BGA封装中含Bi,Ni的无铅焊球剪切强度研究

对Sn/3.5Ag/0.7Cu,Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu和Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu/0.1Ni三种BGA无铅焊球(0.76 mm)经不同热循环后,在FR-4基板上的剪切强度进行了测量.采用SEM和EDX对样品截面进行观察和元素分析.数据表明,Bi的掺入提高了焊料的润湿性及焊接强度,并减缓了IMC的生长速度;焊料中加入微量Ni可有效减小焊点下金属上Ni镀层的耗穿速度,抑制了焊球经热循环后焊接强度的下降.     

Ag-Au-Ge中温钎料的性能

通过分析Ag-Au-Ge体系三元相图,根据其存在的共晶单变线e1e2,制备了两种接近共晶成分的Ag-Au-Ge钎料合金(AAG1和AAG2),研究了钎料合金的熔点、润湿性等性能,观察了合金的显微组织以及合金与Al-SiC/Ni/Au基板的结合界面. 实验结果显示:AAG1合金的固相线和液相线的温度分别为410.0和449.8℃,AAG2相应的温度为401.1和441.0℃;两种钎料合金的固液相间距较大. AAG1对基板的润湿性较好;两种合金与基板的接触性很好,界面没有发现金属间化合物. AAG1可以作为400～500℃的钎焊料使用.     

无钎焊料与Zr基块状非晶合金的润湿行为

通过座滴法研究了Sn-In、Sn-Bi和Sn-Ag-Cu三种焊料分别与块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿行为.结果显示在三种焊料中,Sn-In对块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿性最好,而Sn-Bi焊料对块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿性最差.利用扫描电镜研究了Sn-In焊料与块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的界面特征,其界面处有化合物出现.     

Ag对Sn-57Bi无铅钎料组织和性能的影响

研究了在Sn-57Bi近共晶合金的基础上加入少量的Ag后对Sn-57Bi钎焊料铸态组织、抗拉强度和Sn-57Bi／Cu焊接性能的影响。试验结果表明，ωAg=0．1％～1．0％可使合金的共晶组织变细，β-Sn枝晶相的尺寸变小，提高其抗拉强度；使Sn-57Bi／Cu接头的剪切强度有所提高。     

SnAg及SnAgCu无铅焊料接头中金属间化合物在时效中的演变

对SnAg共晶合金及SnAgCu共晶合金无铅焊料与Cu或Ni／Cu或Au／Ni／Cu衬底经钎焊方法焊接后,在焊接界面和焊料内部形成的金属间化合物(IMC)的类型、形貌和分布形式,以及焊接接头在随后时效过程中IMC的类型、成分和形貌的演变规律进行综述。分析结果表明,在钎焊过程中,IMC的类型与焊料成分有关,与衬底金属在焊料合金中的溶解度及扩散速度有关;IMC的形貌与加热温度、冷却速度及焊接界面的温度梯度有关;IMC的分布与焊料成分及接头中金属元素的扩散能力有关;焊料接头的断裂机理与接头合金成分、时效温度、时效时间、载荷方式有关;在时效过程中,焊料共晶组织粗化,焊料强度下降,断裂会在焊料内部发生;当IMC厚度增大到临界尺寸时,应力集中严重,多层IMC形成,空穴形成及长大,在IMC界面层断裂;若两者强度接近,则断裂部分发生在焊料,部分发生在界面IMC处。     

熔体过热对Sn-Cu焊料合金凝固组织及焊接性能的影响

以Sn-5Wt%Cu无铅焊料合金为研究对象,探索了熔体过热对合金熔体结构、凝固组织和焊接性能的影响.运用四探针电阻法发现合金熔体过热至758℃附近后发生了明显的不可逆结构突变;熔体过热处理后的金相组织观察表明,该不可逆结构转变使合金凝固组织明显细化和弥散化、合金焊接接头的界面化合物层变得更薄、且界面粗糙度也得到了一定的改善.在260℃左右的铜基板铺展实验中,焊料合金的铺展面积增大了5%,润湿角减小了13%,其润湿性有较大提高.     

无铅焊料Sn-9Zn—xLa的制备及性能

采用粉末冶金技术成功制备了La含量为x(其中x=0.1%～0.5%)的无铅焊料Sn-9Zn-xLa,应用DTA,SEM,XRD等技术分析了焊料的熔点,形貌,微结构,成分,焊料与Cu基板的粘附性等性能,并获得这些性能随La添加量而变化的规律.研究表明:添加微量稀土元素La能较大程度的改善无铅焊料润湿等方面的性能,Sn-9Zn-xLa有望替代传统PbSn合金,成为微电子器件封装焊接材料.     

低银Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE钎料合金的润湿特性

采用润湿平衡法,研究了水洗钎剂条件下Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE无铅钎料合金在1206片式元器件和Cu焊盘上的润湿特性.结果表明,添加0.1%(质量分数)稀土的Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu钎料合金在1206表面贴装元器件和Cu焊盘上有最大的润湿力和铺展面积及最小的润湿角,润湿性最好,其润湿力优于商用的Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu钎料合金,满足微电子连接用钎料对润湿性能的要求.     

基于田口法的Sn-Cu-Ni-xEu无铅钎料润湿性研究

基于田口法研究Sn-Cu-Ni-x Eu无铅钎料在不同基板表面的润湿性能(不同钎剂和不同氛围),探讨不同控制因子对无铅钎料润湿性的影响规律.研究结果表明:钎料组份、钎剂、基板和氛围对钎料润湿性的影响显著不同,4个因子的影响从大到小依次为钎剂、氛围、钎料组份、基板,其中钎剂对润湿性的贡献最大.最优匹配组合为Sn-Cu-Ni-0.04Eu、RMA钎剂、Au/Ni/Cu基板和真空氛围.另外,稀土元素Eu的添加可以显著提高Sn-Cu-Ni钎料的润湿性.     

SnAgCu无铅钎料对接接头时效过程中IMC的生长

无铅钎料和铜基板间金属间化合物(Intermetallic Compounds,IMC)的生长对元器件的可靠性有重要影响.使用Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅钎料焊接Cu对接接头,并对对接头进行了125、150和175℃时效试验,时效时间分别为0、24、72、144、256、400 h.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱X射线(EDX)观察了Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu/Cu界面IMC的生长及形貌变化,并对Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu/Cu界面扩散常数和生长激活能进行了拟合.此外,研究了时效对钎焊接头抗拉强度的影响,发现在时效条件下接头的抗拉强度呈先上升后下降的变化,且时效会对断裂形式造成影响.     

Effects of phosphorus addition on the properties of Sn-9Zn lead-free solder alloy

This article explores the effects of phosphorus addition on the wettability between Sn-9Zn solder alloy and Cu substrates, the oxidation behavior and the corrosion behavior of Sn-9Zn solder alloy. Spreading test was used to characterize the wettability of Sn-9Zn-xP solder alloys to Cu substrates. The oxidation and corrosion behaviors of Sn-9Zn-xP solder alloys were determined by means of weight gaining, and secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to analyze the oxygen content. The role and mechanism of P in the solder alloys were also discussed. It is found that the addition of P can significantly improve the wettability of the solder alloys. Incorporating P into Sn-9Zn solder alloy obviously decreases the oxygen content and enhances the oxidation and corrosion resistance. Microstructure observations show that an appropriate amount of P can greatly refine coarse rod-like Zn-rich phases in Sn-9Zn solder alloy.     

Effects of nano-sized Ag reinforcing particulates on the microstructure of Sn-0.7Cu solder joints

Composite solders were prepared by mechanically dispersing different volumes of nano-sized Ag particles into the Sn-0.7Cu eutectic solder. The effects of Ag particle addition on the microstructure of Sn-0.7Cu solder joints were investigated. Besides, the effects of isothermal aging on the microstructural evolution in the interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) layer of the Sn-0.7Cu solder and the composite solder reinforced with 1vol% Ag particles were analyzed, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the growth rate of the interfacial IMC layer in the Ag particles reinforced composite solder joint is much lower than that in the Sn-0.7Cu solder joint during isothermal aging. The Ag particles reinforced composite solder joint exhibits much lower layer-growth coefficient for the growth of the IMC layer than the corresponding solder joint.     

Sn-20Bi-X无铅焊料的显微组织和物理性能

采用合金化的方法,以Sn-20Bi合金为基础,研究了添加第三组元Ag,ln,Ga或Sb对Sn-Bi合金微观结构、物理性能的影响．结果表明:在Sn-20Bi中加入0．7%的Ag,0．5%的Ga,0．1%的In可使脆硬相Bi细小分散,偏析减少,合金熔化温度降低,获得较好的组织和性能;Sb作为单独的第三组元加入,使Sn-Bi-Sb合金中Bi的偏析较多,硬度有所上升．     

Effect of indium addition on the microstructural formation and soldered interfaces of Sn-2.5Bi-1Zn-0.3Ag lead-free solder

The microstructural formation and properties of Sn-2.5Bi-xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag (in wt%) alloys and the evolution of soldered interfaces on a Cu substrate were investigated. Apart from the relatively low melting point (about 195℃), which is close to that of conventional eutectic Sn-Pb solder, the investigated solder presents superior wettability, solderability, and ductility. The refined equiaxial grains enhance the mechanical properties, and the embedded bulk intermetallic compounds (IMCs) (Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₅Zn₈) and granular Bi particles improve the joint reliability. The addition of In reduces the solubility of Zn in the β-Sn matrix and strongly influences the separation and growth behaviors of the IMCs. The soldered interface of Sn-2.5Bi-xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag/Cu consists of Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn IMC layers.     

Effect of Ag and Ni on the melting point and solderability of SnSbCu solder alloys

To improve the properties of Sn10Sb8Cu solder alloy, two new solders (SnSbCuAg and SnSbCuNi) were formed by adding small amounts of Ag or Ni into the solder alloy. The results show that the melting point of the SnSbCuAg solder alloy decreases by 14.1℃ and the spreading area increases by 16.5% compared to the matrix solder. The melting point of the SnSbCuNi solder alloy decreases by 5.4℃ and the spreading area is slightly less than that of the matrix solder. Microstructure analysis shows that adding trace Ag makes the melting point decline due to the dispersed distribution of SnAg phase with low melting point. Adding trace Ni, Cu₆Sn₅ and (Cu, Ni)₆Sn₅ with polyhedron shape on the copper substrate can be easily seen in the SnSbCuNi solder alloy, which makes the viscosity of the melting solder increase and the spreading property of the solder decline.     

Interfacial intermetallic compound growth and shear strength of low-silver SnAgCuBiNi/Cu lead-free solder joints

The growth rule of the interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) and the degradation of shear strength of Sn-0.8Ag-0.5Cu-2.0Bi-0.05Ni (SACBN)/Cu solder joints were investigated in comparison with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305)/Cu solder joints aging at 373, 403, and 438 K. The results show that (Cu_1?x,Ni_x)₆Sn₅ phase forms between the SACBN solder and Cu substrate during soldering. The interfacial IMC thickens constantly with the aging time increasing, and the higher the aging temperature, the faster the IMC layer grows. Compared with the SAC305/Cu couple, the SACBN/Cu couple exhibits a lower layer growth coefficient. The activation energies of IMC growth for SACBN/Cu and SAC305/Cu couples are 111.70 and 82.35 kJ/mol, respectively. In general, the shear strength of aged solder joints declines continuously. However, SACBN/Cu solder joints exhibit a better shear strength than SAC305/Cu solder joints.     

Microstructural evolutions of Cu(Ni)/AuSn/Ni joints during reflow

Interfacial reactions of the Ni/AuSn/Ni and Cu/AuSn/Ni joints are experimentally studied at 330℃for various reflow times.The microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-solidified solder joints are examined.The as-solidified solder matrix of Ni/AuSn/Ni presents a typical eutecticξ-(Au,Ni)_5Sn+δ-(Au,Ni)Sn lamellar microstructure after reflow at 330℃for 30 s.After reflow for 60 s,a thin and flat(Ni,Au)_3Sn_2 intermetallic compound(IMC) layer is formed,and some needle-like(Ni,Au)_3Sn_2 phases grow f...