用四面体结构磁偶极子对内窥镜定位探头微型化的研究

介绍使用磁场方式来测定微型内窥镜探头在人体内三维位置及姿态角的一种方法 .根据位于正四面体上的六对极性相反的磁偶极子线圈在其周围空间产生的磁场以及附着于内窥镜探头上的磁场传感器在该磁场空间任意点以任意姿态感应磁场时所获得的信号 ,建立以空间位置 (x ,y ,z) ,姿态角 (α ,β)为未知数的五元非线性方程组 .求解该非线性方程组 ,就可以由磁场传感器所获得的测量数据计算出对应的一组位置和姿态 (x ,y ,z,α ,β) 信息 ,从而实现微型内窥镜探头的三维定位和跟踪     

Ecology: avoidance of disease by social lobsters

Transmissible pathogens are the bane of social animals, so they have evolved behaviours to decrease the probability of infection. There is no record, however, of social animals avoiding diseased individuals of their own species in the wild. Here we show how healthy, normally gregarious Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) avoid conspecifics that are infected with a lethal virus. Early detection and avoidance of infected, though not yet infectious, individuals by healthy lobsters confers a selective advantage and highlights the importance of host behaviour in disease transmission among natural populations.     

Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent magnetosensitivity in Drosophila

Although many animals use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, the precise biophysical mechanisms underlying magnetic sensing have been elusive. One theoretical model proposes that geomagnetic fields are perceived by chemical reactions involving specialized photoreceptors. However, the specific photoreceptor involved in such magnetoreception has not been demonstrated conclusively in any animal. Here we show that the ultraviolet-A/blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (Cry) is necessary for light-dependent magnetosensitive responses in Drosophila melanogaster. In a binary-choice behavioural assay for magnetosensitivity, wild-type flies show significant naive and trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light ( approximately 300-700 nm) but do not respond to the field when wavelengths in the Cry-sensitive, ultraviolet-A/blue-light part of the spectrum (<420 nm) are blocked. Notably, Cry-deficient cry(0) and cry(b) flies do not show either naive or trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light. Moreover, Cry-dependent magnetosensitivity does not require a functioning circadian clock. Our work provides, to our knowledge, the first genetic evidence for a Cry-based magnetosensitive system in any animal.     

永磁铁氧体多极磁环取向结构的研究

将Halbach阵列结构创新运用到各向异性铁氧体多极磁环的注塑模具取向结构中,对常规径向取向结构和Halbach阵列取向结构进行对比研究,运用有限元软件仿真辅助得出两种不同取向结构的磁场云图和磁场强度波形分布.分析结果表明:运用了Halbach阵列的新型取向结构的磁场强度有明显的增加,该结构相对独特易行,可以有效解决生产实践中各向异性铁氧体多极磁环注塑过程中取向不充分的问题.     

航海天文定位绘算系统设计

采用传统高度差原理,整理归纳了天体真高度、天体恒星格林时角与赤纬和天文船位的解算模型,使用C#编程工具,设计出天文定位绘算系统,并进行了误差分析.该系统经过实际航海应用和软件测试,将自动计算结果与手工计算进行比对,可知该系统计算迅速、结果准确,能够满足航海要求,并且避免了在最通常情况下手工计算所不可避免的误差或错误,证明了系统的实用性和可靠性.     

Triplet-singlet spin relaxation via nuclei in a double quantum dot

The spin of a confined electron, when oriented originally in some direction, will lose memory of that orientation after some time. Physical mechanisms leading to this relaxation of spin memory typically involve either coupling of the electron spin to its orbital motion or to nuclear spins. Relaxation of confined electron spin has been previously measured only for Zeeman or exchange split spin states, where spin-orbit effects dominate relaxation; spin flips due to nuclei have been observed in optical spectroscopy studies. Using an isolated GaAs double quantum dot defined by electrostatic gates and direct time domain measurements, we investigate in detail spin relaxation for arbitrary splitting of spin states. Here we show that electron spin flips are dominated by nuclear interactions and are slowed by several orders of magnitude when a magnetic field of a few millitesla is applied. These results have significant implications for spin-based information processing.     

Chemical compass model of avian magnetoreception

Approximately 50 species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, crustaceans and insects, are known to use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. Birds in particular have been intensively studied, but the biophysical mechanisms that underlie the avian magnetic compass are still poorly understood. One proposal, based on magnetically sensitive free radical reactions, is gaining support despite the fact that no chemical reaction in vitro has been shown to respond to magnetic fields as weak as the Earth's ( approximately 50 muT) or to be sensitive to the direction of such a field. Here we use spectroscopic observation of a carotenoid-porphyrin-fullerene model system to demonstrate that the lifetime of a photochemically formed radical pair is changed by application of < or =50 microT magnetic fields, and to measure the anisotropic chemical response that is essential for its operation as a chemical compass sensor. These experiments establish the feasibility of chemical magnetoreception and give insight into the structural and dynamic design features required for optimal detection of the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.     

地磁导航中载体涡流干扰场特性的仿真分析

地磁导航中的测量误差是影响地磁导航精度的关键因素,而包括涡流磁场在内的载体干扰磁场是产生误差的主要因素。目前各种运载体大量使用铁磁性材料,这样不可避免地会引起涡流磁场等干扰磁场。因此文中采用COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件,建立了高速运动载体的涡流干扰场仿真模型。首先研究了永磁体与匀强磁场之间的关系,发现永磁体的剩磁越强,匀强场也越强,为模拟地磁场提供了理论依据。其次分析了载体在匀速转动时涡流磁场对地磁测量的影响,最后研究了载体摆动时的涡流场的分布。结果表明涡流磁场随着速度的增大而增强,且涡流磁场主要分布于载体中间位置。仿真结果为下一步地磁导航中的误差建模以及磁场校正技术的研究提供了理论依据。     

Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird

Lateralization of brain functions, once believed to be a human characteristic, has now been found to be widespread among vertebrates. In birds, asymmetries of visual functions are well studied, with each hemisphere being specialized for different tasks. Here we report lateralized functions of the birds' visual system associated with magnetoperception, resulting in an extreme asymmetry of sensing the direction of the magnetic field. We found that captive migrants tested in cages with the magnetic field as the only available orientation cue were well oriented in their appropriate migratory direction when using their right eye only, but failed to show a significant directional preference when using their left eye. This implies that magnetoreception for compass orientation, assumed to take place in the eyes alongside the visual processes, is strongly lateralized, with a marked dominance of the right eye/left brain hemisphere.     

层状取向铁纤维吸波特性

对多层具有各向异性电磁参数取向纤维板建立了传输矩阵方程 .依据电磁场理论推导出了求解不同入射极化波时反射系数公式 .该式可用于研究宽频带内任意层数和任意取向层状板的反射与吸波特性 .对 1 6层取向铁纤维板的反射系数进行了计算 ,结果表明反射波呈椭圆极化态 ,讨论了入射波的极化角及纤维取向对反射系数的影响 .     

Two types of orientation-sensitive responses of amacrine cells in the mammalian retina.

Neurons sensitive to the orientation of light stimuli exist throughout the mammalian visual system, suggesting that this spatial feature is a fundamental cue used by the brain to decipher visual information. The most peripheral neurons known to show orientation sensitivity are the retinal ganglion cells. Considerable morphological and pharmacological data suggest that the orientation sensitivity of ganglion cells is formed, at least partly, by the amacrine cells, which are laterally oriented interneurons presynaptic to the ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer. So far there have been few studies of the responses of amacrine cells to oriented visual stimuli and their role in forming orientation-sensitive responses in the retina remains unclear. Here I report the novel finding of a population of amacrine cells in the rabbit retina which are orientation-sensitive. These amacrine cells can be divided into two subtypes, whose orientation sensitivity is manufactured by two distinct mechanisms. The orientation sensitivity of the first subtype of amacrine cell is formed from the interactions of excitatory, centre-receptive field synaptic inputs and inhibitory inputs of opposite polarity, whereas that for cells of the second subtype seems to be the product of a marked asymmetry in their dendritic arbors.     

航磁矢量测量姿态坐标变换技术研究

在航空物探领域,航空矢量磁测目的是测量空间某位置的磁场三分量信息,方法是通过安装在飞行器中的三分量磁力仪实时测量地磁场的三分量数据,并由惯性导航系统实时记录飞机姿态信息。惯性导航设备记录的姿态信息基于地理坐标系,而三分量磁力仪设备测量的磁场值基于载体坐标系。通过分析地理坐标系与载体坐标系之间的对应关系,推导建立航磁测量姿态变换方程,为航磁测量姿态坐标变换提供理论依据。通过姿态坐标变换分析,结合模拟飞行实验,验证了姿态变换方法的正确性和有效性。     

Olfaction: scent-triggered navigation in honeybees

The honeybee, Apis mellifera, navigates rapidly and accurately to food sources that are often kilometres away. They achieve this by learning visual cues, such as the location and colour of nectar-bearing flowers, and chemical cues, such as the scent and the taste of the nectar. Here we train bees to visit differently scented sugar feeders placed at specific outdoor locations and find that they can be induced to visit the same locations simply by having the corresponding scent blown into the hive, even when the destinations no longer have the food or carry the scent. A familiar nectar scent can trigger specific memories of a route and therefore expedite navigation to the food source.     

防城港口门外抛泥区潮流及质点轨迹模拟

模拟研究了防城港倾倒区潮流流场及质点的拉格朗日漂移，结果表明潮流动力场及倾倒点所选位置有利于保证航道的疏浚效果。     

Animal behaviour: geomagnetic map used in sea-turtle navigation

Migratory animals capable of navigating to a specific destination, and of compensating for an artificial displacement into unfamiliar territory, are thought to have a compass for maintaining their direction of travel and a map sense that enables them to know their location relative to their destination. Compasses are based on environmental cues such as the stars, the Sun, skylight polarization and magnetism, but little is known about the sensory mechanism responsible for the map sense. Here we show that the green sea-turtle (Chelonia mydas) has a map that is at least partly based on geomagnetic cues.     

Three-dimensional illusory contours and surfaces.

Under general viewing conditions, objects are often partially camouflaged, obscured or occluded, thereby limiting information about their three-dimensional position, orientation and shape to incomplete and variable image cues. When presented with such partial cues, observers report perceiving 'illusory' contours and surfaces (forms) in regions having no physical image contrast. Here we report that three-dimensional illusory forms share three fundamental properties with 'real' forms: (1) the same forms are perceived using either stereo or motion parallax cues (cue invariance); (2) they retain their shape over changes in position and orientation relative to an observer (view stability); and (3) they can take the shape of general contours and surfaces in three dimensions (morphic generality). We hypothesize that illusory contours and surfaces are manifestations of a previously unnoticed visual process which constructs a representation of three-dimensional position, orientation and shape of objects from available image cues.     

基于磁感式传感器的磁条空间磁场分布测量

针对智能循迹中磁条在不同的安装方式下导航测量的磁条部位会有所不同,为了确定磁检测传感器系统在磁条不同安装方式下对其精确有效的测量位置,提出了基于磁感式传感器的磁条空间磁场分布测量。采用了PNI(Pacific Nanotechnology Incorporated)磁感式传感器对磁条空间的磁场分布大小进行测量,在基于QT5的RS232串口上位机界面上,对使用的传感器在不同参数设置的情况下进行了工作性能的检测与分析,选取合适的测量参数设置。实验测试结果表明：测量磁条横截面360°的变化磁场的结果是稳定有效的。     

基于磁场方式的内窥镜体内三维定位方法研究

介绍使用磁场方式来测定内窥镜探头在人体内三维位置及姿态角的一种方法 .根据 3个互相正交的圆环线圈在其周围空间产生的三维磁场以及附着于内窥镜探头上的 3个相互正交的磁场传感器在该磁场空间任意点以任意姿态感应磁场时所获得的信号 ,建立以空间位置 (x、y、z) ,姿态角 (a、b、c)为未知数的六元非线性方程组 .求解该非线性方程组 ,就可以由磁场传感器所获得的测量数据计算出对应的一组位置和姿态 (x ,y ,z ,a ,b ,c) 信息 ,从而实现内窥镜探头的三维定位和跟踪 .     

水下铁磁性腔体外部感应磁场研究

在水下铁磁性腔体上测量地磁场必须消除干扰磁场的影响,其中感应磁场是干扰磁场的主要组成部分,它随着腔体方位的变化而变化。分析腔体感应磁场的有限元计算方法,建立二维、三维数学模型,重点是采用有限元积分法添加了Neumann边界条件,得到了腔体感应磁场方程。通过将二维模型的解析解与数值解相比对,验证了二维和三维感应磁场方程的正确性,从而运用数值计算方法得到腔体位置、姿态变化时感应磁场的分布。     

Observation of individual vortices trapped along columnar defects in high-temperature superconductors

Many superconductors do not entirely expel magnetic flux-rather, magnetic flux can penetrate the superconducting state in the form of vortices. Moving vortices create resistance, so they must be 'pinned' to permit dissipationless current flow. This is a particularly important issue for the high-transition-temperature superconductors, in which the vortices move very easily. Irradiation of superconducting samples by heavy ions produces columnar defects, which are considered to be the optimal pinning traps when the orientation of the column coincides with that of the vortex line. Although columnar defect pinning has been investigated using macroscopic techniques, it has hitherto been impossible to resolve individual vortices intersecting with individual defects. Here we achieve the resolution required to image vortex lines and columnar defects in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi-2212) thin films, using a 1-MV field-emission electron microscope. For our thin films, we find that the vortex lines at higher temperatures are trapped and oriented along tilted columnar defects, irrespective of the orientation of the applied magnetic field. At lower temperatures, however, vortex penetration always takes place perpendicular to the film plane, suggesting that intrinsic 'background' pinning in the material now dominates.