不同年龄行星状星云的CO成图观测

在行星状星云周围可能存在其前身星－ＡＧＢ星的中性包层遗迹和弱的他了谱线发射，使用美国五大学射电天文台（ＦＣＲＡＯ）的１４ｍ天线和新建立的ＱＵＡＲＲＹ毫米波接收系统对２个较年轻的行星状星云Ｍ１－７和Ｍ１－１６以及一个年老的行星状星云ＶＶ４７进行了ＣＯ分子的Ｊ＝１－０的谱线成图，得到了这些星云ＣＯ谱线积分强度的空间分布和谱线发射的速度范围，观测表明从ＡＧＢ星到行星状星云分子的分布有从球对称向非球对称过     

标准薄盘径移速度对谱线轮廓影响研究

 在考虑标准薄盘流体元径移速度的情况下,推导出Kerr黑洞附近吸积盘的观测谱线流量的一般计算式.利用光子追踪法,计算不同参数条件下薄吸积盘的谱线轮廓,通过比较考虑径移速度vr和忽略径移速度vr=0两种情况下吸积盘的谱线轮廓,得出在多数情况下,径移速度对谱线流量的影响是不可忽略的.     

与主序前星成协分子云的CO成图观测

使用美国五大学射电天文台（ＦＣＲＡＯ）的１４ｍ无线和新建立的ＱＵＡＲＲＹ接收系统对中心区ＣＯ（２－１）谱线呈现双峰特征的２个ＰＭＳ星Ｐ１１和Ｖ１５１５Ｃｙｇ进行了ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线成图观测。观测表明，无论是ＰＰ１１还是Ｖ１５１５Ｃｙｇ，其ＣＯ（１－０）谱线都在大范围内表现出双峰谱型。分析ＰＰ１１和Ｖ１５１５Ｃｙｇ红、蓝２个速度峰和峰谷速度上的等强分布可以发现，与主序前星成协且具有ＣＯ双峰谱的分子云中可能存在２种运动：一种是低速的与视线方向成某个角度的大张角的双向运动，它可能是ＰＭＳ星形成前双极外向流阶段的进一步发展（张角变大，速度变小）；另一种是起因于ＰＭＳ星风的向四外发展的膨胀的壳层运动，而在壳层内密度分布是高度团块性的，这种团块可能是新形成的ＰＭＳ星与母分子云相互作用，从而导致分子云碎裂的结果。     

径移速度对SSD谱线轮廓及成像影响

在考虑标准薄盘流体元径移速度的情况下,推导出Kerr黑洞附近吸积盘的观测谱线流量的一般计算式．利用光子追踪法,计算不同参数条件下标准薄吸积盘的谱线轮廓,通过比较考虑径移速度和忽略径移速度两种情况下吸积盘的谱线轮廓,得出在多数情况下,径移速度对谱线流量的影响是显著的,两种情况下吸积盘流量成像图形状基本不变．     

奇形怪状的和"规矩"的河外星系

《科技导报》2003年第4和第8两期刊出了行星状星云和与恒星形成区成协的气体星云的图片。除了SN1987A以外 ,它们都是银河系内的天体。其大小前者大约不超过1光年 ,后者也小于10光年。当然 ,对人类来说这已经是一个天文数字了 ,因为1光年相当于10万亿公里。这一期我们同样给出一批美丽的图片。但它们却是“大个儿”了 ,因为它们都是河外星系。在过去 ,天文学家用肉眼通过不大的望远镜去观测天体。他们将一些不清晰的点源(它们是恒星)———有些模糊的小团的天体称之为星云 ,而且编成了NGC、IC等星表。直到上世纪20年代 ,美国威尔逊山天文…     

蟹状星云中γ射线的辐射机制

根据蟹状星云中γ射线的观测数据拟合谱,对γ射线的辐射机制进行了分析,通过同步加速吸收的加速机制使电子得到产生γ射线的能量,定性确定了辐射γ射线的电子能量的上限,由观测谱推断高能γ射线是逆康普顿散射机制产生的,并由此确定了不同能量段的γ射线发自星云不同的区域。     

基于STL模型的抽壳方法研究

针对快速原型制造(RPM)和熔模铸造中对壳体原型的需求,提出了一种对零件的STL(STereoLithography)模型进行抽壳的新方法,将零件的STL模型的抽壳过程分解为沿Z坐标轴的偏置和切层轮廓区域偏置,并通过对偏置后的切层轮廓所围成的多边形进行布尔运算,得到了切层后零件的壳体STL模型.由于克服了STL模型三维偏置所面临的困难,因此特别适合对具有复杂曲面零件的STL模型进行抽壳.工程实例表明,该方法缩短了原型制作时间,降低了制作成本,具有实用价值和良好的市场前景.     

塞弗特星系NGC5953的形态和表面色指数

用国家天文台昆明站1m光学望远镜和兴隆站2．16m光学望远镜对塞弗特2型活动星系NGC5953进行了B、V、R三色测光观测，着重研究了星系形态、三个光学波段上的表面亮度轮廓和（B-V）、（B—R）表面色指数分布。结果发现，在NGC5953星系核的附近偏北方有一个大小约2kpc、平均光谱型相当于A5的蟹状“蓝区”，该“蓝区”伸展出5条旋臂状结构并分别与5组巨电离氢区成协；在NGC5953与邻近的旋涡星系NGC5954的连接区域存在一个较弱的结构，可能是一个大小约1kpc、绝对星等约-12．75的矮星系；NGC5953表面色指数分布重心相对于巨电离氢区分布重心及星系核存在着约0．5kpc的偏离，这表明了NGC5953／4的相互作用与NGC5953中发生的恒星形成有密切相关。     

CS+A2∏3/2←X2∑+转动分辨电子跃迁光谱的标识分析

针对A2∏-X2∑类型电子跃迁,建立了双原子分子或线性多原子分子电子跃迁谱线的标识方法及视图人机交互式计算机辅助标识程序.以CS+A2∏3/2(u=1)←X2∑+(u=0)跃迁的速度调制光谱为例,介绍了这类转动分辨电子吸收光谱的标识方法,并按CS+分子能级结构的代数模型,对标识后的谱线数据进行了最小二乘拟合,得到CS+初步的分子结构参数,为CS+谱线的完备分析提供了重要信息.     

湍流激励下单双层圆柱壳振动特性对比

基于随机理论,采用半解析半数值方法,以单双层圆柱壳模型为例,计算了湍流激励下单双层圆柱壳的输入功率谱密度和振动速度功率谱密度,对比分析了单双层圆柱壳的振动特性.结果表明：随着航速增高,湍流脉动压力激起壳体表面振动速度的自功率谱密度幅值变大,趋势基本相同;同一航速下,湍流脉动压力作为面分布力作用在壳体外表面上,由于双壳体的外壳较薄,因此双壳体振动速度响应大于单壳体的.     

Water-maser emission from a planetary nebula with a magnetized torus.

A star like the Sun becomes a planetary nebula towards the end of its life, when the envelope ejected during the earlier giant phase becomes photoionized as the surface of the remnant star reaches a temperature of approximately 30,000 K. The spherical symmetry of the giant phase is lost in the transition to a planetary nebula, when non-spherical shells and powerful jets develop. Molecules that were present in the giant envelope are progressively destroyed by the radiation. The water-vapour masers that are typical of the giant envelopes therefore are not expected to persist in planetary nebulae. Here we report the detection of water-maser emission from the planetary nebula K3-35. The masers are in a magnetized torus with a radius of about 85 astronomical units and are also found at the surprisingly large distance of about 5,000 astronomical units from the star, in the tips of bipolar lobes of gas. The precessing jets from K3-35 are probably involved in the excitation of the distant masers, although their existence is nevertheless puzzling. We infer that K3-35 is being observed at the very moment of its transformation from a giant star to a planetary nebula.     

A collimated jet of molecular gas from a star on the asymptotic giant branch

Evolved stars of about one solar mass are in general spherically symmetric, yet the planetary nebulae that they produce in the next phase of their evolution tend not to exhibit such symmetry. Collimated 'jets' and outflows of material have been observed up to approximately 0.3 parsec from the central stars of planetary nebulae, and precession of those jets has been proposed to explain the observed asymmetries. Moreover, it has recently been shown theoretically that magnetic fields could launch and collimate such jets. Here we report the detection of a collimated and precessing jet of molecular gas that is traced by water-vapour maser spots approximately 500 astronomical units (au) from the star W43A in Aquila. We conclude that the jet is formed in the immediate vicinity of the star, and infer that elongated planetary nebulae are formed by jets during the short period, of less than 1,000 years, when the star makes its transition through the proto-planetary nebula phase to become a planetary nebula.     

Sublimation from icy jets as a probe of the interstellar volatile content of comets

Comets are some of the most primitive bodies left over from the Solar System's early history. They may preserve both interstellar material and material from the proto-solar nebula, and so studies of their volatile components can provide clues about the evolution of gases and ices, as a collapsing molecular cloud transforms into a mature planetary system. Previous observations of emission from rotational transitions in molecules have averaged over large areas of the inner coma, and therefore include both molecules that sublimed from the nucleus and those that result from subsequent chemical processes in the coma Here we present high-resolution observations of emission from the molecules HNC, DCN and HDO associated with comet Hale-Bopp. Our data reveal arc-like structures-icy jets-offset from (but close to) the nucleus. The measured abundance ratios on 1-3" scales are substantially different from those on larger scales, and cannot be accounted for by models of chemical processes in the coma; they are, however, similar to the values observed in the cores of dense interstellar clouds and young stellar objects. We therefore propose that sublimation from millimetre-sized icy grains ejected from the nucleus provides access to relatively unaltered volatiles. The D/H ratios inferred from our data suggest that, by mass, Hale-Bopp (and by inference the outer regions of the early solar nebula) consists of > or =15-40% of largely unprocessed interstellar material.     

An ancient nova shell around the dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis

Cataclysmic variables (classical novae and dwarf novae) are binary star systems in which a red dwarf transfers hydrogen-rich matter, by way of an accretion disk, to its white dwarf companion. In dwarf novae, an instability is believed to episodically dump much of the accretion disk onto the white dwarf. The liberation of gravitational potential energy then brightens these systems by up to 100-fold every few weeks or months. Thermonuclear-powered eruptions thousands of times more luminous occur in classical novae, accompanied by significant mass ejection and formation of clearly visible shells from the ejected material. Theory predicts that the white dwarfs in all dwarf novae must eventually accrete enough mass to undergo classical nova eruptions. Here we report a shell, an order of magnitude more extended than those detected around many classical novae, surrounding the prototypical dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis. The derived shell mass matches that of classical novae, and is inconsistent with the mass expected from a dwarf nova wind or a planetary nebula. The shell observationally links the prototypical dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis with an ancient nova eruption and the classical nova process.     

A magnetically collimated jet from an evolved star

Planetary nebulae often have asymmetric shapes, even though their progenitor stars were symmetric; this structure could be the result of collimated jets from the evolved stars before they enter the planetary nebula phase. Theoretical models have shown that magnetic fields could be the dominant source of jet-collimation in evolved stars, just as these fields are thought to collimate outflows in other astrophysical sources, such as active galactic nuclei and proto-stars. But hitherto there have been no direct observations of both the magnetic field direction and strength in any collimated jet. Here we report measurements of the polarization of water vapour masers that trace the precessing jet emanating from the asymptotic giant branch star W43A (at a distance of 2.6 kpc from the Sun), which is undergoing rapid evolution into a planetary nebula. The masers occur in two clusters at opposing tips of the jets, approximately 1,000 au from the star. We conclude from the data that the magnetic field is indeed collimating the jet.     

A collimated, high-speed outflow from the dying star V Hydrae

Stars with masses in the range 1-8 solar masses (M(\circ)) live ordinary lives for approximately 10(9)-10(10) years, but die extraordinary deaths. First, during their death throes as asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars they eject, over 10(4)-10(5) years, half or more of their mass in slowly expanding, spherical winds, and then, in a short (a few 100-1,000 years) and poorly understood phase, they are transformed into aspherical planetary nebula. Recent studies support the idea that high-speed, jet-like flows play a crucial role in this transformation. Evidence for such outflows is indirect, however; this phase is so short that few nearby stars are likely to be caught in the act. Here we report the discovery of a newly launched, high-speed jet-like outflow in the nearby AGB star, V Hydrae. We have detected both proper motions and ongoing evolution in the jet. These results support a model in which the jet is driven by an accretion disk around an unseen, compact companion. We also find a central, dense equatorial disk-like structure which may enable and/or enhance the formation of the accretion disk.     

Discrepancy between infrared and optical emission in some Be stars

An expanding ring model is put forward to investigate the original regions of Hα line emission and infrared excess emission in Be stars, by taking optical depth into account. We find that the two regions depend strongly on the physical properties of the envelope of Be stars such as the initial density and density structure. This model can be used to qualitatively interpret the disagreement between the near infrared excess and the equivalent width (EW) of Hα emissionline, as observed in some Be stars.     

The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter-Saturn region of the Solar System

Planets are believed to have formed through the accumulation of a large number of small bodies. In the case of the gas-giant planets Jupiter and Saturn, they accreted a significant amount of gas directly from the protosolar nebula after accumulating solid cores of about 5-15 Earth masses. Such models, however, have been unable to produce the smaller ice giants Uranus and Neptune at their present locations, because in that region of the Solar System the small planetary bodies will have been more widely spaced, and less tightly bound gravitationally to the Sun. When applied to the current Jupiter-Saturn zone, a recent theory predicts that, in addition to the solid cores of Jupiter and Saturn, two or three other solid bodies of comparable mass are likely to have formed. Here we report the results of model calculations that demonstrate that such cores will have been gravitationally scattered outwards as Jupiter, and perhaps Saturn, accreted nebular gas. The orbits of these cores then evolve into orbits that resemble those of Uranus and Neptune, as a result of gravitational interactions with the small bodies in the outer disk of the protosolar nebula.     

侧向荷载作用下等腰梯形底扁壳的非线性弯曲

本文将 Navier 提出的四边简支矩形板线性弯曲的双三角级数解法推广到梯形底扁壳,采用 Margueree 的理论对其进行了线性和非线性弹性平衡问题的研究。文中通过引进新的未知函数成功地将原方程降低,并找到了荷载位移空间 R~(n+1) 中跟踪解曲线的简洁有效的约束方程,从而避免了求解由 Navier 法导出的非线性代数方程组在壳体平衡路径中极值点附近切线刚度矩阵的奇异性,算例表明计算量少,级数收敛快,所用方法可靠。