上海地区不同建筑布局形式教室冬季室内空气环境的实测研究

对上海地区围合式与非围合式建筑形式的教室冬季室内热环境和CO_2浓度进行了实测,给出了不供暖教室的空气环境特征,分析了建筑布局形式对教室冬季室内热环境和空气品质的影响.结果表明,在上海地区,不论建筑形式如何,不供暖关窗教室热环境67.8%的时间均能满足基本热舒适要求,但空气品质恶劣,53.7%的时间CO_2浓度超过国家标准限值.在相同条件下,围合式建筑教室的较大冬季冷风渗透量使得其冬季室内温度低于非围合式建筑.     

建筑布局对住区风热环境的影响分析与优化策略

为了改善住区内部公共空间的热舒适性,通过对天津市中心城区内16个典型住区夏季室外温度和风速空间分布进行比较,分析建筑布局与风热环境的关系,并提出不同类型住区热舒适性优化的空间设计策略。结果表明：在微风条件下,昼间15:00:00左右住区内部空气温度空间差异最大,并且各住区内部都形成低温区,其中多层行列式住区低温区面积较小,平均空气温度比其他3个住区平均空气温度高0.3℃左右;昼间住区内部根据平均辐射温度在空间上分为高温区和低温区2个部分,高温时段所有住区低温区面积小于住区面积的20%;低层小街坊住区平均风速最小,高层高密度住区平均风速最大,风速比相差0.19;高温时段,住区空气温度和风速随建筑密度的增大而减小,住区空气温度和风速随天空视域因子的增大而增大,住区风速随建筑高度的增大而增大;通过加密路网、减小建筑密度、增大东西向建筑围合和增大主导风向建筑间距等方法,可以改善夏季高密度住区室外热舒适性。     

中国传统庭院空间的围合与构成

文章在分析了庭院空间概念的基础上,就建筑的庭院空间与建筑本身的关系做出了简明分析。概括了中国传统建筑庭院空间的五种基本的围合方式以及两种不同的构成方式,并且总结出即使再复杂的传统建筑空间,都是遵循了上述的基本围合与构成方式。     

基于城市微气候测析的建筑外部空间围合度研究——以上海市大连路总部研发集聚区国歌广场为例

给出了一种从建筑学场地设计的角度出发,对建筑外部空间形态特征——围合度与场地微气候的关联性进行研究.建筑外部空间形态是建筑师可以操作的对建成环境的调控手段,场地微气候是环境调控的主要目标和媒介,建筑低碳节能是环境调控要达成的目的.在对上海市内城区典型办公建筑群案例——国歌广场的研究中,采用现场微气候实测的方法,分析外部空间形态与场地微气候的温度场、风场、日照分布的关系.经场地平面、剖面类型分析探讨场地外部空间形态特征与场地微气候特征的关联性.场地实测的数据表明外部空间几何形态对场地微气候指标如温度、风速、太阳辐射有显著影响.对实测数据的相关性分析和回归分析显示场地微气候与场地围合度因素显著相关,包括建筑、地形和绿化的围合,围合度的量化变量指标包括剖面高宽比(H/W)、平面通透率(L/C)、天穹可见度(SVF)、地面升起与下沉的高差(H).实测数据分析表明场地中的空气温度(TMP)与天穹可见度(SVF)正相关,夏季三次曲线模型拟合度较好,冬季相关性比夏季弱;场地中的风速(WNS),夏季与平面通透率(L/G)正相关,相关性较弱,冬季与剖面高宽比(H/W)负相关,相关性比夏季显著;场地中的太阳辐射强度(SRD)与天穹可见度(SVF)正相关,夏季为三次曲线模型拟合度较好,夏季相关性比冬季显著.天穹可见度(SVF)与平面通透率(L/C)、剖面高宽比(H/W)可以作为影响太阳辐射和热压通风作用的指标.总结得出了夏季和冬季场地空间形态围合度要素与场地微气候要素关系的拟合模型.对场地热环境的太阳辐射、温度场、风场的分析发现,由半围合、半覆盖的空间形式组合的多样化的空间形态最有利于场地中微气候的调节.     

自然通风对庭院建筑开敞空间热环境影响的实测研究

对典型庭院建筑开敞空间冬、夏季热环境分别进行了连续实测,分析了不同自然通风条件下,太阳辐射和气象条件对庭院内温度分布规律的影响.结果表明,自然通风对庭院热环境有重要影响,且该影响在不同太阳辐射和季节条件下效果不同.无论开窗或关窗,太阳辐射对庭院热压分布都有显著影响,庭院密闭性越好、太阳辐射越强,庭院内冬季空气过余温度就越高,但夏季无此特征.     

试论北京四合院的建筑特色

旧时的北京,除了紫禁城、皇家苑圃、寺观庙坛及王府衙署外,大量的建筑,便是那数不清的百姓家宅--四合院.北京四合院是中国北方四合式民居建筑的代表,在住宅方位确定、院落布局、建筑工艺、庭院美化、油饰彩绘等方面都体现出独特的建筑风格.     

城市住区热环境效果模拟与生态节能性研究

目的研究城市住区热环境各影响因素的作用和不同环境要素组合对室外热环境的影响,探索有效的空间要素组合状况以达到生态节能的效果.方法根据住区建筑形态构成的典型性选取上海市3个行列式布局住区为研究对象,运用ENVImet数值模拟分析方法,分析夏至日室外热环境的影响要素和作用效果.研究住区不同空间要素组合与热环境的对应关系,从住区整体三维空间构成、建筑形态和绿化形态3个方面比较研究不同要素组合模式的生态节能性效果.结果建筑形态相比绿化而言对住区热环境影响更大,建筑三维形态可以解释空气温度差异的25%,高大乔木可以解释温度差异的13%,其蒸发蒸腾作用和遮挡作用带来的降温效果远优于草坪的降温效果.行列式布局街区建筑高度、形态、绿化的面积、形态等要素组合影响了住区空间气温.结论绿地组合模式与住宅组合空间模式相比具有明显的降温效应,可有效改善住区热环境,提高节能效应.优化城市住区生态节能性空间结构,有效提升空间环境的节能效用.     

试论岭南地区住宅组团围合式布局的适应性

尝试从气候适应性、空间环境塑造和满足居民心理需求三个方面，对岭南地区住宅组团围合式布局的适应性进行研究，分析其合理性与不足。结果表明，住宅组团围合式布局能形成丰富的阴影，通风效果良好，通过适当的技术处理，能适应岭南地区的湿热气候。这样就能在岭南地区发挥利用围合式布局的优点，例如节约土地、隔绝外部干扰，促进住房交往和增强社区凝聚力等，适度围合的原则，将是住宅组团围合式布局在岭南地区未来的发展趋向之一。     

天津市老旧居住区室外热舒适研究

居住区的室外空间是老年人进行户外活动的主要场所,其良好的热舒适环境显得尤为重要。以天津市3种典型布局形式的老旧居住区为研究对象,通过现场实测和问卷调研,了解老年人的热感觉并探析小区内不同位置热环境参数的分布规律及存在的问题。同时确定了春季老年人主观热感觉投票值与基于实测值的热舒适指标生理学等价温度之间的函数关系,进一步得到老年人的热中性生理学等价温度约为21.3℃,其热舒适生理学等价温度范围为16.5～26.2℃。最后选取典型居住区对其空间布局进行优化设计,采用Phoenics和Ecotect软件对优化后的室外空间热环境进行模拟与分析,从而提出基于热舒适的居住区室外空间设计宜采用在建筑来风向一侧围合,内部为行列式分布的混合式布局方式。     

基于人体热舒适度的江南历史街区空间格局研究——以南京高淳老街为例

【目的】利用生理等效温度(PET)与微气候因子的相关性进行人体热舒适度的研究,基于不同空间格局下的人体热感受,提出空间优化策略。【方法】选取南京高淳老街,在分析场地布局和空间类型的基础上进行微气候研究,对不同空间内气象因素(空气温度、相对湿度、瞬时风速)与天空视域因子进行实测,结合问卷调查,分析各空间内不同时刻的实际人体热感受。进一步将实测数值导入RayMan中,计算生理等效温度(PET),结合南京地区生理等效温度表测算不同的人体感觉及生理应激水平,并对PET与微气候因子做相关性分析,探索微气候因子与人体热舒适度的相关性。【结果】根据研究区域场地布局归纳出庭院式空间、街坊式空间、行列式空间和独栋式空间4种建筑肌理,将空间性质分为开敞空间、半开敞空间与封闭空间3种。经测算,空气温度与PET的相关性最高,相对湿度与PET的相关性次之,瞬时风速的相关性最弱。行列式空间与独栋式空间(半开敞式)微气候表现较好,庭院式空间与街坊式空间(封闭式)表现最差。【结论】结合量化分析,提出5点优化策略,即确定有利于通风的街道方位与几何形态、确定适宜的建筑物与街道的高宽比、优化建筑表皮、增加绿化面积以及完善景观设施。另外, PET与历史街区微气候因子的相关性分析能够客观反映人体的热舒适感受,该方法可以为不同历史街区空间格局影响下人体热舒适度作出科学评判,并提出气候适应性改造策略。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the