试析新疆回族的亲属关系

新疆回族亲属关系呈现的回民之间相互支援网络和情感满足系统，包括亲属称谓和亲属结构，家庭是亲人关系的核心内容，家族是亲属关系的重要组成，回族亲属关系中男女有别、长幼尊卑有序。新疆回族亲属关系从建国到改革开放时期受到一系列社会政治运动的冲击处于削弱状态，从改革开放至今处于恢复状态，同时面临个人行为理性化和人际关系业缘化的新消解势力，总体上农村比城市保存得完整。     

入赘婚亲属称谓的转化与调适—以南涧县密食禄村白族“招儿子”习俗为例

亲属称谓的转化使“非正常性”入赘婚具有了“正常性”迎娶婚的亲属称谓特点，从而确定了入赘者的社会身份，构建了以宗亲为原则的父、子、兄、妹等亲属关系结构，完善了以姻亲为基点的姑、姨、舅、甥等亲属关系网络，从而确定了社会广泛认可的亲属体制，巩固了婚姻家庭的社会性和生理性基础。     

入赘婚亲属称谓的转化与调适——以南涧县密食禄村白族“招儿子”习俗为例

亲属称谓的转化使"非正常性"入赘婚具有了"正常性"迎娶婚的亲属称谓特点,从而确定了入赘者的社会身份,构建了以宗亲为原则的父、子、兄、妹等亲属关系结构,完善了以姻亲为基点的姑、姨、舅、甥等亲属关系网络,从而确定了社会广泛认可的亲属体制,巩固了婚姻家庭的社会性和生理性基础。     

家族与盐田经营——以海南岛盐田村为例

以物为线索,从经济与社会关系角度切入,首先通过对家庭、家族的构成与运作之考察,来分析家庭再生产过程中的盐田经营状况以及不同历史时期盐田经营中所展现出的家族关系,以具体的个案细微地描述了家族与盐田经营之间的关系,指出明确的社会分工所展现出的农工相辅的社会结构特点。其次,关注海盐流通与亲属关系的扩展,指明盐田妇女依托亲属关系拓展海盐市场的同时,相应地以海盐的流通扩大了通婚范围,不断促进盐田村亲属关系的扩展与延伸。这种经济嵌入社会的过程,正是岛屿社会中的盐田人进行盐田经营的文化逻辑。     

血缘与地缘重合的社会--维吾尔族、哈萨克族社会结构分析

亲属称谓是亲属群体的语言符号，它用于表示人们的血缘关系、亲疏关系及姻亲关系。维吾尔族、哈萨克族的亲属制度是完全不同的两种类型，前为直系型，后为二分旁系型，但是，在转化为亲属称呼(对称)时，却都在重视年龄组的基础上，划分为三种称呼，即父辈、同辈、晚辈。因此。根据对维、哈族社会结构的调查，提出了同胞团结的原则，并认为此种原则的形成与他们社会中的地缘、血缘、宗教三个主要因素有着密不可分的联系。     

赣东北方言亲属称谓的称谓共用

亲属称谓的共用指语言词汇系统中对不同类的亲属使用同一个称谓.亲属称谓共用与同类亲属不区分年龄长幼而合称不同,也与亲属称谓的借用有别.赣东北的铅山话、广丰话、婺源话、合石话、铜山话五处方言中的称谓共用包括直系亲属与旁系亲属共用称谓、父系亲属与母系亲属共用称谓、血亲与姻亲共用称谓三种情况.     

龙岩方言亲属称谓词的文化内涵浅探

各地方言都有自己的称谓系统,亲属称谓词反映着婚姻家庭中人与人之间的社会关系,从一个侧面反映着一个地方的传统文化。本文列举龙岩方言的四大体系的亲属称谓词,漫谈其中蕴涵的传统伦理观念、反映着古老的婚姻形式和社会生活、折射出亲情醇厚的民俗民风。     

文化视野下的汉语亲属称谓语解读

汉语中含有丰富的亲属称谓词语,这些词的产生和发展深受中国传统文化的影响。传统文化中的宗法制度、伦理道德观、古代婚姻制度和居住制度文化影响着汉语亲属称谓语及其衍生的亲属关系词的词序构造。揭示汉语亲属称谓语中的文化元素,有助于更好地了解汉语称谓语系统。     

浅析汉英亲属称谓词所反映的民族文化

一个社会的语言能够反映出一定社会的文化,而词汇作为语言的构建材料,理所当然地就成为了其文化的负载者。汉、英亲属称谓词是汉、英语言词汇系统中的重要组成部分,它们不仅仅反映社会的亲属关系,还积淀了民族文化不同的个性特征和价值观念。本文以汉语亲属称谓词做参照系,通过对汉、英具有代表性的亲属称谓词作对比性地描写分析,旨在探索它们在宗族关系、长幼次序、背称面称的差异上反映的不同民族文化。     

龙岩方言亲属称谓词的文化内涵浅探

各地方言都有自己的称谓系统，亲属称谓词反映着婚姻家庭中人与人之间的社会关系，从一个侧面反映着一个地方的传统文化。本文列举龙岩方言的四大体系的亲属称谓词，漫谈其中蕴涵的传统伦理观念、反映着古老的婚姻形式和社会生活、折射出亲情醇厚的民俗民风。     

汉英称谓的差异及其翻译

汉英语言文化的差异导致两种称谓系统的不同.如果直接把汉语称谓语移植到英语中,往往会引起意想不到的文化困惑甚至震惊.因此,了解汉英称谓的差异以及差异背后的社会文化根源有助于我们从语用对等的层面正确地翻译称谓语.     

人称称谓语的非对称性浅析

在前人研究的基础上,通过搜集大量的相关材料探讨人称称谓语的非对称性。首先从人称称谓语的对称性入手,分析了对称性的主要类型,着重探讨了人称称谓语非对称性的种种表现形式,最后对造成非对称性的制约因素进行了阐述。以期能够对现代汉语词汇方面的学习起到一定的促进作用。     

儒道释文化与《西游记》中的称谓词语英译

从中国传统的儒道佛思想视角分析《西游记》中称谓语的动态翻译,阐述因受到语境的变量和称谓语背后隐藏的文化的影响,书中称谓语的正确翻译乃是难点之一,应通过上下文的语境和其隐含的意思来解析并选择最适当的翻译方法。     

Females increase offspring heterozygosity and fitness through extra-pair matings

Females in a variety of species commonly mate with multiple males, and there is evidence that they benefit by producing offspring of higher genetic quality; however, the nature of these genetic benefits is debated. Enhanced offspring survival or quality can result from intrinsic effects of paternal genes---'good genes'--or from interactions between the maternal and paternal genomes--'compatible genes'. Evidence for the latter process is accumulating: matings between relatives lead to decreased reproductive success, and the individual level of inbreeding--measured as average heterozygosity--is a strong fitness predictor. Females should thus benefit from mating with genetically dissimilar males. In many birds, social monogamy restricts mate choice, but females may circumvent this by pursuing extra-pair copulations. Here we show that female blue tits, Parus caeruleus, increase the heterozygosity of their progeny through extra-pair matings. Females thereby produce offspring of higher reproductive value, because less inbred individuals have increased survival chances, a more elaborate male secondary sexual trait (crown colour) and higher reproductive success. The cost of inbreeding may therefore be an important factor driving the evolution of female extra-pair mating.     

The genetic basis of family conflict resolution in mice

Asymmetries in the costs and benefits of parental investment for mothers, fathers and offspring result in family conflict over the production and provisioning of young. In species where females provide most resources before and after birth, the resolution of this conflict may be influenced by genes expressed in mothers and by maternally and paternally inherited genes expressed in offspring. Here we disentangle these effects by means of reciprocal mating and cross-fostering of litters between two strains of mice that differ with respect to the typical resolution of family conflict. We find that differences in litter size between these two strains are determined by paternal genotype, whereas differences in provisioning are under maternal control, showing that there is antagonistic coadaptation of maternal and paternal effects on distinct life-history traits. Maternal provisioning is also influenced by the type of foster offspring. Contradictory to theoretical expectations, however, we find no evidence for a negative correlation across strains between maternal provisioning and offspring demand. Instead, we show that there is positive coadaptation such that offspring obtain more resources from foster mothers of the same strain as their natural mother, irrespective of their father's strain.     

Deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA in patients with mitochondrial myopathies

In vitro studies of muscle mitochondrial metabolism in patients with mitochondrial myopathy have identified a variety of functional defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, predominantly affecting complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) or complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) in adult cases. These two enzymes consist of approximately 36 subunits, eight of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The increased incidence of maternal, as opposed to paternal, transmission in familial mitochondrial myopathy suggests that these disorders may be caused by mutations of mtDNA. Multiple restriction endonuclease analysis of leukocyte mtDNA from patients with the disease, and their relatives, showed no differences in cleavage patterns between affected and unaffected individuals in any single maternal line. When muscle mtDNA was studied, nine of 25 patients were found to have two populations of muscle mtDNA, one of which had deletions of up to 7 kilobases in length. These observations demonstrate that mtDNA heteroplasmy can occur in man and that human disease may be associated with defects of the mitochondrial genome.     

壮族丧葬仪式结构及其文化象征意义解读（一）——以榕垌村壮族新丧首次葬仪式结构及其文化象征意义分析为例

壮族农村礼俗社会拥有一套以既定程式体现其基本社会关系结构秩序和特定文化价值意义的丧葬制度文化。它以新丧首次葬和拾骨二次葬两段完整的传统仪式完成壮族对个人生命存在意义和群体宇宙存续方式的展示和理解。其中，在壮族新丧首次葬仪式活动过程中，丧葬主体（亲属）、客体（死者）、中介（法师）、场域（灵堂、墓地）等众多仪式要素相互作用，共同组成一个程式相对完整、意义相对独立的社会秩序结构体系，人们以一系列象征性的手段，通过这个结构体系，表达对死者的追念和对生者的关怀，实现个体生命存在形式的转场和社会群体关系秩序的整合。     

潍坊方言中的"同指异称"与"同称异指"现象

本文所论是潍坊方言中主要人际称谓的“同指异称”与“同称异指”现象。一方面,潍坊方言中祖父母、父母等主要称谓对象,各县市区有着不同的称谓用词;另一方面,潍坊方言中“爷爷”、“爷”等同一个称谓词,各县市区往往又代表着不同的称谓对象。本文就潍坊方言中人际称谓存在的这两方面的问题,作了较为全面的分析归纳。