电磁搅拌对钢坯凝固过程中热工参数的影响

采用自行设计的单侧冷却凝固实验装置进行了有无电磁搅拌作用下钢坯的凝固实验,并通过计算机数据采集系统对钢坯凝固过程中的各种热工参数进行了实时测试和分析·研究结果表明:施加电磁搅拌以后,钢坯凝固初期的铸型热流量明显增加,促进了铸型内钢液过热的耗散,使得钢坯内的温度分布趋于均匀,降低了凝固前沿的温度梯度·这不仅抑制了柱状晶的发展,同时易于在钢液内部同时形核,有利于等轴晶凝固组织的形成,使得钢坯的等轴晶比率由无电磁搅拌作用下的47%提高到76%·这也说明了电磁搅拌促进钢液中的过热耗散是提高铸坯凝固组织中等轴晶比率的重要原因之一·     

电磁搅拌对弹簧钢60Si2Mn凝固组织的影响

利用金相观察了电磁搅拌对弹簧钢６０Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ凝固组织的影响情况,并讨论了形成机制。结果表明：在凝固过程中进行电磁搅拌,引起熔体的强烈流动,使液相区的温度场和溶质含量趋于均匀;凝固时奥氏体的一次臂生长速度减慢,消除弹簧钢６０Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ一次结晶组织中发达的柱状树枝晶层;     

连铸坯凝固晶粒生长的元胞自动机模型

首次将元胞自动机(Cellular Automata, CA)方法和有限差分法结合起来,建立了连铸坯凝固时内部等轴晶和柱状晶的随机形核和晶粒生长模型。结合某钢厂实际生产情况,对实际工况下连铸坯凝固组织进行模拟,再现了连铸坯内部组织的演变规律,发现晶粒呈现等轴晶〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗柱状晶〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗等轴晶的转变,以及不同工艺制度下3个晶层的厚度情况,表面激冷层和中心等轴晶层厚度随拉速增加而减小,随下钢水过热度降低而增大,但柱状晶层厚度却随拉速和钢水过热度的增加而增加。仿真结果对晶粒的随机形核、晶粒的择优生长、竞争生长以及晶粒的随机取向都有比较好的体现。     

金属凝固组织的计算机仿真

探索了一种新的仿真金属凝固过程中微观组织形成的方法。通过引入导质形核模型，枝晶生长模型，几率形术底模型，借鉴单元动生长机制，仿真等轴晶、柱状晶组织形成的过程。结出了图形仿真结果，襁和实验结果符合得较好。     

垂直连铸凝固过程的数值模拟研究

采用基于Eulerian-Eulerian方法和合金凝固理论的液相-柱状晶-等轴晶三相凝固模型，对立式连铸工艺中结晶器内的凝固过程进行了研究.对比焓-多孔介质凝固模型，除热溶质浮升力导致的熔体流动，该三相凝固模型还考虑了柱状晶组织的生长、等轴晶组织的形成和演变以及游离等轴晶粒的沉浮，揭示了等轴晶沉降漂移作用对宏观溶质传输及凝固组织分布的影响.模拟结果显示铸坯中心处由等轴晶粒沉积形成的富等轴晶区存在溶质负偏析，紧邻该负偏析区域存在带状偏析区域.随着钢液过热度增加，等轴晶分布减少，中心处宏观偏析加重.     

双辊薄带凝固组织中晶粒三维尺寸的表征

双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶粒和等轴晶粒的尺寸大小对薄带的性能和行为有非常重要的影响,在薄带铸造过程中由于晶粒的生长具有三维特征,采用传统表征方法无法实现对薄带凝固组织中晶粒三维尺寸大小的表征,本文运用定量金相和概率论知识,在对晶粒形状作出合理假设的基础上,建立了双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶粒和等轴晶粒三维尺寸的表征表达式,实现了柱状晶粒等轴晶粒三维生长特征的定量描述。     

Roles of titanium-rich precipitates as inoculants during solidification in low carbon steel

The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti₂O₃ is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.     

材料凝固时晶粒生长-粗化的二维元胞自动机模型

建立了模拟凝固进行时晶粒成核、生长与粗化过程以及凝固完成后晶粒粗化过程的二维元胞自动机模型,模型中将原子在固/液界面、晶界面的迁移过程以概率的方式表现在元胞网格演化的规则中.模拟结果表明,所建立的模型可以合理地描述晶粒在凝固过程中的生长-粗化过程.应用本模型分析了冷却率、结晶取向数、温度等因素对于晶粒微观结构演化的影响.研究结果表明:大冷却率有助于得到细小的晶粒;当结晶取向数大时晶粒较小;保温温度低会抑制晶粒粗化.     

薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢中铁素体行为

为了确定薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固过程中残留铁素体的生成及转变行为,采用彩色金相、电解侵蚀、电子背散射衍射分析技术及X射线衍射分析等研究手段对双辊薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固组织及残留铁素体特征进行了研究.结果表明AISI304不锈钢薄带的凝固组织由表层胞状晶区、中间柱状晶区和中心等轴晶区三部分组成.薄带表层胞状晶区内残留铁素体呈棒状,柱状晶区的残留铁素体形态为鱼骨状,中心等轴晶区的残留铁素体呈弯曲的树枝状;薄带的表层胞状晶区残留铁素体的质量分数为4.6%～6.6%,柱状晶区内的残留铁素体质量分数为3.6%～3.7%,中心等轴晶区内的残留铁素体质量分数为11.27%～11.34%;残留铁素体沿着厚度方向呈现"W"状分布.     

电铸Cu的显微组织、晶粒取向和晶界结构

采用SEM,TEM和EBSD研究了电铸Cu的微观组织形貌、晶粒取向和晶界特征.SEM观察表明,沿沉积方向,组织由细小等轴晶区、等轴晶和柱状晶的混合晶区转变为粗大柱状晶区.EBSD分析表明,对于所有晶区,小角度晶界(15°)的分布频率较小,大角度(≥15°)晶界为电铸Cu组织的主要晶界.在大角度晶界中,CSL晶界占有很大比例,其中Σ3的分布频率较大.柱状晶由平行分布的层状孪晶构成,近似垂直于沉积厚度方向,层间孪晶界为Σ3类型,TEM的观察也显示了孪晶的存在.细等轴晶区晶粒的择优取向不明显,混合晶区和粗柱状晶区有明显的〈111〉和〈101〉择优取向.在粗柱状晶区,平行于沉积厚度方向,具有较强的〈111〉择优取向,表明大多数{111}孪晶面垂直于沉积厚度方向.     

基于体积平均法的NH4 Cl水溶液凝固行为研究

根据合金凝固理论和体积平均多相模型,对NH4 Cl-70%H2 O凝固过程进行了数值模拟和实验验证。虽然研究者已研究过NH4 Cl-70%H2 O凝固过程,但是只针对单个现象进行分析,比如通道偏析的形成、对流形式以及晶粒的形成。在前人研究的基础上,本文首次通过数值模拟和实验对比两种手段相结合的方式全面地研究了氯化铵水溶液凝固整个计算域的全部现象,尤其再现了等轴晶在铸锭中的下落漂移现象以及由此引起的对流,并且更深入地探究了偏析的形成原因。通过计算发现等轴晶从型壁处沉降并逐渐向铸型底部积聚,直到体积分数达到一临界值后,柱状晶停止生长,完成柱状晶向等轴晶转化过程。由于溶质再分配,底部晶粒集中的区域形成了负偏析,在尚未凝固的上部区域形成较大范围的正偏析。通过实验验证发现,等轴晶在铸锭中的下落漂移现象和对流形式的预测值与实验值较为一致,从而全面揭示出凝固过程中固相的移动和对流是产生宏观偏析的关键因素。     

Fine structure characterization of an explosively-welded GH3535/316H bimetallic plate interface

An explosion-welded technology was induced to manufacture the GH3535/316 H bimetallic plates to provide a more cost-effective structural material for ultrahigh temperature, molten salt thermal storage systems. The microstructure of the bonding interfaces were extensively investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and an electron probe microanalyzer. The bonding interface possessed a periodic, wavy morphology and was adorned by peninsula-or island-like transition zones. At higher magnification, a matrix recrystallization region, fine grain region, columnar grain region, equiaxed grain region, and shrinkage porosity were observed in the transition zones and surrounding area. Electron backscattered diffraction demonstrated that the strain in the recrystallization region of the GH3535 matrix and transition zone was less than the substrate. Strain concentration occurred at the interface and the solidification defects in the transition zone. The dislocation substructure in 316 H near the interface was characterized by electron channeling contrast imaging. A dislocation network was formed in the grains of 316 H. The microhardness decreased as the distance from the welding interface increased and the lowest hardness was inside the transition zone.     

相场法研究初始微结构对晶粒长大的影响

【目的】研究不同初始微结构对晶粒长大过程及生长动力学的影响。【方法】采用相场法(Phase Field)模拟二维多晶材料中正常晶粒长大及初态分别为柱状和梯度微结构的晶粒长大过程。【结果】正常晶粒长大的相对晶粒尺寸分布具有时间不变性的特点;柱状微结构的长宽比和梯度微结构的梯度指数均直接影响晶粒长大动力学,这两种初始微结构在演化过程中均向均匀等轴微结构转变。【结论】晶粒长大是大晶粒不断吞噬相邻小晶粒的过程;晶界曲率对晶粒长大过程有显著影响,曲率越大,晶粒长大越快。     

GH3535/316H爆炸复合板的界面精细结构表征

An explosion-welded technology was induced to manufacture the GH3535/316H bimetallic plates to provide a more cost-effective structural material for ultrahigh temperature, molten salt thermal storage systems. The microstructure of the bonding interfaces were extensively investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and an electron probe microanalyzer. The bonding interface possessed a periodic, wavy morphology and was adorned by peninsula- or island-like transition zones. At higher magnification, a matrix recrystallization region, fine grain region, columnar grain region, equiaxed grain region, and shrinkage porosity were observed in the transition zones and surrounding area. Electron backscattered diffraction demonstrated that the strain in the recrystallization region of the GH3535 matrix and transition zone was less than the substrate. Strain concentration occurred at the interface and the solidification defects in the transition zone. The dislocation substructure in 316H near the interface was characterized by electron channeling contrast imaging. A dislocation network was formed in the grains of 316H. The microhardness decreased as the distance from the welding interface increased and the lowest hardness was inside the transition zone.     

连铸小方坯的组织与性能研究

The hot cracking of the continuous casting bullit is connected with its macrostructure and mechanical property burnt. The macrostructure and the mechanical property of 0. 13 wt- %C continuous casting bullit was investigated. The results are as follows: 1) the classical representation of the casting bullit shows three distinct zones, a peripherial region of small equiaxed grains, a columnar zone, and a central equiaxed zone. The rapid increase of the under cooling layer thickness is the criterion of the transformation from the columnar zone to central equiaxed zone; 2) The hardness decreases with the reducing of the solidification speed; 3) The tensile strength decreases gradually from the peripherial equiaxed maximum principal strain zone to central equiaxed zone ,and increases with the drop of the temperature.     

Computational algorithms for simulating the grain structure formed on steel billets using cellular automaton and chaos theories

The development of some computational algorithms based on cellular automaton was described to simulate the structures formed during the solidification of steel products. The algorithms described take results from the steel thermal behavior and heat removal previously calculated using a simulator developed by present authors in a previous work. Stored time is used for displaying the steel transition from liquid to mushy and solid. And it is also used to command computational subroutines that reproduce nucleation and grain growth. These routines are logically programmed using the programming language C++ and are based on a simultaneous solution of numerical methods (stochastic and deterministic) to create a graphical representation of different grain structures formed. The grain structure obtained is displayed on the computer screen using a graphical user interface (GUI). The chaos theory and random generation numbers are included in the algorithms to simulate the heterogeneity of grain sizes and morphologies.     

基于实验与3D-CAFé法的高硅钢铸锭凝固行为

通过空冷和水冷实验研究了高硅钢的铸态组织,发现高硅钢铸态组织主要由粗大的柱状晶构成,水冷铸锭中柱状晶比例高达90%以上.依据铸锭的化学成分和晶粒统计结果,确定了3D-CAFE法模拟所需的枝晶生长动力学系数及高斯分布等参数.采用CAFE法对不同冷却条件下高硅钢的凝固过程进行模拟研究,发现空冷铸锭较水冷铸锭的温度场更均匀,糊状区更宽阔;空冷铸锭呈"过渡式"凝固,水冷铸锭呈"分层式"凝固;空冷流场较水冷流场更稳定,凝固末期冒口处出现明显的抽吸现象,而水冷模拟结果中未观察到该现象.组织模拟结果发现,模拟得到的高硅钢凝固组织无论是形貌还是晶粒尺寸都与实验结果相一致;最后通过改变浇注温度模拟研究了过热度对高硅钢凝固组织的影响,结果表明,随着过热度的降低,铸锭中心等轴晶率提高,晶粒数量增加,晶粒尺寸变得细小.     

In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels

The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γ transformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles decreased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.     

合金凝固过程中晶粒尺寸和形貌演变的预测

利用合金凝固热力学原理,考虑形核和长大因素,建立了预测晶粒尺寸的理论模型,利用该模型对近液相线半连续铸造6061铝合金的晶粒大小进行了计算,所得结果与实验吻合.在所计算的几个条件中,最大误差小于7μm.通过对凝固过程中液固界面法向生长的扰动分析,得出球形晶粒周边主导波长及对应于一定波数的临界晶粒直径表达式.利用此关系可以很好地解释球晶生长及其向一定形貌的枝晶转变的条件及机理;对于分析凝固组织中不同形貌晶粒的形成及演化具有参考价值;对于半固态合金组织性能预测及其制备工艺优化具有实际意义.