Nonlinear response of biophoton emission to external perturbations

By considering an exciplex system consisting of collective molecules in interaction with both the ‘pumping’ fields and the biophoton fields, the two-level exciplex model and the three-level exciplex model are presented. They are useful for the investigation of the quasi-stationary behaviour of biophoton emission, and biophoton emission as a dynamic process in the presence of external perturbations. Our theoretical results predict a series of nonlinear effects, such as chaos, fractal behaviour, and non-equilibrium phase transition. These effects characterize the coherence nature of living systems. In our approaches, there are two important quantitiesf andx, which can be used to mark the working points of the two-level and three-level exciplex systems. All the influences of external perturbations on the exciplex systems, e.g. change of temperature, the addition of agents, exposure to light, etc., can be interpreted as shifts of the working points of the systems, leading to a diversity of nonlinear response of biophoton emission. In addition, the agreements of the theoretical results and the corresponding experimental observations on biophoton emission from biological systems in the presence of external perturbations are demonstrated.     

Ultraweak photon emission and anther meiotic cycle in Larix europaea (experimental investigation of Nagl and Popp's electromagnetic model of differentiation)

Synchronized microsporocytes and microspores of larch have been introduced as an excellent model system for the examination of the cell cycle dependence of biophoton emission (PE) and delayed luminescence (IPE). In agreement with the predictions of the model of Nagl and Popp for differentiation it could be experimentally confirmed that there exist: 1) sensitive dependence of PE and IPE on the cell cycle, 2) correlations to conformational states of DNA which are linked to DNase activity and 3) a hyperbolic decay of IPE. The electromagnetic model of differentiation predicts oscillations of IPE that should depend on the wavelength of the exciting light and the cell cycle phase. In the established larch model system evidence was obtained for the first time of these oscillations which showed a dependence on both wavelength of the inducing light and the stage of the cell cycle.     

Ultraweak photon emission and anther meiotic cycle inLarix europaea (experimental investigation of Nagl and Popp's electromagnetic model of differentiation)

Summary Synchronized microsporocytes and microspores of larch have been introduced as an excellent model system for the examination of the cell cycle dependence of biophoton emission (PE) and delayed luminescence (IPE). In agreement with the predictions of the model of Nagl and Popp for differentiation it could be experimentally confirmed that there exist: 1) sensitive dependence of PE and IPE on the cell cycle, 2) correlations to conformational states of DNA which are linked to DNase activity and 3) a hyperbolic decay of IPE.The electromagnetic model of differentiation predicts oscillations of IPE that should depend on the wavelength of the exciting light and the cell cycle phase. In the established larch model system evidence was obtained for the first time of these oscillations which showed a dependence on both wavelength of the inducing light and the stage of the cell cycle.     

卫星位置误差条件下基于约束Taylor级数迭代的地面目标定位理论性能分析

基于卫星平台的地球表面目标定位系统受到卫星位置误差的影响较大,为此,该文在卫星位置存在误差的条件下,系统给出一种推导约束Taylor级数迭代公式及其理论定位性能的数学分析框架.为了便于讨论,文中以时差观测量为范例,并在三种情形下分别推导各种用于地面目标辐射源定位的约束Taylor级数迭代公式及其相应的理论定位性能,并将该理论性能与三种情形下的约束Cram′er-Rao界进行定量比较,从而得到若干定量结论.文中讨论的三种情形包括:(I)没有卫星位置误差且没有校正源的情况;(II)卫星位置存在误差且没有校正源的情况;(III)卫星位置存在误差且存在校正源(位置精确已知)的情况.最后,文中设计若干基于时差的卫星定位实验场景用以验证算法推导和理论分析的有效性.     

Biophoton emission fromDaphnia magna: A possible factor in the self-regulation of swarming

Summary The formation of swarms by planktonic organisms was first described almost 100 years ago, but the mechanisms governing the development of patterns in population size and density are still not understood. In this study, we investigated one biophysical factor that may play an important role in swarm-formation. Spontaneous ultraweak photon emission in the visible range has been well documented for living cells, tissues and individuals in the plant and animal kingdom, including humans. We demonstrate here that the intensity of light emitted by the planktonic crustaceanDaphnia magna is a function of population density in relation to body size. The effects are discussed on the basis of the theory of Dicke^1,2, and it is suggested that biophoton emission may be a basic factor in the self-regulation of swarm density.     

ARIMA models of the price level: An assessment of the multilevel adaptive learning process in the USA

This paper estimates the ARIMA processes for the observed and expected price level corresponding to the three-level adaptive expectations model proposed by Jacobs and Jones (1980). These univariate processes are then compared with the best-fit ARIMA model. The results indicate that the best-fit model for the observed price level is a restricted version of the two-level adaptive learning process specified in terms of prices, suggesting a simple adaptive rule in the inflation rate. A comparison of the time-series forecasts from the best-fit model with the mean responses to the ASA-NBER survey shows no significant difference in their accuracy. The time-series forecasts are, however, conditionally efficient. The best-fit ARIMA model for expected prices measured by the ASA-NBER consensus forecasts does not correspond to any version of the Jacobs and Jones model.     

Luminescence research and its relation to ultraweak cell radiation

Summary The fundamental laws of photochemistry and the essential results of experimental research on ultraweak cell radiation are presented. By comparing all the facts it can be concluded that the phenomena discussed may arise from a variety of possible reactions and sources. Recombination reactions of certain radicals actually do release sufficient energy to generate UV-photons of the intensity under consideration. On the other hand, stimulated emission cannot be excluded in view of the distinct deviation of the radiation field from thermal equilibrium. There exist, however, various other candidates, such as direct emitters like flavins, indoles, porphyrins, carbonyl derivatives and aromatic compounds, and molecular oxygen and its various species, as well as collective molecular interactions, e.g. dimole or exciplex transitions, triplet-triplet annihilation, collective hydrolysis, electric field effects in membranes, etc.Careful biochemical and biophysical experiments are still necessary to find answers to all the questions that remain; not only individual problems have to be solved, but it is important to keep in mind the interrelationships between certain reactions.     

Luminescence research and its relation to ultraweak cell radiation

The fundamental laws of photochemistry and the essential results of experimental research on ultraweak cell radiation are presented. By comparing all the facts it can be concluded that the phenomena discussed may arise from a variety of possible reactions and sources. Recombination reactions of certain radicals actually do release sufficient energy to generate UV-photons of the intensity under consideration. On the other hand, stimulated emission cannot be excluded in view of the distinct deviation of the radiation field from thermal equilibrium. There exist, however, various other candidates, such as direct emitters like flavins, indoles, porphyrins, carbonyl derivatives and aromatic compounds, and molecular oxygen and its various species, as well as collective molecular interactions, e.g. dimole or exciplex transitions, triplet-triplet annihilation, collective hydrolysis, electric field effects in membranes, etc. Careful biochemical and biophysical experiments are still necessary to find answers to all the questions that remain; not only individual problems have to be solved, but it is important to keep in mind the interrelationships between certain reactions.     

Asymptotic prediction of mean squared error for long-memory processes with estimated parameters

In this paper we deal with the prediction theory of long-memory time series. The purpose is to derive a general theory of the convergence of moments of the nonlinear least squares estimator so as to evaluate the asymptotic prediction mean squared error (PMSE). The asymptotic PMSE of two predictors is evaluated. The first is defined by the estimator of the differencing parameter, while the second is defined by a fixed differencing parameter: in other words, a parametric predictor of the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model. The effects of misspecifying the differencing parameter is a long-memory model are clarified by the asymptotic results relating to the PMSE. The finite sample behaviour of the predictor and the model selection in terms of PMSE of the two predictors are examined using simulation, and the source of any differences in behaviour made clear in terms of asymptotic theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信息几何理论与应用研究进展

信息几何是在Riemann流形上采用现代微分几何方法来研究统计学问题的基础性、前沿性学科，被誉为是继Shannon开辟现代信息理论之后的又一新的理论变革，在信息科学与系统理论研究领域展现出了巨大的发展潜力．本文首先从参数化概率分布族的内蕴几何结构特征与信息的几何性质出发，精炼了信息几何的科学内涵，指出信息几何相比于经典统计学与信息论的理论优势与方法的革新．然后简要阐述了信息几何与微分几何的联系，综述了信息几何理论的发展历史与近20年来信息几何在神经网络、统计推断、通信编码、系统理论、物理学和医学成像等各领域应用的研究现状，归纳和总结了其中所体现的信息几何的基本原理和基本方法，并对信息几何的发展给予注记．特别地，对信息几何在信号处理领域中的应用成果进行了较全面的总结和概括，阐述了信息几何在信号检测、参数估计与滤波等方面的最新研究成果．最后，展望信息几何的发展前景，提出了信息几何在信号处理领域中的若干开放性问题．     

在非线性系统中的微观粒子的特性和非线性量子力学理论(下)

在非线性系统中由于存在着与粒子状态相关的非线性相互作用，微观粒子的状态和特征相对于线性系统而发生了很大变化。原有的线性型的量子力学理论不能很好地描述这些微观粒子的状态和特征。至此，必然要发展新的理论。本文研究了微观粒子在非线性作用下的运动特性和本性的变化，说明了在线性作用和非线性场中微观粒子的性质是明显不同的，启示我们必须建立微观粒子在非线性场中运动的新理论。接着我们研究了与微观量子效应迥然不同的宏观量子效应与非线性作用的孤立子运动的紧密关系，结合现代孤立子理论和超导与超流理论，我们首先提出了非线性量子力学的基本原理及在此基础上建立了系统、完整的非线性量子力学理论体系，并得到的一些新结论。最后我们还论证了这个理论的正确性和自洽性，它的运用范围以及它的重大意义。     

Regulation and electric excitation of enzyme membranes in vitro]

Enzyme membranes can be activated or inhibited by applying continuous or alternating electrical fields. The field can modify the transport or reaction term of the transport-reaction by action on the displacement of charged species including those giving pH effects or inducing volume flows. A first experimental example is given: the progressive supression of the inhibition of hexokinase by the product when increasing alternating fields are applied. In the same way the apparent optimal pH approaches that of the soluble enzyme. In addition to its theoretical and practical implications electrical regulation can lead to the monitoring of enzyme reaction-driven mechanochemical fibers.     

非线性随机动力学与控制研究进展及展望

随机动力学系用概率与统计方法研究自然界、工程及社会中各种随机动力学过程与现象。经一个世纪的发展，非线性随机动力学与控制已有相当的理论方法，主要是扩散过程理论方法。本文概述该理论方法，特别是作者提出与发展的非线性随机动力学与控制的Hamilton理论体系框架。最后建议各领域随机动力学与控制研究者进行跨学科的合作研究。     

固体氧化物燃料电池-斯特林热机混合动力系统的性能优化

应用电化学、非平衡态热力学和有限时间热力学等理论,建立包含多种不可逆损失的固体氧化物燃料电池与斯特林热机组合而成的混合动力循环系统理论模型,导出混合系统的输出功率和效率的表达式,确定混合系统的最大输出功率和最大效率及其工作在最大输出功率或工作在最大效率时的运行条件,给出系统的优化工作区域,详细讨论了热力学循环过程的不可逆性对混合系统优化性能的影响,探讨了固体氧化物燃料电池与斯特林热机之间的最佳匹配关系.所得结果可为实际混合动力系统的设计和优化运行提供理论依据.     

具有双控制输入通道高阶不确定非线性系统控制设计

本文研究了一类高阶不确定非线性系统的全局渐近稳定控制设计问题.不同于现有结果,本文所研究的高阶非线性系统具有两个控制输入通道,即控制输入直接作用于两个一维子系统.这导致已有的控制设计方法不能或难以用来解决该类控制设计问题,因此,寻求新的控制设计方法,用以解决多控制输入通道高阶非线性系统的控制设计问题,是一个很有意义的研究课题.本文首先引入一个有效的反馈变换,从而在非线性系统满足适当假设条件下,成功地将该类系统的控制设计问题转化为规范的单控制输入通道情况下的控制设计问题.进而借助于已有结果,特别是增加幂次积分方法,给出所研究非线性系统的全局渐近稳定控制器的设计方法.尽管本文所研究的系统是具有多控制输入通道高阶非线性系统的特殊情况,所得结果具有一定的局限性,但对更一般情况具有借鉴和指导作用.最后,仿真算例验证了本文理论结果的有效性.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the hydration of proteins and DNA

The behaviour of water in the presence of proteins and DNA as elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance is reviewed. The picture that emerges is that in dilute solution only those water molecules in the interior of the biopolymers or in clefts have their motions substantially affected. In concentrated systems the situation is more complicated because many more motions have to be considered, but there is no evidence of special effects due to the biopolymers being present. The case of nonfreezing water in protein solutions is considered, and it is suggested that this is not evidence for 'bound' water but simply due to the effects of the inhibition of protein precipitation.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the hydration of proteins and DNA

The behaviour of water in the presence of proteins and DNA as elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance is reviewed. The picture that emerges is that in dilute solution only those water molecules in the interior of the biopolymers or in clefts have their motions substantially affected. In concentrated systems the situation is more complicated because many more motions have to be considered, but there is no evidence of special effects due to the biopolymers being present. The case of nonfreezing water in protein solutions is considered, and it is suggested that this is not evidence for 'bound' water but simply due to the effects of the inhibition of protein precipitation.     

Depth perception by means of ambient sounds in a small mammal

Summary Golden hamsters placed on a jumping stand from which they can descend onto a shallow or deep landing platform prefer to descend on to the shallow platform, even when tested under IR-light without tactile cues. This preference disappears for subjects with plugged ears. The simultaneous recording of the animal's behaviour and possible emission of ultrasound as well as experiments in which the external acoustical conditions or the sound-reflecting properties of the jumping apparatus were altered suggest that the animals use certain parameters of the ambient sound field for depth perception. Acknowledgments. This research was supported by the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique, grant No. 3.349.74.     

Photon emission in tumor biology

Photon emission from mammalian cells has been subject of study for many years. Growing research activity is directed on the photon emission within the field of tumor biology. These studies, applying high-sensitivity photon counting methods, have paid attention to several aspects, including photon emission from serum of tumor-bearing animals, photon emission of tumors and of isolated tumor cells. In addition, research activity is increased with respect to the photon emission by white light from cultured tumor cells. In this review we report on the different aspects of spontaneous and induced photon emission of tumor cells as compared to normal cells. Throughout these studies the question of a functional biological role of this spontaneous and light-induced photon emission has been raised and some different points of view will be discussed.