticulatus (Lermontova,1940) from the middle part of the Kounamkites Zone of the Amganian Stage in the Molodo River region of Siberia and O.Americanus (Sundberg and McCollum,2003) from Nevada,North America are similar to representatives of O.Indicus which occur in the O.Indicus Zone of the Kaili Formation.O.Reticulatus and O.Americanus are here synonymized with O.Indicus (Reed,1910).This study strengthens the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section of the Kaili Formation as a candidate section for a Global Stratotype for the base of the unnamed Cambrian Series 3.