马铃薯双单倍体及在育种中应用研究进展

用大量资料论述了马铃薯双单倍体、四倍体再合成、２ｎ配子在育种中应用研究进展概况．并论述了近１０年２ｎ配子育种成就．     

倍性育种--"双单倍体-2n配子"途径选育优质马铃薯新品种研究

通过连续5年马铃薯的育种研究，已创造筛选出10份2n配子频率30％以上，花粉育性强、抗青枯病与病毒病、晚疫病抗性较好、产量高、块茎性状较好的2n配子材料，并与一批优良的4X普通栽培种杂交，获得了45个4X－2X杂交组合，80441粒实生籽。从目前实生苗的长势长相来看，具有很强的杂种优势。     

禾谷类植物双单倍体的构建实验手册

在一些先进的育种研究机构和许多商业性的作物育种公司，双单倍体已经成为开展作物育种必不可少的工具。随着一些高效、廉价、大规模创建双单倍体方法的出现，使双单倍体创建工作在一些欠发达的育种项目中得以应用。     

马铃薯分子育种研究进展

马铃薯分子育种主要包括分子标记育种、转基因育种和分子设计育种三个方面.本文综述了近年来马铃薯分子育种国内外研究进展;指出发展我国马铃薯分子育种研究迫切需要解决的几个关键问题,并对利用分子育种技术改良马铃薯前景进行了展望.     

双薯粉的制备工艺研究

本实验探究了由马铃薯、红薯为原料制备的双薯粉的最佳工艺流程及产品的最适配比,马铃薯采用60℃、8h的热风干燥制成马铃薯粉,红薯采用500W、10min的微波干燥制成红薯粉,然后按照马铃薯粉∶红薯粉∶白糖∶麦芽糊精=12∶6∶4∶3的配比制成双薯粉。     

双母体高吸水树脂对重金属离子的吸附研究

本文以羧甲基马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉磷酸酯为原料合成了双母体高吸水树脂,研究了树脂投放量、金属离子初始浓度、吸附温度对双母体高吸水树脂吸附重金属离子效果的影响.实验结果表明双母体高吸水树脂对Cu2+、Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果,且对Pb2+的吸附能力大于Cu2+.     

甘肃马铃薯产业建设重点

组建一个中心：即中国西北马铃薯育种中心．加速马铃薯品种选育进程，解决专用品种缺乏的问题，形成马铃薯脱毒种薯繁供体系。     

双醛马铃薯淀粉的理化性质及抗氧化性

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用高碘酸钠为氧化剂,通过控制高碘酸钠的浓度,分别制备了醛基含量为56.87%和90.66%的双醛马铃薯淀粉DAS-56.87和DAS-90.66.通过碱消耗法测定制备的化合物的醛基含量,考察了其溶解度、溶胀度及透光率.运用扫描电镜,对其外貌形态进行观察,通过红外吸收光谱证实了醛基的存在,进而考察了热失重,对其热稳定性进行研究.通过1,1–二苯基–2–三硝基苯肼(DPPH)实验,表明双醛马铃薯淀粉具有较好的抗氧化性,当样品的质量浓度为3.0,mg/mL时,DAS-56.87和DAS-90.66对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为42.64%和62.71%.     

家兔RAPD图谱及双引物的运用研究

运用单引物获得了较理想的五个家兔个体的ＲＡＰＤ图谱，并探讨了双引物的运用。结果表明：ＲＡＰＤ可用于家兔品种（系）鉴定，具有较大运用潜力。双引物能比单引物扩增出更多的具有多态性的条带，双引物的运用是提高多态性的有效而且很经济的手段。     

USDBL的双互协方差及双互谱密度

本文计算出了上次对角双线性时序模型的输入序列与输出序列的互协方差函数和双互协方差函数，获得了该模型的互谱密度函数的双互谱密度函数，得到了一些良好的性质。     

二甲基亚砜(DMSO)对烟草单倍体植株的染色体加倍效应

为提高烟草单倍体技术中的染色体加倍率，本文研究了运用二甲基亚砜(Dimethylsurferide,DMSO)混合秋水仙碱对烟草花培单倍体菌进行加倍的方法。结果表明．20g/L DMSO混合4g／L的秋水仙碱溶液对烟草花培单倍体苗的加倍率较单独使用秋水仙碱的加倍率提高2倍以上；运用该方法，作者在两年内成功构建烟草DH群体。     

化学物质诱发油菜单倍体的研究

采用化学物质诱发油菜孤雌生殖单倍体,结果表明,适当的化学物质能够诱发油菜孤雌生殖单倍体。实验经过显微镜检查,发现来自甘兰型油菜（Brassica napus L.）的诱发植株,其体细胞染色体数目为19,是二倍体植株体细胞染色体数38的一半。该研究方法简单,单倍体产生频率有提高的潜力,作为作物育种的途径还可深入研究。     

烟草加倍单倍体群体的构建及其在遗传育种中的应用

从花药培养、小孢子培养和子房培养几方面综述了构建烟草DH群体的基本途径及其在遗传育种中的应用和发展动态。     

Patterns of DNA cytosine methylation between haploids and corresponding diploids in rice

In higher plant, about 30% cytosines are methy-lated[1], among which about 90% methylated sites lie in CpG dinucleotide and CpNpG trinucleotide[2]. The me-thylated DNA has inducing and epigenetic effects on cell biological procedures such as gene differen…     

Two different gene loci related to the spatial patterning of brain ventricle in vertebrate

Observations on living embryonic brains and the microstructure of brain ventricle of goldfish revealed that there are two brain ventricle phenotypes in gynogenetic haploid embryos. One phenotype is as normal as that of the control inbreeding diploid embryos, which has normal differentiated forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Another phenotype is obviously abnormal, the brain patterning is irregular, and no distinct brain ventricle can be observed. The ratio of haploid embryos with normal brain pattern to that with abnormal brain pattern is 1:3. This ratio indicates that there are two gene loci involved in the spatial patterning of the brain ventricle. Since the possibility that deleterious recessive mutant alleles exist on both of the two gene loci had been excluded in this experiment, the phenotype represented the expressional state rather than the genotype of these two genes. Therefore, the ratio of 1:3 suggests that the expressing probability for each copy of the two genes is 50%, and the regulatory mechanism of the expression is based on two sets of chromosomes, controlled by the rule of the diploid-dependent regulatory mechanism.     

Two different gene loci related to the spatial patterning of brain ventricle in vertebrate

Observations on living embryonic brains and the microstructure of brain ventricle of goldfish revealed that there are two brain ventricle phenotypes in gynogenetic haploid embryos. One phenotype is as normal as that of the control inbreeding diploid embryos, which has normal differentiated forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Another phenotype is obviously abnormal, the brain patterning is irregular, and no distinct brain ventricle can be observed. The ratio of haploid embryos with normal brain pattern to that with abnormal brain pattern is 1∶3. This ratio indicates that there are two gene loci involved in the spatial patterning of the brain ventricle. Since the possibility that deleterious recessive mutant alleles exist on both of the two gene loci had been excluded in this experiment, the phenotype represented the expressional state rather than the genotype of these two genes. Therefore, the ratio of 1∶3 suggests that the expressing probability for each copy of the two genes is 50%, and the regulatory mechanism of the expression is based on two sets of chromosomes, controlled by the rule of the diploid-dependent regulatory mechanism.     

MHC单倍体型无特定病原体鸭的培育

目的 培育MHC单倍型无特定病原体单倍型鸭。方法 以国家禽类实验动物种子中心培育并保存的无特定病原体(SPF)麻鸭为基础,根据位于主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)核心区域的鸭抗原处理相关转运体分子(TAP)双拷贝基因(Tap1和Tap2)的多态性,分别利用Tap1基因组短串联重复序列(STR)、TAP2的肽结合区序列以及Tap2全基因组序列的基因型分型,连续选育主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)单倍型SPF鸭。结果 F0代和F1代鸭的STR结果完全一致;F2和F3代鸭的Tap1和Tap2基因组序列完全纯合。连续6个世代的Tap2基因组序列分析,B3群鸭有2个位点发生突变,B1、B2和B4遗传学稳定。结论 成功建立了4个MHC单倍体型SPF鸭群B1、B2、B3和B4,为深入开展鸭的免疫遗传学研究提供了实验动物支撑条件。     

QTL analysis of flag leaf in barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） for morphological traits and chlorophyll content

To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.     

水稻分子连锁图谱及重要性状的基因定位

对窄叶青８号京系１７的Ｆ１进行花药培养,获得了含有１３２个株系的加倍单倍体群体。     

Statistical method for mapping QTLs for complex traits based on two backcross populations

Most important agronomic and quality traits of crops are quantitative in nature.The genetic variations in such traits are usually controlled by sets of genes called quantitative trait loci (QTLs),and the interactions between QTLs and the environment.It is crucial to understand the genetic architecture of complex traits to design efficient strategies for plant breeding.In the present study,a new experimental design and the corresponding statistical method are presented for QTL mapping.The proposed mapping population is composed of double backcross populations derived from backcrossing both homozygous parents to DH (double haploid) or RI (recombinant inbreeding) lines separately.Such an immortal mapping population allows for across-environment replications,and can be used to estimate dominance effects,epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interactions,remedying the drawbacks of a single backcross population.In this method,the mixed linear model approach is used to estimate the positions of QTLs and their various effects including the QTL additive,dominance,and epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interaction effects (QE).Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method and to assess the accuracy and efficiency of its estimations.The results showed that the proposed method could estimate the positions and the genetic effects of QTLs with high efficiency.