致密油藏直井体积压裂储层改造体积的影响因素

基于三叠系长7致密储层地质特征建立直井典型缝网模型,利用数值模拟方法对体积压裂与常规压裂的开发效果进行对比,模拟不同缝网形态、裂缝间距及导流能力对体积压裂储层改造体积(VSR)的影响。结果表明:体积压裂改造方式能够改善油藏的渗流环境,增加储层动用程度,大幅度提高单井产能;储层改造体积越大,压后产量越高;相同改造体积下,开发效果与井筒连通的有效裂缝体积密切相关;裂缝间距及主、次裂缝导流能力对储层改造体积的影响较大。     

体积压裂缝网渗流特征与注水开发适配性研究

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储层体积压裂改造后,单井产能较常规压裂有了大幅度的提高,但由于地层压力系数小, 仅靠天然能量开发效果并不理想,因此,探索体积压裂井的注水补充能量方式有重要意义。基于体积压裂复杂缝网形 态的特点,建立了缝网数值模拟模型,对直井体积压裂缝网渗流特征进行了分析;以体积压裂矩形井网为例,研究了注 采形式下体积压裂井的增产机理,并结合井网对缝网适配性进行了探索。研究结果表明,缝网系统增加了储层垂向动 用程度,提高了主裂缝壁面方向的水驱波及体积,改善了注采井间的水驱动用效果。由于缝网系统存在“最短渗流距 离”,体积压裂井见水后含水上升较快。通过长庆某典型致密油储层直井体积压裂实例分析,对后期可行的井网形式 进行了优化设计和论证。     

盒8致密气储层水平井体积压裂增产影响因素

 体积压裂技术形成以主裂缝为主干的纵横“网状缝”,适合低孔、低渗油气藏的储层改造。基于盒8致密气储层特征,建立应力敏感和井筒摩阻条件下的水平井体积压裂模型,数值模拟不同储层特点,分析地质条件及缝网特征对体积压裂改造效果影响。结果表明,体积压裂水平井可明显改善致密气藏渗流环境,提高单井产能;压力系数、储层渗透率主要影响体积压裂改造效果;储层有效改造体积越大,压后增产越明显;缝网宽长、裂缝导流、裂缝排布等对体积压裂改造增产效果影响依次增大。研究结果为致密气藏体积压裂优化设计和效果评价提供一定的理论依据。     

页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究现状与展望

水平井分段压裂形成复杂体积缝网是页岩气有效开采的关键技术之一,复杂体积缝网依靠支撑剂支撑并成为页岩气渗流的重要通道。支撑裂缝长期导流能力是影响页岩气压后产能的重要因素,而关于页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力的研究尚未形成统一认识。通过分析国内外最新研究动态,阐述了支撑剂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究的重要性;分析了目前国内外关于支撑剂长期导流能力的实验测试与理论预测方面的研究成果;剖析了非达西渗流效应、多相渗流效应、地层水性质等特殊因素对长期导流能力的影响程度;提出了页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究方向的着重点。     

考虑应力敏感和水力裂缝方位角的页岩产能模型

产能预测对页岩气的高效合理开发有着重要的作用，而目前国内外对于页岩气分段压裂水平井产能的研究没有同时考虑到天然裂缝应力敏感和水力裂缝形态及渗流特征对产能的影响。为此，根据双重介质渗流理论，综合考虑了页岩储层的吸附解吸、扩散运移、天然裂缝的应力敏感效应，建立了页岩储层渗流模型；同时考虑水力裂缝的有限导流能力、裂缝方位角等因素，利用点源函数方法将裂缝离散，之后叠加建立水力裂缝模型，最后将两种模型耦合得到页岩气藏压力水平井不稳定渗流模型和产能模型。根据已建立的页岩气压裂水平井产能模型，编程计算出产能特征曲线；通过对比模拟结果分析出，与实例类似的页岩气压裂水平井的最优水力裂缝导流能为15~18 D·cm，最优缝长分布方式为外高内低的U型，最优水力裂缝间距分布为等间距分布；模拟结果与页岩气井的现场数据的对比，也验证了该模型的准确性。该研究对页岩气开发有着重要的指导意义。     

基于离散裂缝模型的页岩气动态特征分析

页岩储层孔隙结构复杂,基质渗透率低,天然裂缝发育,水平井体积压裂为其主要生产手段,表现出以裂缝系统裂缝渗流为主,基质系统扩散流、滑脱流以及吸附-解吸附现象共同作用的多尺度流动特点。基于离散裂缝建立页岩气渗流数学模型,利用有限元分析方法进行数值求解,通过实例研究分析页岩气生产动态特征,以及开发过程中压裂级数和裂缝半长对储层压力分布和页岩气井生产动态特征的影响。结果表明:页岩气井初期产量高,但递减快,生产周期长;开发初期以裂缝渗流为主,压裂级数起主导作用,级数越多,压力波传播越快,储层压力下降明显,产能主要集中在生产初期;开发后期以基质渗流为主,裂缝半长作用增强,产量递减率下降,生产井附近压力接近废弃压力,生产能力下降。     

缝网页岩储层非线性耦合渗流模型研究

页岩气藏裂缝发育,流体渗流机理复杂,认识流体在缝网页岩储层中的流动规律是准确评价气藏产能的关键科学问题.本文建立多重连续/离散裂缝模型描述水力压裂后的页岩储渗空间,建立了综合考虑吸附气非线性非平衡解吸附、表面扩散,自由气黏性流和Knudsen扩散机理的非线性耦合渗流数学模型.模型认为吸附气在有机质表面发生表面扩散,并与无机质基质孔之间发生非平衡解吸附,无机质基质孔内存在黏性流和努森扩散,而天然裂缝和压裂形成的水力裂缝内只有黏性流.通过压裂水平井的数值模拟结果,揭示了缝网页岩储层中吸附气净解吸附速率的时空演变规律,发现了最大净解吸附速率由缝网逐渐向基质扩散的现象.通过多重压力系统分析,发现了裂缝中自由气、基质无机质孔隙中自由气、有机质中吸附气依次滞后的浓度扩散现象;通过对天然裂缝渗流场的分析,发现离散缝网区域包络线外的流动形式随时间依次出现:椭圆径向流、线性流和缝间干扰产生的非线性流.本文研究揭示了缝网页岩储层的渗流机理,为页岩气藏的开发提供了科学基础.     

页岩气藏缝网形成影响机理研究

页岩气开发对我国能源保障具有重要的现实意义,页岩气开发的关键在于通过体积压裂形成复杂裂缝网络,从而提高页岩气的流通能力。国内对缝网形成机理研究较少,在文献调研基础上,系统分析了缝网形成影响机理:建立了岩石脆性判断准则,得出脆性指数大于40,储层适合体积压裂;分析了天然裂缝、地应力和诱导应力对缝网的影响,得出诱导应力有利于缝网形成,确定了天然裂缝张开后的走向及力学条件;建立了转向半径计算模型,得出泊松比和水平主应力差大于临界值时,难于形成缝网。研究结果为页岩储层体积压裂、判断缝网形成提供了参考和借鉴作用。     

页岩气储层压裂水平井三线性渗流模型研究

具有天然裂缝发育及纳米级孔隙的页岩气储层渗流具有多种模式,压裂水平井开发模式已成为页岩气藏主要 开发模式,渗流数学模型的建立与求解具有很强的理论意义和现实价值。借鉴已有的三线性渗流模型思路,重新设计 了模型的构成,并建立了包括解吸吸附的渗流数学模型,借助无因次化及拉普拉斯变换推导出单井压裂水平井页岩气 藏的产能公式和井底压力公式,最后,应用得到的结果进行了单井生产过程中影响因素的分析。通过研究与应用表 明,由该简化模型得到的公式能方便而且准确地计算并预测页岩气的产量变化,而且对于压裂设计也可提供设计参数 的优化分析方法。     

体积压裂缝网系统模拟及缝网形态优化研究

为了有效地表征压裂后形成的复杂裂缝网络系统,依据三维改造区域的渗流规律,提出了缝网双重介质数值模型。利用该模型对不同缝网形态进行模拟,分析了不同缝网形态对产能的影响规律,并获得衰竭式开发下的最佳形态。研究结果表明:纺锤型与哑铃型缝网形态较其他缝网形态更具优势;影响体积压裂水平井产能的因素主要有端部裂缝的产能、缝网内部裂缝缝间干扰的程度、缝网形态中部主裂缝对泄流面积的控制程度。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.