云南两高辐合背景下低涡强降水过程对比分析

基于气象观测和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析资料（ERA5）,选取2018—2020年发生在云南的3次两高压辐合区（以下简称两高辐合）背景下低涡连续性强降水过程进行对比分析,探究其环流形势、动热力因子及水汽辐合的相似性和差异性.结果显示：(1)夏半年西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称西太副高）西伸时,云南常受两高辐合影响,当辐合区中有低涡生成,易发生连续性强降水,且强降水落区并不完全分布在整个狭长的两高辐合区内.(2)两高辐合区低涡降水具有相似的雨带分布和移动特征,但雨带的集中程度、分布范围、小时雨强和总雨量存在差异.强降水开始时,落区偏东,随着西太副高西伸及东北引导气流的引导,低涡向南向西移动,强降水落区也随之向南向西移动.低涡在某一地区徘徊导致降水集中在该区域,且西太副高西伸较强时,两高辐合形势更强,低涡降水大雨及以上量级雨带也更窄.(3)低涡造成的降水主要分布在低涡中心及低涡切变附近,且降水发生在低层暖湿的环境中,低层及中高层有冷空气侵入时,小时雨强的极端性更强,降水落区也相对偏北.两高辐合区低涡降水落区与水汽辐合区对应较好,水汽辐合强度较弱时,对应的总降水量较小.     

西太平洋副热带高压变化特征与四川盆地夏季降水的关系

本文根据川渝地区47个台站1981—2000年夏季日常观测降水资料和同期副高特征指数资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了川渝地区夏季降水和副高的关系。结果表明:川渝地区降水带是随副高脊线和北界位置北抬而向北移动,随西伸脊点的西进东退而变化,降水偏多的地区主要出现在副高北侧边缘水汽输送带附近,而副高本体控制区域往往降水偏少;多雨年,副热带高压为经向性,强度较弱,位置偏东偏南,有利于冷空气南下和水汽输送;少雨年,副高为纬向性,强度较强,位置偏北,西伸明显,不利于冷空气南下和水汽的输送。     

基于强降水分布特征的湖北省梅雨分类及讨论

利用1960～2014年湖北省50个气象站逐日降水资料,研究了本地区梅雨期气候特征,将梅雨年聚类为4类并探讨偏强年份2类梅雨的合理性.结果表明：湖北省梅雨入梅推迟,出梅提前,梅雨期长度缩短,雨强下降,强度减弱;梅雨期降水日数显著减少,强降水过程增加但区域性强降水过程减少.K聚类分析后发现Ⅱ类梅雨强度大于Ⅰ类梅雨,Ⅱ类梅雨期内暴雨、大暴雨及区域性暴雨多于Ⅰ类;Ⅱ类梅雨期雨带稳定少动,以区域性强降水为主,Ⅰ类梅雨期内6月雨带较为散乱,单点强降水为主,7月雨带与Ⅱ类相似.从两类梅雨期南海季风爆发时间、副高面积、强度及脊线环流因子结合梅雨期内灾损验证梅雨聚类合理,为湖北省梅雨诊断分析提供参考.     

冬季西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置异常与热带对流异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、射出长波辐射(OLR)资料,国家气候中心提供的1979~2008年1月西太副高脊线指数和逐日降水资料,对1月西太副高脊线位置与热带对流异常的关系进行了分析。结果表明,1月西太副高脊线位置与南海及菲律宾以东地区OLR场存在显著的负相关关系。进一步研究发现,副高脊线的南北位置异常是由于南海及菲律宾以东地区对流偏强(弱)造成这一区域出现异常的上升(下沉)运动;由于对流层高层(低层)南风距平的作用,在我国东南部的下沉运动增强(减弱);同时,在对流层的低(高)层出现了异常北风,从而构成了一个向北(南)的经向环流,有利于副高脊线的北抬(南退)。这种对流异常是造成2008年初我国南方超过1/3区域出现了50年一遇的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的间接原因之一。     

副热带高压影响场区天气研究

采用国家气候中心气候系统诊断预测室74环流指数研究了1950～2005年西太平洋副热带高压的变化规律,发现近50年来副热带高压有增强的趋势,总结了副热带高压影响西昌卫星发射场的影响时间、影响方式和影响程度,分析了副热带高压指数与场区降水的相关性,建立了基于副高指数的场区降水预报方程,建立了副热带高压影响场区天气模型,给出了每种类型的经典特征、关键区和预报着眼点,在发射任务中得到良好的应用.     

利用OLR场对西太平洋副热带高压的描述

为了定量描述西太平洋副热带高压的强度变化,利用1989～2002年每年的5～9月OLR场的月(候)平均资料,以其特征量作为描述副高的一种方法。将副高的特征量：西伸脊点、脊线位置、副高北界以及强度指数分别进行重新定义,并与由中国国家气候中心提供的相应资料进行对比分析。结果表明,OLR场可以很好地描述西太平洋副热带高压的位置、强度并反映出其活动规律。     

重庆汛期降水与西太平洋副热带高压的关系

 利用近47a(1960～2006年)完整而系统的副高特征指数资料和重庆34个站点的汛期(6～8月)降水量资料进行相关普查,得出副高脊线、北界位置与重庆汛期降水之间都存在很高的正相关关系.当西太平洋副高偏北时,重庆汛期降水将会偏少;而当副高偏南时,该地区的降水将偏多.因此,重点讨论副高南北位置的变化与重庆汛期降水的关系.研究表明副高南北位置的异常对应着欧亚地区特别是东亚地区大气环流的异常变化,从而影响重庆乃至中国的汛期降水.     

夏季青藏高原东部热源异常与环流场和降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站点的月平均降水资料,选取了2008年9月四川汶川地区特大暴雨实例,分析并验证了夏季青藏高原东部热源异常和中国局部降水异常的关系。结果表明:1夏季高原东部热源偏强会引起500h Pa风场能量偏大,其能量大值区与强降水区域分布相对应;2夏季高原东部热源偏强会引起南亚高压偏东偏强,从而引起西太副高西伸,使得水汽源源不断的向降水区域输送;3夏季高原东部热源异常时,通过加热场-高度场-降水场的同期及滞后效应,进一步影响到中国局部地区的降水异常。     

2020年江淮地区梅雨异常的阶段性特征和成因分析

基于江淮地区逐日降水的低频分量将2020年梅雨期划分为6个阶段,采用全球大气环流三型分解方法研究各阶段大气环流的演变特征,揭示超强梅雨的形成机理.结果表明:经圈型环流在江淮地区引起的强烈大气上升运动是2020年超强梅雨形成的关键因素;强降水阶段,高空南亚高压和中高纬槽脊系统的相互作用引导北方冷空气不断南下;西太平洋副热带高压长期偏强、位置偏西北,驱动其西北侧的低空西南暖湿气流持续向江淮地区输送;高低层冷暖空气在江淮地区辐合,形成梅雨锋和强烈上升运动,引发多次强降水过程,导致2020年梅雨异常偏强.     

高维多门限时间序列模型在西太平洋副高预报中的应用

 将高维多门限时间序列模型应用于西太平洋副高演化的分析和预报中.结果表明分段后对西太平洋副热带高压的5个特征量的分析预报及其与周围大气环流系统的相互关系较以前的研究结果更具体;所建立的描述西太平洋副热带高压5个特征量的时间序列模型对该5个特征量逐月气候偏差的拟合及外推预报均具有良好的模拟能力.对西太平洋副热带高压各特征量拟合及外推预报准确率分别达到,面积指数为79.2%和76.3%,强度指数为78.3%和80.6%,脊线位置为75.2%和75.0%,北界位置为79.4%和75.0%,西伸脊点为82.3%和81.9%.     

Meridional seesaw-like distribution of the Meiyu rainfall over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley and characteristics in the anomalous climate years

Although Meiyu rainfall has its in-phase spatial variability over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley (CHRV) in most years, it is distributed in some years like a seesaw to the north and south of the Changjiang River, when the precipitation tends to be nearly normal throughout the valley, which would inevitably increase difficulties of making short-term prediction of the rainfall. For this reason, EOF analysis is made on 15 related stations’ precipitation from June to July during 1951─2004, revealing that the EOF2 mode shows largely a north-south seesaw-like pattern, and thereby classifying Meiyu patterns into two types: "northern drought and southern flood (NDSF)" and "northern flood and southern drought (NFSD)". Afterwards, the authors investigated ocean-atmospheric characteristics when these two anomalous types occured using the NCEP reanalysis (version 1) and the extended reconstructed SSTs (version 2). The results show that in the NDSF years, the low-level frontal area and moisture convergence center lie more southward, accompanied by weaker subtropical summer mon- soon over East Asia, with the western Pacific subtropical high and 200 hPa South Asia High being more southward. Both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Annular Modes are stronger than normal in preceding February; SST is higher off China during boreal winter and spring and the opposite happens in the NFSD years. Also, this seesaw-form Meiyu rainfall distribution might be affected to some degree by the previous ENSO event.     

冬春海温异常对东亚初夏季风环流的影响

用ＯＳＵ的两层大气环流模式进行了热带西太平洋冬春海温异常对东亚初夏（５月）季风环流影响的数值试验．结果表明：①海温的负距平引起西太平洋副热带高压脊南落和西伸，东亚热带季风环流减弱，我国西南和华南地区的降水增加；②海温的正距平引起西太平洋副热带高压明显减弱，西太平洋的赤道西风加强，我国西南和华南地区的降水减少     

江淮流域梅雨期雨量的变化特征及其与太平洋海温的相关关系及年代际差异

运用相关分析和滑动相关方法,分析了江淮流域5个代表站1903-2000年梅雨期雨量的变化特征及其与太平洋海温的相关关系及年代际差异.结果表明,江淮地区梅雨期雨量在近百年来存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征.通过分析梅雨期雨量与太平洋海温的年代际相关特征发现,江淮流域梅雨期雨量与前期及同期太平洋海温关系密切,前一年冬季及梅雨期东北太平洋海温与江淮流域梅雨期雨量负相关,在热带东太平洋的Nino1 2区两者正相关显著,同年春季西太平洋部分海域海温与江淮流域梅雨期雨量正相关.从年际相关分析发现,前一年冬季太平洋海温与梅雨期雨量正相关,同年春季以及梅雨期两者相关不明显.通过分析年代际差异发现,江淮流域梅雨期雨量与前期及同期热带太平洋关键区海温的21a滑动相关存在显著的年代际差异,这种差异与海温的21a滑动平均的年代际冷暖背景关系密切,热带太平洋海温关键区前一年冬季冷海温背景下,梅雨期雨量同海温正相关显著,同年春季暖海温背景下,两者之间负相关显著,而江淮流域梅雨期雨量同中国近海海温之间(从冬季到梅雨期)维持显著的正相关,与该区海温冷暖背景的关系则并不明显.     

Statistical characteristics of the double ridges of subtropical high in the Northern Hemisphere

The generality and some climatological characteristics of the double ridge systems of subtropical high （SH） are investigated statistically by using the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 1998. The results show that the SH double-ridge event is a common phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere, with the distinct seasonal and regional features, that is, the majority of SH double-ridge geneses concentrate over the eastern North India Ocean-western North Pacific as well as the central North Pacific in the period from mid-July to mid-September. Especially over the western North Pacific subtropics, the SH double-ridge events are extremely active. It is found that the life cycle of most double-ridge events of western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） is shorter but some still last longer. The WPSH double-ridge events occur most frequently from July to September, while there is a paucity of occurrences during November-March. Also, it is shown that the WPSH double-ridge events have a strong interannual variation with a certain periodicity which possesses a remarkably abrupt change in the mid-1970s. Additionally, the relationship between the WPSH double ridges and the meridional movement of WPSH is discussed.     

2008年1月中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的气候特征及其成因

 利用1951～2008年1月的中国160站气温降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年1月中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的气候特征及其成因,结果表明:①中国南方地区持续的低温和降水叠加是形成罕见低温冰雪灾害的直接原因;②2008年1月亚洲地区大气环流异常,出现了4个较异常的环流.乌拉尔山地区阻塞高压环流异常偏强,导致冷空气活动频繁、气流南北交换较强;东亚槽异常偏强,利于强冷空气南下;西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北,对冷空气滞留在中国南方地区和持续水汽输送起重要作用;高原南侧的南支槽异常偏强,这是持续水汽输送的必要条件;③导致中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的主要原因是大气异常环流的异常配置.乌山阻塞经向环流较大,但东亚槽的位置偏北偏东,在加强气流东西交换的同时削弱了冷空气南下的速度;副高较强,一方面阻挡了强冷气团的快速南下,另一方面加强了副高西侧偏南气流的水汽输送;高原南侧的南支槽的强弱对水汽的输送起决定性作用.     

Transition of the annual cycle of precipitation from double-peak mode to single-peak mode in South China

Previous studies revealed the double-peak mode (DPM) in South China precipitation, corresponding to the two stages in the rainy season, i.e. the first rainy stage (FRS) and the second rainy stage (SRS). But observations in recent two decades show that the DPM has changed to a single-peak mode (SPM). Both the precipitation amount and the heavy rainfall event frequency enhanced significantly in the gap between the FRS and the SRS in 1991–2010, compared to those in 1961-1990. This change can be linked to the effects of the global warming. During the warmer period, the July sea surface temperature over the western Pacific has greater increases than that over the central and eastern Pacific, especially west of 140°E. It may generate more tropical cyclones (TCs) in the inshore areas and then more typhoon rainfall over South China. On the other hand, the increments of the air temperature over the East Asian continent are greater than those of the SST over the western Pacific under the global warming, which enlarges the land-ocean temperature/pressure contrast and leads to a trend of the earlier onset dates of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) in recent two decades. Then, the earlier ASM will facilitate the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to retreat earlier from the South China Sea and enhance the convective precipitation in South China between the FRS and the SRS. Also, due to the warmer ocean, the WPSH locates more westward in July, and more moisture will be transported to South China from the southwest side to the WPSTH. All these influences favor a remarkably increasing precipitation in the gap in the warmer period and changes the seasonal cycle from double-peak mode to single-peak mode.     

The spring soil moisture and the summer rainfall in eastern China

The relation between the soil moisture in spring and the rainfall in summer in eastern China is investi- gated. Results show that the summer rainfall in eastern China is closely related to the spring soil moisture in the area from North China to the lower reaches of Yangtze River (NCYR). When spring soil moisture anomalies over NCYR are positive, the summer precipitation exhibits positive anomalies in Northeast China and the lower reaches of Yangtze River, and negative anomalies in southern China and North China. The higher soil moisture over NCYR cools land surface and reduces the land-sea tem- perature gradient, which weakens East Asian summer monsoon. The western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) is located to the south and shifts westward, resulting in more rainfall in the lower reaches of Yangtze River and less in southern China and North China.     

Tropospheric biennial oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies

There is the significant period of tropospheric biennial Oscillation(TBO)over East Asian monsoon region at the interannual timescales,which has the important influences on East China climate.Based on a set of reconstructed indices which describes the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)objectively,this paper focuses on the TBO component of WPSH,one of the key members of the East Asian Monsoon system,and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies.It is found that(1)As an important interannual component of WPSH,the time series of TBO has the obvious transition in the late1970s,and the variability of the WPSH’s TBO component is more significant after the late 1970s.(2)The time-lag correlations between the WPSH’s TBO and the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in several key ocean regions are more significant and have longer correlation duration than the raw data.The response of the western boundary index to ENSO is earlier than the intensity index,and the time-lag correlations of them are up to maximum when lagging ENSO by 3–5 months and 5–6months,respectively.(3)In the course of the WPSH’s TBO cycle,the occurrence of the El Ni o-like anomaly in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in winter is always coupled with the weak East Asian winter monsoon,with the most significant enhancing phase of the WPSH’TBO.In contrast,the La Ni a-like anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific in winter is coupled with the strong East Asian winter monsoon,with the most weakening phase of the WPSH’s TBO.(4)The distribution of the tropical SST and atmospheric circulations anomalies are asymmetric in the TBO cycle.The WPSH’s TBO is more significant in the period of the developing El Ni o-like anomaly in central-eastern Pacific than in the period of the developing La Ni a-like anomaly.Therefore,during the period of developing El Ni o-like anomaly,more attention should be paid to the interannual component of TBO signal in the short-term climate prediction.     

Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific

Based on geographic division over the western North Pacific (WNP), the interdecadal relationships between summer monsoon, sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical cyclones activity (including number, track and intensity) are examined. In the past several decades, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and tropical westerlies contribute to the interdecadal variation of TC number in the northwest and southeast of WNP respectively. The increased TC occurrence density to the east of Philippines related to TC track appears during the 1990s, in terms of both steer flow induced by WPSH and genesis location. From the interdecadal viewpoint, the tendency of TC intensity, measured by averaged accumulated cyclone energy, does well agree with that of SST, implying that SST plays an important role in TC intensity. Supported by Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest (Grant No. GYHY200806009) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421505)