Effects of the grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite: constraints from micromagnetic modeling

Magnetite is the most important magnetic mineral in paleomagnetism. Its magnetic properties are controlled by many factors, such as grain size distribution, shape and interactions. Traditional rock magnetic experiments, however, have great difficulty in decoupling the effects of these parameters. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite powders by using a micromagnetic method. The particle geometries used in the micromagnetic model were based on the grain size distribution observed in a synthetic magnetite powder. The simulated hysteresis parameters agree well with the experimental measurements and provide clear microstructures of the magnetic remanence. Our results show that grain size plays a more important role in affecting hysteresis parameters of magnetite assemblages than shape under effects of interactions. Uniform or vortex superstates formed by two or more particles are found and display different stabilities of magnetic recording in assemblages. Some domain structures of single-domain （SD） particles are reversed as the applied field decreases to zero. Small pseudo-single-domain particles behave as SD structures and may dominate the magnetic recordings. In all, micromagnetic modeling of grain size distributions provide a better understanding of magnetic assemblages consisting of nanoscale particles.     

基于流函数的H型钢轧制力能参数模型

通过合理的假设对H型钢变形区进行分区,基于流函数方法确定了各个变形区的速度场,建立了H型钢万能轧制力学模型.在此基础上,使用Powell多参数优化算法优化变形区参数以使变形区的总功率达到最小并最终求得H型钢轧制力能参数.计算中采用高斯积分的方法,使得计算结果更加准确.计算结果表明,腹板和翼缘的延伸率相同时,本文模型计算结果与经过实验数据验证的有限元结果的误差不超过1.53％,当偏离标准工况较大时,通过适当修正,亦可保证本文方法的计算精度.在腿腰延伸比λ=1附近时,模型计算的轧制力与有限元结果变化趋势相同.在合理的力臂系数情况下,两者结果吻合较好.     

Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores

Species in the mammalian order Carnivora exhibit a huge diversity of life histories with body sizes spanning more than three orders of magnitude. Despite this diversity, most terrestrial carnivores can be classified as either feeding on invertebrates and small vertebrates or on large vertebrates. Small carnivores feed predominantly on invertebrates probably because they are a superabundant resource (sometimes 90% of animal biomass); however, intake rates of invertebrate feeders are low, about one tenth of those of vertebrate feeders. Although small carnivores can subsist on this diet because of low absolute energy requirements, invertebrate feeding appears to be unsustainable for larger carnivores. Here we show, by reviewing the most common live prey in carnivore diets, that there is a striking transition from feeding on small prey (less than half of predator mass) to large prey (near predator mass), occurring at predator masses of 21.5-25 kg. We test the hypothesis that this dichotomy is the consequence of mass-related energetic requirements and we determine the predicted maximum mass that an invertebrate diet can sustain. Using a simple energetic model and known invertebrate intake rates, we predict a maximum sustainable mass of 21.5 kg, which matches the point where predators shift from small to large prey.     

An effective estimation of distribution algorithm for parallel litho machine scheduling with reticle constraints

In order to improve the scheduling efficiency of photolithography, bottleneck process of wafer fabrications in the semiconductor industry, an effective estimation of distribution algorithm is pro-posed for scheduling problems of parallel litho machines with reticle constraints, where multiple reti-cles are available for each reticle type.First, the scheduling problem domain of parallel litho ma-chines is described with reticle constraints and mathematical programming formulations are put for-ward with the objective of minimizing total weighted completion time.Second, estimation of distribu-tion algorithm is developed with a decoding scheme specially designed to deal with the reticle con-straints.Third, an insert-based local search with the first move strategy is introduced to enhance the local exploitation ability of the algorithm.Finally, simulation experiments and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

吊罗山保护区哺乳动物物种多样性初步研究

根据实地调查和资料记载,海南吊罗山共有哺乳动物8目2l科46种,分别占海南省哺乳动物(水生兽类除外)9目、24科、76种的88．89％、87．50％和60．53％,其中华南麝鼯、犬蝠、小菊头蝠、中华鼠耳蝠、大长翼蝠、灰伏翼、屋顶鼠和社鼠等8种为吊罗山保护区新记录;黑长臂猿和云豹2种为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,猕猴、黑熊等9种为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物,分别占海南省国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护动物(水生兽类除外)的66．67％和90．0％;还有14种列入国家“三有”保护动物,17种列入中国动物红皮书,6种列入IUCN红皮书,有4、5、4种分别列入CITES公约附录Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ;海南毛猬、大鼯鼠2种为海南特产种(占海南特产种的66．67％)．黑长臂猿(又称海南长臂猿)、小缺齿鼹(又称华南缺齿鼹)、中菊头蝠(海南菊头蝠)等12种为海南特产亚种．     

Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock

The spacecraft Voyager 1 is at a distance greater than 85 au from the Sun, in the vicinity of the termination shock that marks the abrupt slowing of the supersonic solar wind and the beginning of the extended and unexplored distant heliosphere. This shock is expected to accelerate 'anomalous cosmic rays', as well as to re-accelerate Galactic cosmic rays and low-energy particles from the inner Solar System. Here we report a significant increase in the numbers of energetic ions and electrons that persisted for seven months beginning in mid-2002. This increase differs from any previously observed in that there was a simultaneous increase in Galactic cosmic ray ions and electrons, anomalous cosmic rays and low-energy ions. The low-intensity level and spectral energy distribution of the anomalous cosmic rays, however, indicates that Voyager 1 still has not reached the termination shock. Rather, the observed increase is an expected precursor event. We argue that the radial anisotropy of the cosmic rays is expected to be small in the foreshock region, as is observed.     

哺乳动物卵子发生过程中细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是发育过程中的基本生命现象,是多细胞生物体一种重要的自我稳定机制．除各种体细胞凋亡外,生殖细胞在其发生过程中也有细胞凋亡现象产生．对许多脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的研究发现,有大量生殖细胞在其发育的不同阶段丢失．对近10年来哺乳动物卵子发生过程中细胞凋亡的研究进行了综述,主要描述了哺乳动物卵子发生过程中的细胞凋亡及其调控以及凋亡的意义．     

Large Mesozoic mammals fed on young dinosaurs

Mesozoic mammals are commonly portrayed as shrew- or rat-sized animals that were mainly insectivorous, probably nocturnal and lived in the shadow of dinosaurs. The largest known Mesozoic mammal represented by substantially complete remains is Repenomamus robustus, a triconodont mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China. An adult individual of R. robustus was the size of a Virginia opossum. Here we report a new species of the genus, represented by a skeleton with most of the skull and postcranium preserved in articulation. The new species is 50% larger than R. robustus in skull length. In addition, stomach contents associated with a skeleton of R. robustus reveal remains of a juvenile Psittacosaurus, a ceratopsian dinosaur. Our discoveries constitute the first direct evidence that some triconodont mammals were carnivorous and fed on small vertebrates, including young dinosaurs, and also show that Mesozoic mammals had a much greater range of body sizes than previously known. We suggest that Mesozoic mammals occupied diverse niches and that some large mammals probably competed with dinosaurs for food and territory.     

冬眠哺乳动物的体温调节

哺乳动物是一类具有高代谢率的恒温动物,它们可通过自身体内氧化代谢产热在较大的环境温度范围内维持高而相对恒定的体温,其体温具有周期性节律变化的特征。冬眠是动物在进化过程中形成的一种应对寒冷、食物缺乏等恶劣环境的生物学习性。冬眠时动物的体温会大幅度下降,这种低体温是动物主动调节的。冬眠的哺乳动物,不论是在冬眠季节还是非冬眠季节,表现出的体温都是在中枢神经系统调节下产热和散热效应综合作用的结果,其机理和产热特征一直是研究的热点。概括叙述了冬眠哺乳动物在活跃季节、入眠过程以及冬眠季节体温调节的特点;恒温哺乳动物体温调节的假说及其发展;冬眠哺乳动物的体温调节;以及对近年来人们关注的热点问题TRP通道进行简要的综述。     

Snake circumvents constraints on prey size

For animals who are unable to take bites out of their food, the size of the food item that can be consumed is constrained by the maximal size of the mouth opening (gape)--snakes are an example of gape-limited predators and they usually swallow their prey whole. Here we describe unique feeding behaviours in two closely related species of snake, which circumvent their gape limitation by removing and consuming pieces from newly moulted crabs that are too large to be swallowed intact. This evolutionary innovation is surprising, as the needle-like teeth and highly mobile bones that facilitate the capture and engulfment of large, whole prey by snakes are ill-suited both to cutting and to generating large bite forces.     

载能粒子沉积薄膜生长的微观机制研究

采用嵌入原子间相互作用势,利用分子动力学方法模拟了载能原子沉积Ａｕ／Ａｕ（１００）薄膜的生长过程,通过对薄膜生长的表面覆盖度曲线和Ｂｒａｇｇ衍射强度等随沉积原子能量变化的研究,发现随着沉积原子能量的增加,薄膜的生长模式从Ｓｔｒａｎｓｋｉ－Ｋｒａｓｔａｎｏｖ生长（Ｓ－Ｋ生长）转变为Ｆｒａｎｋｖａｎ ｄｅｒ Ｍｅｒｗｅ生长（Ｆ－Ｍ生长）。同时,通过对沉积原子能量、基体温度随是演化分析,探讨了载能原子在     

脂肪族硝基含能化合物撞击感度的QSPR研究

基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)原理,研究脂肪族硝基化合物撞击感度与其分子结构间的内在定量关系.应用遗传函数算法筛选出与撞击感度密切相关的6个参数作为分子描述符;采用多元线性回归方法建立基于该6参数的脂肪族硝基化合物撞击感度预测模型.分别采用内部验证及外部验证的方式对模型性能进行验证,研究结果表明模型具有较高的稳定性、预测能力及泛化性能.     

废弃含能材料的资源化利用

废弃含能材料主要来源于退役武器和超过储存期的弹药,是特殊性质的危险品,传统的处理方法是焚烧法,没有物尽其用,且造成环境污染。几种资源化利用的途径是：再生用于军事、转变为化工原料或产品、作为一般或特殊能源、作为主要组分制成民用炸药。研究结果表明,将其制成民用炸药,能充分利用含能材料特有的燃烧和爆炸性质,具有处理过程安全、处理成本低、操作简单、无三废排放及产品性能好的优点,利于实现工业化,是大规模处理和利用废弃含能材料的较好途径。     

Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals

The precise hierarchy of ancient divergence events that led to the present assemblage of modern placental mammals has been an area of controversy among morphologists, palaeontologists and molecular evolutionists. Here we address the potential weaknesses of limited character and taxon sampling in a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of 64 species sampled across all extant orders of placental mammals. We examined sequence variation in 18 homologous gene segments (including nearly 10,000 base pairs) that were selected for maximal phylogenetic informativeness in resolving the hierarchy of early mammalian divergence. Phylogenetic analyses identify four primary superordinal clades: (I) Afrotheria (elephants, manatees, hyraxes, tenrecs, aardvark and elephant shrews); (II) Xenarthra (sloths, anteaters and armadillos); (III) Glires (rodents and lagomorphs), as a sister taxon to primates, flying lemurs and tree shrews; and (IV) the remaining orders of placental mammals (cetaceans, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, carnivores, pangolins, bats and core insectivores). Our results provide new insight into the pattern of the early placental mammal radiation.     

Evolution of homeothermy in mammals

We propose that mammalian homeothermy was was acquired in two steps. The first step enabled mammals to invade a nocturnal niche without an increase in resting metabolic rate. The second step enabled them to invade a diurnal niche and involved the acquisition of higher body temperatures and metabolic rates.