Tribological behavior of Cr N-coated Cr–Mo–V steels used as die materials

DIN 1.2343 and 1.2367 steels are commonly used as die materials in aluminum extrusion, and single/duplex/multi-coatings enhance their surface properties. The design of an appropriate substrate/coating system is important for improving the tribological performance of these steels under service conditions because the load-carrying capacity of the system can be increased by decreasing the plastic deformation of the substrate. In this study, the tribological behavior of CrN-coated Cr–Mo–V steels(DIN 1.2343, 1.2367, and 1.2999 grades) was investigated using different setups and tribological pairs at room and elevated temperatures. The aim of this study was to reveal the wear resistance of a suggested system(1.2999/CrN) not yet studied and to understand both the wear and the failure characteristics of coated systems. The results showed that(i) among the steels studied, the DIN 1.2999 grade steel exhibited the lowest friction coefficient because it had the highest load-carrying capacity as a result of secondary hardening at elevated temperatures;(ii) at room temperature, both abrasive tracks and adhesive layers were observed on the worn surfaces; and(iii) a combination of chemical reactions and progressive oxidation caused aluminum adhesion on the worn surface, and the detachment of droplets and microcracking were the characteristic damage mechanisms at high temperatures.     

Effect of different atmospheres on dry friction behavior of steel sliding against brass at high speed

The atmosphere components have an influence on tribological behaviors of tribo-pairs. Through changing the atmosphere component, the effect of atmosphere component on the tribological behaviors of CrNiMo steel against brass at high sliding velocity was investigated. The wear test was carried out on a high-speed friction and wear test rig whose test atmosphere could be controlled. The tests were performed at four sliding velocities （30, 40, 50, 60 m/s）, one contact pressure （1.33 MPa） and two atmosphere components （N2 or O2）. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of various pins were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions of the surfaces and subsurfaces for steels were determined with an energy dispersion spectroscopy. The results showed that the wear rate of the steel pins were low all the time with the sliding velocity increasing in oxygen atmosphere, and that the wear rate of the steel pin in nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of the steel pin in oxygen atmosphere. It was found that the thin and compact oxidation layer formed on the worn surface of the steel in oxygen atmosphere played a key role in wear resistance. However, the wear rate of the steel pin increased rapidly with the sliding velocity increasing in nitrogen atmosphere, which was attributed to the thick and loose surface layer formed on the worn surface of the steel.     

Enhanced elevated temperature wear resistance of Al-17Si-5Cu alloy after a novel short duration heat treatment

The goal of the present study is to improve the elevated temperature wear resistance of an Al-17 wt%Si-5 wt%Cu alloy(AR alloy) by a novel short duration heat treatment process. The elevated temperature(100°C) dry sliding wear behavior of an AR alloy was studied after microstructural modification using the proposed heat treatment. The study revealed considerable microstructural modifications after the heat treatment and the heat treated alloy was designated as HT(heat treatment) alloy. A higher hardness value was obtained for the HT alloy compared to the AR alloy. Accordingly, the wear rate for the HT alloy was found to be significantly lower compared to the as-cast AR alloy at all applied loads. Accelerated particle pull-out for the AR alloy at elevated temperatures resulted in poor wear behavior for it compared to the HT alloy. On the other hand, the Si particles remained intact on the worn surface of the HT alloy due to the good particle/matrix bonding that resulted from the isothermal heat treatment. Furthermore, the age hardening that occurred in the HT alloy during wear provided additional wear resistance. Thus, the HT alloy at 100°C exhibited a lower wear rate compared to the AR alloy even at room temperature for all applied loads. This improvement was attributed to microstructural modification upon isothermal heat treatment along with the age hardening effect.     

Microstructure and high-temperature wear properties of in situ TiC composite coatings by plasma transferred arc surface alloying on gray cast iron

In this work, an in situ synthesized TiC-reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) coating of approximately 350–400μm thick-ness was fabricated on a gray cast iron (GCI) substrate by plasma transferred arc (PTA) surface alloying of Ti–Fe alloy powder. Microhard-ness tests showed that the surface hardness increased approximately four-fold after the alloying treatment. The microstructure of the MMC coating was mainly composed of residual austenite, acicular martensite, and eutectic ledeburite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analyzes revealed that the in situ TiC particles, which were formed by direct reaction of Ti with carbon originally contained in the GCI, was uniformly distributed at the boundary of residual austenite in the alloying zone. Pin-on-disc high-temperature wear tests were performed on samples both with and without the MMC coating at room temperature and at elevated temperatures (473 K and 623 K), and the wear behavior and mechanism were investigated. The results showed that, after the PTA alloying treatment, the wear resistance of the sam-ples improved significantly. On the basis of our analysis of the composite coatings by optical microscopy, SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and microhardness measurements, we attributed this improvement of wear resistance to the transformation of the microstruc-ture and to the presence of TiC particles.     

A potential approach to replace sulfurized olefins with borate ester containing xanthate group in lubricating oil

To develop a potential substitute for sulfurized olefins, a borate ester derivative containing xanthate group （titled BXT） was synthesized and characterized. Meanwhile, its tribological properties in rape-seed oil were evaluated using four-ball tribometer. The results indicate that BXT shows excellent tri- bological capacity such as load-carrying, friction-reducing and antiwear property. Moreover, the synthesized compound has no noticeable odor, shows little corrosion to copper, and exhibits better thermal stability compared with sulfurized olefins. In order to study the action mechanism of BXT in friction process, analysis of the worn surface was carried out using a three-dimensional non-contact surface profilometer and XPS analyzer.     

Fabrication of metal nanoclusters on graphene grown on Ru（0001 ）

Monolayer graphene was epitaxially grown on Ru（0001） through exposure of the Ru（0001） to ethylene at room temperature followed by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum at elevated temperatures. The resulting graphene structures were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy （STM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy （UPS）. The graphene/Ru（0001） surface was used as a periodic template for growth of metal nanoclusters. Highly dispersed Pt clusters with well controlled size and spatial distribution were fabricated on the surface.     

放电等离子烧结制备石墨烯纳米片增强7075铝合金复合材料的力学性能

A 0.3wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced 7075 aluminum alloy matrix (7075 Al) composite was fabricated by spark plasma sintering and its strength and wear resistance were investigated. The microstructures of the internal structure, the friction surface, and the wear debris were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Compared with the original 7075 aluminum alloy, the hardness and elastic modulus of the 7075 Al/GNPs composite were found to have increased by 29% and 36%, respectively. The results of tribological experiments indicated that the composite also exhibited a lower wear rate than the original 7075 aluminum alloy.     

Surfactant-decorated graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced aluminum nanocomposites: sintering effects on hardness and wear

The exceptional properties of graphene make it ideal as a reinforcement to enhance the properties of aluminum matrices and this critically depends on uniform dispersion. In this study, the dispersion issue was addressed by sonication and non-covalent surface functionalization of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) using two types of surfactant: anionic (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfate (SDBS)) and non-ionic polymeric (ethyl cellulose (EC)). After colloidal mixing with Al powder, consolidation was performed at two sintering temperatures (550 and 620℃). The structure, density, mechanical and wear properties of the nanocomposite samples were investigated and compared with a pure Al and a pure GNPs/Al nanocomposite sample. Noticeably, EC-based 0.5wt% GNPs/Al samples showed the highest increment of 31% increase in hardness with reduced wear rate of 98.25% at 620℃, while a 22% increase in hardness with reduced wear rate of 96.98% at 550℃ was observed, as compared to pure Al. Microstructural analysis and the overall results validate the use of EC-based GNPs/Al nanocomposites as they performed better than pure Al and pure GNPs/Al nanocomposite at both sintering temperatures.     

碳化钨涂层高温摩擦磨损行为

采用爆炸喷涂技术制备了碳化钨涂层,利用HT-1000高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了碳化钨涂层高温下摩擦磨损性能,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析了涂层磨损表面形貌、元素分布和相结构.结果表明:碳化钨涂层由雪花片状颗粒堆叠而成,如山地状,结合紧密.定温条件下,摩擦因数随着试验温度升高而减小,试验温度为550℃时,摩擦因数最小;磨损量随着温度升高而增大,550℃时,磨损量由于配副材料的转移出现了负增加.温度低于350℃时,磨损表面具有撕裂、轻微黏着和磨粒磨损痕迹;在550℃时,磨损表面发生了剥落、严重黏着和氧化磨损.连续升温条件下,温度低于300℃时,摩擦因数较小,在350~550℃范围内,摩擦因数波动较大;磨损表面以剥层、黏着和氧化磨损为主.     

苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸-二氧化钛纳米微球的性能

用原位种子乳液聚合的方法合成了苯乙烯／甲基丙烯酸一二氧化钛复合纳米微球，通过TEM，FTIR等测试手段对其结构和形貌进行了表征，并在四球试验机上考察了其摩擦学行为．它在室温下可分散于石蜡油中，但不分散于水中．结果表明，复合纳米微球具有核壳结构，平均粒径约50m，作为新型润滑油添加剂，具有良好的抗磨性能．对其磨斑表面采用电子扫描显微镜分析表明，磨痕变浅，磨斑减小，有效降低了磨损．     

微晶二氧化硅粉体添加剂的抗磨减摩作用

为研究微晶SiO2粉体添加剂的抗磨减摩作用,采用微晶SiO2矿物粉体作为润滑油添加剂,利用AMSLER摩擦磨损试验机研究45#钢摩擦副在添加剂润滑油润滑下的摩擦学特性.磨损后钢环表面的形貌和成分通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪进行分析.结果显示:以微晶SiO2粉体为添加剂润滑时在摩擦副表面形成一层陶瓷保护层.相比基础油,在微晶SiO2添加剂润滑油润滑条件下,摩擦副的接触状态由金属之间的摩擦磨损转化为自修复膜层之间的摩擦磨损.添加剂润滑油较基础油润滑条件下的摩擦系数大.摩擦磨损过程中自修复膜层的形成,隔离了金属摩擦副的直接接触,降低了试样磨损失重,具有良好的耐磨性能.     

高熵合金的摩擦学性能研究进展

摩擦学是研究摩擦、磨损和润滑的学科,对结构材料的服役性能有很大影响。正因如此,学者除了不断探索具有优异力学性能的结构材料外,也不断寻求具备高耐磨性能的金属材料。在摩擦学领域,传统的金属材料已经发展成熟,新型耐磨材料亟待开发。近年来,新兴的高熵合金表现出优异的硬度、抗氧化性、抗软化能力,在很大程度上丰富了现有的耐磨合金体系,在未来的新型耐磨材料领域有很大的应用前景。为了系统地剖析高熵合金的摩擦学行为,本文首先介绍了单相、双相和多相高熵合金以及与高熵合金有关的复合材料在室温下的摩擦学特性,进而总结了改善高熵合金耐磨性能的方法。此外,本文还讨论了高熵合金在高温下的耐磨性能,并对其作为耐磨合金的应用与发展作了展望。     

纳米ZrO2作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

利用溶剂置换干燥法制备了粒径在20-50nm范围的氧化锆粒子,用TEM及XRD对该产物进行了表征.用四球机及环块摩擦磨损试验机测定了纳米氧化锆作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能.研究发现纳米氧化锆的加入,能有效提高500SN基础油的抗磨减摩性能及承载能力;且纳米氧化锆的加入量有一最佳值,超过此量,含纳米粒子的润滑油摩擦学性能下降;纳米氧化锆的摩擦学作用机理是在摩擦表面沉积而形成具有抗磨减摩作用的润滑膜.图9,参9.     

考虑油膜非均匀性的滑靴润滑特性研究

采用倾斜姿态描述法将滑靴的倾斜引入分析;利用表面形貌仪对实际磨合后的滑靴进行底面轮廓形貌测量,获得了磨损后滑靴密封带表面的概约轮廓,从而建立了滑靴非均匀间隙油膜厚度描述模型,对滑靴油膜压力控制方程以及流量守恒方程进行联合求解,从而获得了滑靴底面的压力分布. 由此对非均匀间隙下的滑靴油膜压力、承载、泄漏等基本润滑特性进行研究,发现表面微观磨损轮廓对其承载特性有重要影响,有助于保持稳定性;滑靴倾斜方位对润滑特性有显著影响,在实际分析中需要加以考虑.      

纳米颗粒影响润滑膜摩擦特性的分子动力学

向润滑油中添加纳米颗粒可以降低摩擦系数,提高承载能力,但其中的物理机制并不完全清晰.采用分子动力学方法研究了理想摩擦副间纳米流体和基础流体摩擦特性的不同,着重探明纳米颗粒与基础流体的相互作用机制.研究发现在较高的载荷下纳米流体和基础流体均由液态转化成类固体,但纳米流体的相变压力明显高于基础流体;在相变点后,纳米流体表现出了良好的摩擦特性.纳米颗粒增强了润滑膜的承载能力,且在相变点后强化效果更好.最后对纳米颗粒改善润滑摩擦的物理机制做了详细的解释.     

不同环境温度下典型身管用钢磨损性能研究

通过摩擦磨损、高温硬度及相应的分析试验研究了典型身管用钢32Cr2MoVA、30SiMn2MoVA在室温、200、400以及600℃下的摩擦磨损行为与规律.结果表明:两种材料的摩擦系数在各个温度区间内的区别不大,主要受摩擦氧化物产生与否影响.32Cr2MoVA的磨损率随着温度的提高先降低再提高之后又下降,30SiMn2MoVA的磨损率随着温度的上升而先降低,然后逐渐升高,600℃达到最高.温度、身管钢在高温下的硬度和磨盘材料与滑动销的高温硬度差(Hd--Hp)共同影响磨损表面氧化物层的最终形态.室温至200℃时,身管钢磨损行为主要受表面氧化物层的影响.室温下两种身管钢磨损机理均为黏着磨损及磨粒磨损,200℃时均为氧化轻微磨损.环境温度达到400℃以上时,身管钢以及磨盘材料的基体硬度开始影响磨损行为.400℃时两种身管钢磨损机理均为氧化严重磨损.600℃时,32Cr2MoVA的Hd--Hp减小,磨损表面出现了厚度很大、致密的氧化物层,磨损机理为氧化轻微磨损;而30SiMn2MoVA的Hd--Hp显著增大,试样发生了明显的塑性挤出,为塑性挤出磨损.