风沙物理学进展及其在沙漠化防治中的应用

 沙漠化因严重阻碍和威胁人类生存与社会可持续发展而受到世界各国高度重视。沙尘颗粒物受气流作用在地表和空中的运动是沙漠化过程发生、发展的主要表现形式,也是沙漠科学和治沙工程的核心研究内容之一,只有掌握了风、地表及沙尘颗粒物之间的互馈机制,才能科学分析土地沙漠化过程并建立有效的风沙灾害防治工程。本文回顾了风沙物理学研究的发展历程,综述了近30年以来风沙环境力学在风场结构、沙尘颗粒的起动机制、沙尘颗粒的碰撞机制、近地表风沙流的理论模型与实验观测、风成沙波纹与沙丘地貌研究以及风沙环境力学研究在沙漠化防治中的应用等方面取得的进展,并对未来研究方向提出了展望。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠高大沙垄区垄间地沿主风向连续分布新月形沙丘表面沙粒粒度特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠高大沙垄区垄间地防沙治沙工程下风向沿主风向连续分布的4个新月形沙丘为研究对象,研究了沙丘表面不同部位表层沙粒粒度特征,明确防沙治沙工程对沙丘表面沙粒粒度的影响,揭示沙丘表面沙粒粒度空间分布规律.主要结论：防沙治沙工程对于风沙环境的影响是显著的,表现为在防沙治沙工程影响区范围内沙丘表层沙粒明显细化.本文的相关研究结果将为阐明类似人为扰动条件下沙丘表面气流场和沙粒运移规律提供基础数据.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠简单横向沙丘形态学示量特征

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域发育的简单横向沙丘的形态学示量特征分析，表明简单横向沙丘的形态特征与沙源的供应有十分密切的关系，沙源的不同丰度导致简单横向沙丘的形态学参数之间有明显的不同，简单横向沙丘在发育过程中并不存在稳定的平衡状态，可能随沙源供应的改变其形态有所改变，而次生的横向沙丘由于主体沙丘对其有足够的沙源供应，因而形态可以得到充分发展，沙丘形态参数的统计数据表明，在简单形新月形沙丘-简单形横向沙丘-沙丘复合体的发展模式中，随沙源供应的增加，沙丘发育时间系列的延长以及其他因素如：风环境、植被等因素的作用，沙丘形态参数之间很难有确切的关系表达式。     

人工植被固沙工程系统稳定性的土壤微生物数量的初步分析

对腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰线沙坡头地区的人工植被固沙工程系统稳定性进行土壤微生物类群数量的研究，结果表明：１．不同年龄的人工植被沙丘的土壤微生物各类群数量均超过自然流动沙丘。２．３６龄和２８龄人工植被沙丘的土壤微生物各类群数量的垂直分布与自然被国家沙丘相比基本相似，从微生物各类群数量看，到目前为止，最长年限３６龄人工植被沙丘与自然植被固定沙丘相比，还没有达到最稳定程度，人工植被固沙工程尚处在演变过程。     

Earth-like sand fluxes on Mars

Strong and sustained winds on Mars have been considered rare, on the basis of surface meteorology measurements and global circulation models, raising the question of whether the abundant dunes and evidence for wind erosion seen on the planet are a current process. Recent studies showed sand activity, but could not determine whether entire dunes were moving--implying large sand fluxes--or whether more localized and surficial changes had occurred. Here we present measurements of the migration rate of sand ripples and dune lee fronts at the Nili Patera dune field. We show that the dunes are near steady state, with their entire volumes composed of mobile sand. The dunes have unexpectedly high sand fluxes, similar, for example, to those in Victoria Valley, Antarctica, implying that rates of landscape modification on Mars and Earth are similar.     

民勤绿洲沙源分析

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠和民勤绿洲地表沙样的微量元素测定,用标准化方法建立三源混合模型示踪民勤地表流动沙丘物源．结果表明,民勤南、北2区流动沙丘具有多源特征,混合物源为7：2：1时（巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠与乌兰布和沙漠的比值）,与民勤南部的标准化模型相对一致;混合物源为5：4：1时与民勤北部标准化模型相对一致,微量元素示踪风成沉积物虽然有一定缺陷,但仍然不失为一种较理想的示踪手段．     

人工植被固沙工程系统稳定性的土壤微生物生物量的初步分析

对腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰线沙坡头地区的不同龄级人工植被沙丘进行土壤微生物生物量的研究，结果表明：３６龄和２８龄人工植被沙丘的土壤微生物生物量，还没有达到自然植被固定沙丘土壤微生物生物量的程度，人工植被固沙工程尚处在演变过程的后初期阶段，还未达到中期阶段，需继续加强管理、保护和监测．才能使人工植被固沙工程系统达到稳定．     

塔里木石油公路沿线全新世风沙地貌形成演化的初步研究

本探讨了新疆塔里木石油公路沿线全新世风沙地貌类型、发育条件、动力特征和演化历史。研究表明，公路沿线发育多种典型风沙地貌类型。在新月形沙丘的迎风坡，风速和输沙率向上坡增加，背风坡存在涡旋，促使迎风坡风蚀背风坡加积，以至整个沙丘向前的动量得以维持。在线性沙丘表面，沙粒沿着合成输沙方向呈曲折摆动式纵向输移，而在背风坡以显的侧旁气流和沙物质的侧向输移为特征。全新世以来，由于近地面东北风系中偏N风力减弱，偏E风力加强，因此沙漠腹地叠置沙丘落沙坡方位向西偏转。沙漠边缘河流作用与风力作用的相互消长对风沙地貌的形成演化影响巨大，而沙漠腹地风信条件和自然环境表现出相对稳定性。     

The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes

Linear sand dunes--dunes that extend parallel to each other rather than in star-like or crescentic forms--are the most abundant type of desert sand dune. But because their development and their internal structure are poorly understood, they are rarely recognized in the rock record. Models of linear dune development have not been able to take into account the sub-surface structure of existing dunes, but have relied instead either on the extrapolation of short-term measurements of winds and sediment transport or on observations of near-surface internal sedimentary structures. From such studies, it has not been clear if linear dunes can migrate laterally. Here we present images produced by ground penetrating radar showing the three-dimensional sedimentary structure of a linear dune in the Namib sand sea, where some of the world's largest linear dunes are situated. These profiles show clear evidence for lateral migration in a linear dune. Moreover, the migration of a sinuous crest-line along the dune produces divergent sets of cross-stratification, which can become stacked as the dune height increases, and large linear dunes can support superimposed dunes that produce stacked sets of trough cross-stratification. These clear structural signatures of linear dunes should facilitate their recognition in geological records.     

Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes

Field studies of barchans--crescent-shaped dunes that propagate over solid ground under conditions of unidirectional wind--have long focused on the investigation of an equilibrium between sand transport by wind and the control of air flow by dune topography, which are thought to control dune morphology and kinematics. Because of the long timescale involved, however, the underlying dynamic processes responsible for the evolution of dune fields remain poorly understood. Here we combine data from a three-year field study in the Moroccan Sahara with a model study to show that barchans are fundamentally unstable and do not necessarily behave like stable solitary waves, as suggested previously. We find that dune collisions and changes in wind direction destabilize the dunes and generate surface waves on the barchans. Because the resulting surface waves propagate at a higher speed than the dunes themselves, they can produce a series of new barchans of elementary size by breaking the horns of large dunes. The creation of these new dunes provides a mechanism for sand loss that prevents dune fields from merging into a single giant dune and therefore plays a fundamental role in the control of size selection and the development of dune patterns.     

Distribution of sand dunes and sand shifts along the southern fringe of the Mu Us Desert since the Ming Dynasty

This article takes the two segments of the Ming Great Walls, Dabian and Erbian, and their associated barracks and forts as geographical references. Based on a detailed scrutiny of historical records of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and on field surveys, the southern boundaries of the sand dunes and sand shifts of the Mu Us Desert in the Ming and Qing dynasties are carefully reconstructed. A comparison of the southern boundaries of the sand dunes and sand shifts of the Mu Us Desert in Ming and Qing with the modern boundary revealed in remote sensing imagery clearly shows that the southern boundary of dunes and shifts in the Mu us Desert has expanded only in a few areas and on a small scale. In the area to the south of Changle Fort, along the direction of annually prevailing winds, sand drifts have penetrated through the Jialu River valley into the loess region and have formed a sand strip of 32 km long and 3 km wide. To the east of Qingping Fort, sand drifts penetrated toward the eastern loess region through the Luhe River valley and have formed another sand strip of 8 km long and 2 km wide. Generally speaking, though the intensity of human activity has been increasing in this area since the Ming Dynasty, the Mu Us Desert has not significantly expanded toward the southeast or southwest. The sand-loess boundary in the southern fringe of the Mu Us Desert has been almost unchanged since the Ming Dynasty.     

蒙陕交界地区风沙活动规律及其防治

在描述库布齐沙漠和毛乌素沙地沙丘基底地形之后，分析了流动沙丘分布规律与基底地形的关系。在明确沙地形成时代概念的基础上，论证了该沙漠与沙地分布范围上的稳定性，库布齐沙漠为扩展型的，毛乌素沙地属稳定型的。库布齐沙漠的风沙危害包含了直接与间接危害２种类型；毛乌素沙地风沙危害主要是沙丘再流动，有３种危害途径，最后，根据毛乌素沙地沙丘分布规律，分析了引起沙丘再流动的人为因素和自然因素，及其各自所占的比重。     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)对半干旱区沙地生境的适应及其生态作用

我国温带半干旱区沙地生境的主要特征是干旱少雨、沙源丰富和大风频繁,这种特定条件进化出我国特有的优良固沙植物--油蒿.在长期的进化过程中,油蒿形成了独特的形态结构、生理特征和繁殖习性,能够很好地适应沙地环境.油蒿群落不仅能够防风固沙,影响沙地生态系统的水分运移与分配,还能促进土壤的发育.因此,油蒿在适应沙地生境的同时对沙地产生巨大的影响和改造作用.油蒿群落对沙地生境的不断改造,推动了植物群落的演替,最终使流动沙丘转变为丰茂的植被.     

半干旱区小城镇周边沙丘水分的时空变化——以乌审旗达布察克镇为例

水分是影响干旱区沙丘植被分布、生长和生存的关键因素.以内蒙古自治区乌审旗达布察克镇周边8km范围为研究区域,对不同类型沙丘的土壤水分进行连续观测,研究城镇周边沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律.结果表明:研究区沙丘土壤含水量时间变化分为春季积累期、水分消耗期、秋季积累期、稳定期4个阶段.在空间分布上,不同沙丘土壤含水量大小表现为:流动沙丘半固定沙丘固定沙丘(纯蒿)固定沙丘(柳蒿混生);沙丘土壤水分垂直变化可分为土壤水分速变层、土壤水分活跃层和土壤水分相对稳定层3个层次;从沙丘地形部位看,丘间低地地下水位高,而背风坡土壤含水量接近植物凋萎系数.     

沙波附近紊流拟序结构特性初步研究

在底部为定床沙波的循环水槽中采用流场综合分析法将流动显示与计算机图像处理相结合进行系统实验研究，重点研究了紊流猝发形态和特性。分析表明：沙波床面对明渠紊流拟序结构的特性有重要影响。水流在沙波坡顶分离，沙波周围高于沙波顶部的流区为自由紊流区，低于沙波顶部的流区为沙波紊流区；在自由紊流区典型的剪切混合层也有显著的以喷射和清扫为主要特征的猝发现象；在沙波紊流区的沙波迎水坡面上水流分离，在背水坡附近产生漩涡；自由紊流区与沙波紊流区之间的紊流拟序结构不同，它们相互作用的结果产生了特有的泡漩现象；沙波紊流区和自由紊流区的紊流拟序结构和它们的相互作用对可冲积河流的水流与泥沙运动有决定性作用。     

Sandy grassland blowouts in Hulunbuir, northeast China: geomorphology, distribution, and causes

A sandy grassland blowout consists of an aeolian depression formed in top soil and the underlying sand deposit underlie, and the adjoining redeposit of sand derived from the depression. Research based on field survey and topographic mapping combined with aerophotograph interpretation reveals that: (1) All the three sand land tracts in Hulunbuir Grasslands are composed of blowout depressions and adjoining dunes, with interlaying remnants of sandy grasslands as background; (2) blowout depressions and their adjoining dunes can be classified according to their morphometric characteristics, development stages, and initiating factors; (3) blowouts develop mostly in the upper parts of sidelong aweather and sunward slopes inclining southwestward when west wind prevails; (4) initiation of blowouts is closely related with the coupling of extreme droughts and wide spread intense human disturbance to the fragile topsoil layer. The investigations indicate that key factors to prevent desertification are to protect grassland vegetation and topsoil.     

Sandy grassland blowouts in Hulunbuir, northeast China: geomorphology, distribution, and causes

A sandy grassland blowout consists of an aeolian depression formed in top soil and the underlying sand deposit underlie, and the adjoining redeposit of sand derived from the depression. Research based on field survey and topographic mapping combined with aerophotograph interpretation reveals that: (1) All the three sand land tracts in Hulunbuir Grasslands are composed of blowout depressions and adjoining dunes, with interlaying remnants of sandy grasslands as background; (2) blowout depressions and their adjoining dunes can be classified according to their morphometric characteristics, development stages, and initiating factors; (3) blowouts develop mostly in the upper parts of sidelong aweather and sunward slopes inclining southwestward when west wind prevails; (4) initiation of blowouts is closely related with the coupling of extreme droughts and wide spread intense human disturbance to the fragile topsoil layer. The investigations indicate that key factors to prevent desertification are to protect grassland vegetation and topsoil.     

青海共和盆地高寒流动沙丘快速治理技术

研究了共和盆地流动沙丘的快速治理技术,结果表明：流动沙丘快速固定需要机械措施和生物措施相结合,机械沙障可在短期内将流动沙丘完全固定,但是,如果不采取生物措施,沙丘有可能在2～3年内复活,而生物措施固定流沙,初期效果缓慢,有时甚至难以实现。采用机械沙障将沙丘先加以固定,然后实施生物措施。这种生物与机械相结合的流动沙丘治理技术是类似共和盆地立地条件下治理流动沙丘的最佳模式。     

包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系近地面流场特征

基于地形和流场实测，研究了包兰铁路沙坡头段铁路防护体系近地面流场沿NNW-SSE方向的变化．结果表明，由于地形变化以及人工植被和草方格的存在，防护带内等风速线沿风向呈逐渐变疏和抬高的趋势，各高度的风速总体上呈递减趋势，风速放大率为负；沙丘迎风坡风速放大率为正，流动沙丘迎风坡风速放大率高于固定沙丘迎风坡．沙丘背风坡2．5m高度内风速放大率总体为负．防护带内的固定沙丘背风坡气流通体减速，各高度的风速放大率全部为负，平均为一1．48％／m．防护带内地表空气动力学特征发生变化，其中沙丘迎风坡地表风速廓线接近于对数率；人工植被带地表空气动力学粗糙度显著高于流沙区．     

类土壤地表颗粒稳态输运的风洞实验研究

通过风洞实验研究了由细沙粒和粗粉粒组成的类土壤颗粒的风力输运过程，实验发现沙粒的质量流量廓线与粉粒的质量流量廓线形式完全不同，在对数一线性坐标中沙粒廓线为直线而粉粒廓线呈3次曲线型，发现粉粒的存在对沙粒的质量流量廓线斜率没有影响，只是改变了沙粒的总输沙率，根据粉粒对沙粒输运特性影响的不同，粉粒质量分数存在一临界值，对于本实验中所用材料此临界值为15％，在低于此临界值时，输沙率随粉粒的质量分数的增大而增大；当高于此临界值后，输沙率随粉粒的质量分数的增大而减小，实验中沙波纹的高度和波长随风速及粉粒的质量分数的增大而增大，而当粉粒的质量分数超过15％时沙波纹消失。