国外支持农业科技创新的制度保障与启示

农业科技创新既包括对农业未知领域扣新科学方法与知识的探索，也包括对农业新技术的研发与推广，在这一过程中需要建立一个有效的农业科技创新体系作为支撑。由于农业在一国的经济中往往处于十分重要的基础性地位，因此，在建设与完善农业科技创新体系的过程中，需要政府从法律、宏观科技管理、科研体系设置和科技成果推广体系等方面均拥有十分有力的制度保障。本文对国外支持农业创新的制度保障进行了系统的分析与总结，并在此基础上，针对目前我国农业科技创新的现状，从立法、科技管理和成果推广三个方面提供了一些政策建议。     

若干国家支持农业科技创新的共性特征及启示

分析了若干发达国家支持农业科技创新的一些共性特征，包括加强研究开发能力建设，完善农业推广体系，开展全方位农业科技推广服务，建立科技创新的多元化投资机制，重视农业教育以及教育与科研、推广工作的配合，视农民为创新工作的重要主体。并阐述了对我国农业科技创新工作的借鉴意义。     

澳大利亚稻作技术研发与推广模式

稻作技术的研发与推广是我国水稻发展面临的重要问题之一。本文介绍了澳大利亚水稻生产现状,阐述了水稻标准化技术(Ricecheck)的发展及其八项关键技术的组成与推广模式,其推广经验对我国稻作的发展有一定的启示和借鉴作用。     

深化农业科技体制改革，推动云南农业科技创新

一、云南省农业科技体系现状 建国五十年特别是改革开放二十年以来,农业科研推广体系基本形成.全省已建有省、地(州、市)两级独立农业科研所59个(其中省级22个,地州市级37个);省、地(州、市)、县及绝大部分乡(镇)已建立了农技、农经、农机和畜牧站等农业技术推广服务机构;成立了农民专业技术研究会,初步形成了省、地、县、乡四级农业科研、科技推广服务网络.农业科技教育体系逐渐完善.全省已建立2所农业高等教育院校,19所农业中等专业学校,在83所职业中学中设置与农业相关的专业,以及各级农业干部教育和农民文化技术培训学校等,形成多层次、多学科的农业教育体系.     

寺河井田煤层气利用系统分析及推广研究

在煤层气产量日益增长，利用率却不断降低的背景下，提高煤层气的推广利用程度成为该产业发展的关键。通过分析晋煤集团寺河矿西风井工业广场和东风井生活小区的煤层气利用系统，以及其商业推广煤层气的各种途径，为各高瓦斯井田的“瓦斯”变害为宝提出了建议。     

我国抗肿瘤药物研究历史的回顾及体会

对我国抗肿瘤药物的研究发展成程进行回顾，结合自己的研究工作，扼要介绍更生霉素、氮芥类衍生物如甲氧芬及消卡芥、抗癌锑，植物抗癌药差劲基喜树碱、高三尖杉酯碱等药物的研究结果，对新近研究的几项工作也有所提及，文中提出研究过程中的一些体会，包括课题立项、研究开发、推广生产的经验，作为今后工作的参考。     

基于本体的农业知识管理系统构建方法

本体作为对概念、概念与概念间相互关系的形式化表达,在农业信息分类、信息库和知识库构建、智能搜索引擎研发以及信息协同服务等方面具有广泛的应用前景.文中提出了包括基于本体的知识获取、知识表示、知识组织、知识挖掘等功能的农业知识管理系统构建框架,探索了关键技术、构建工具和应用,同时对下一步继续完善理论研究、智能仿真知识服务研究提出展望.     

西藏昌都地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

近年来,西藏昌都地区土地利用变化很大,研究其对生态系统服务价值的影响,可为生态环境可持续发展和土地利用结构调整提供依据.本文参考谢高地等制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值当量,利用昌都地区三期土地利用数据,估算了1988～2004年土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化.结果表明生态系统服务价值总量一直呈增长趋势,生态环境总体质量在提高.针对变化,为该区农业可持续发展,提出了土地结构调整目标:农业用地内部结构调整、加大未利用地开发、培肥土壤.     

论四川水资源、水环境与农业可持续发展

论述了水资源永续利用与农业可持续发展的关系；分析了四川水资源、水环境等问题现状及对农业的影响；提出了水资源持续开发利用，确保农业持续发展的对策与建议。     

从国际农业科技创新态势到我国山区农业供给侧结构性改革

农业科技创新是制约农业发展的主要因素。目前,我国农业的发展正处于变革的重要时期,面对我国农业内部深层次的结构性矛盾,如何加快传统农业的改造、推进农业科技化和现代化建设,是实现我国农业转型发展的关键所在。本文总结了发达国家在农业整体战略布局、人才队伍建设、农业科研机构的职能布局及农业科技创新主体等方面的优化措施,结合我国多山特点,提出山地农业科技化发展的重点方向:以生产、生态、服务及产业化带动能力方面为方向,促进山地农业供给侧结构性改革;同时,结合地方特点,构建现代山地特色农业体系。     

Calorie restriction and the nutrient sensing signaling pathways

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most potent regimen known to extend the life span in multiple species. CR has also been shown to ameliorate several age-associated disorders in mammals and perhaps humans. CR induces diverse metabolic changes in organisms, and it is currently unclear whether and how these metabolic changes lead to life span extension. Recent studies in model systems have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms by which CR extends life span. In this review, we summarize and provide recent updates on multiple nutrient signaling pathways that have been connected to CR and longevity regulation. The roles of highly conserved longevity regulators – the Sirtuin family – in CR are also discussed. Received 25 August 2006; received after revision 9 October 2006; accepted 13 December 2006     

Predicting the Direction of the Fed's Target Rate

Predicting the direction of central banks' target interest rates is important for various market participants. This paper advances procedures for predicting the direction of the federal funds target rate using a dynamic extension of the multinomial logit model. I find that the 6‐month Treasury bill spread relative to the federal funds rate, the unemployment rate and the real GDP growth rate have superior predictive content for the direction of the target a week to several months ahead. When these variables are employed, lagged target changes do not provide additional predictive power. This suggests that the apparent positive serial dependence of the target changes is due to the Fed's systematic response to autocorrelated macroeconomic variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growing knowledge: Epistemic objects in agricultural extension work

We introduce a novel form of experimental knowledge that is the result of institutionally structured communication practices between farmers and university- and local community-based agronomists (agricultural extension specialists). This form of knowledge is exemplified in these communities’ uses of the concept of grower standard. Grower standard is a widely used but seldom discussed benchmark concept underpinning protocols used within agricultural experiments. It is not a one-size-fits-all standard but the product of local and active interactions between farmers and agricultural extension specialists. Grower standard is in some ways similar to more familiar epistemic objects discussed in philosophy of experiment, such as controls or background conditions. However, we argue that grower standard is epistemically novel, due to how knowledge arising from it is coproduced by farmers and agricultural extension specialists. Further, in the United States, this knowledge coproduction is institutionally structured by federal legislature dating back to the 19th century. We use our analysis of grower standard to focus a discussion of the positionality of the coproducers as well as the epistemic products of this form of knowledge coproduction, and we explore the role extension work plays in shaping agricultural science more broadly.     

Organization of reflex responses elicited in man by muscle stretch applied to uni- and bi-functional muscles]

The organization of human forearm reflexes following the application of extension torque perturbations has been studied in three flexors of the elbow: brachioradialis (BR), biceps (B), and pronator teres (PT). Two of these flexors are also involved in wrist supination: (B) and pronation (PT). During the perturbation, the wrist was fixed at various angles: from full supination to full pronation. The results show that the amplitude of the reflex responses of B and PT is highly dependent on wrist position. By eliminating biceps length changes as a source of observed reflex variation, it has been shown that the normalized reflex amplitude of B increases by 300% when the wrist position is varied from full pronation to full supination. In contrast, the BR muscle has a reflex response which is independent of wrist position. These results are discussed in relation to the role of reciprocal innervation and the possible action of receptors encoding wrist angle.     

Corrélations électriques auriculo-ventriculaires dans le cœur ouvert en suspension de Grenouille

Summary (1) When in air, a quasi-dielectric medium, the frog's heart, opened in extension, emits auricular potentials which are detected on the ventricular track and conversely. (2) Polarographic tests for pO₂ changes in such a preparation, enclosed in a special moist box, show no variations; predominant anaerobiosis in heart or size of the box has to be considered.

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Travail réalisé sous contrat de la Délégation générale à la Recherche scientifique et technique (Convention 63-FR-071).     

基于可拓学的零件工艺实例描述与修改方法研究

通过对零件工艺实例信息的分析，构建了用于描述实例的基元模型；对实例模型的修改操作进行了分类，提出了修改的流程；并运用可拓分析与变换原理，提出了各项修改操作的方法，从而解决了基于实例推理技术的工艺设计过程中的零件实例描述与修改问题。最后，通过例子验证了以上方法的可行性。     

Membrane resting potentials in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells

Membrane resting potentials (MRP) were measured systematically in cultured mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells: in the logarithmic growth phase; in subconfluent cultures; in confluent cultures; after dBcAMP had induced morphological differentiation. Neurite extension was accompanied by a significant increase in MRP as compared to the appropriate controls. No significant differences in MRP were observed with regard to the different growth phases.