节流机构对风冷热泵冷热水机组逆循环除霜时间的影响

研究了不同节流机构对逆循环除霜时间的影响．用一根外径为22mm的旁通铜管及热力膨胀阀分别作为除霜时的节流机构，在一台名义制热量为55kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组上进行了实验研究．结果表明：旁通铜管系统比热力膨胀阀系统的除霜时间缩短1．5min，其中融霜时间缩短1．3min，排水时间缩短0．2min;在融霜阶段开始的一分多种和整个排水阶段，风冷换热器出口即节流机构进口的制冷剂为过热气体或者两相状态，气相的存在位节流机构的流量增加缓慢；旁通铜管系统比热力膨胀阀系统的流通面积大，所以除霜时间短．     

风冷热泵冷热水机组结霜与除霜性能的实验研究

研究了风冷热泵冷热水机组结霜与除霜时的动态性能.在一台制冷量为55 kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组上进行了实验,结果表明:在结霜中期的64 min内,风速分布不均匀造成一些支路出口带有液体,导致热力膨胀阀的控制发生了间歇振荡;在结霜后期的32 min内,风速的不均匀分布与霜层导致传热性能的恶化相结合,使热力膨胀阀发生了持续的振荡;除霜时存在系统参数突然剧烈上升的“临界点”,这是由于风冷换热器管外的换热方式由临界点前霜融化成水的相变换热变成了临界点后空气的自然对流换热;在制热的启动阶段和除霜终止切换为制热循环时,排气压力发生了剧烈的突升,这与制冷剂的流量比较大和板式换热器的内容积比较小有关.     

翅片管式蒸发器超声波除霜理论与技术研究

针对传统逆除霜技术能耗高、热舒适度差的问题,研究应用于翅片管式蒸发器的超声波除霜新技术。结合MATLAB数值求解方法与有限元压电结构耦合仿真方法,分析蒸发器结构中的频散曲线,确定蒸发器结构中的超声导波类型、模态及导波传播特性,并将超声频散曲线分析结果与有限元仿真结果进行对比。研究结果表明,在激励频率小于250kHz时,蒸发器翅片上存在Lamb波的A0和S0模态以及SH波的SH0模态,Lamb波在翅片与霜层界面处激发破碎应力,SH波激发剪切应力;翅片上振动以Lamb波的S0模态为主,铜管上可以清楚看到对称的纵向模态,有限元仿真结果与频散曲线分析结果完全吻合;超声除霜试验与能耗分析结果表明,超声除霜能耗不到传统逆除霜能耗的1/22,除霜效率至少提高了7倍,是一种高效、低能耗的翅管式换热器除霜新技术。     

风冷热泵冷热水机组热气旁通除霜与逆循环除霜性能对比

在制冷量为55kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组上，比较了热气旁通除霜和逆循环除霜的性能．结果表明：逆循环除霜的能量来自压缩机的输入功率以及从房间和循环水中吸收的热量，除霜时间为94s，但房间温度存在剧烈波动，舒适性较差；热气旁通除霜的能量只来自压缩机的输入功率，而且制冷荆流过分液器和分液毛细管的能量损失较大，除霜时间比逆循环除霜方式多178s，但不会从循环水和房间吸热，舒适性较好；在热气旁通除霜方式的融霜阶段，压缩机的吸气过热度一直在0℃左右，导致排气温度和过热度不断降低，可能会危及压缩机的安全．     

强制对流下翅片管蒸发器表面结霜实验

翅片管蒸发器表面结霜是阻碍制冷系统高效运行的主要不利因素之一。利用恒温恒湿箱搭建强制对流下蒸发器翅片管表面结霜可视化实验平台,在环境温度0～8℃、相对湿度55%～75%及迎面风速0.8～2.4 m/s时,实时记录霜层动态生长过程,研究了环境温度、相对湿度和迎面风速对霜层生长特性及蒸发器换热性能的影响规律。结果表明：环境温度和迎面风速是影响蒸发器结霜的主要因素,结霜50 min,环境温度为0℃的霜层厚度比环境温度为8℃的提高了12.78%,迎面风速为2.4 m/s的霜层厚度比迎面风速为0.8 m/s的提高了14.66%,结霜量与换热量提高趋势相同。在结霜初期,相对湿度越大,换热量越大;结霜后期,相对湿度越小,换热量越大,并得到了换热量关于环境参数与时间的相关关系。     

盾构出洞水平冻结解冻温度场三维有限元分析

为揭示人工冻土解冻规律,对某地铁区间隧道盾构出洞水平冻结工程融化温度场进行了三维数值模拟分析,并研究了土体导热系数、比热容、含水率和环境温度等因素变化对人工冻土融化温度场的影响.计算结果表明:冻结帷幕解冻所需热量主要来自于与隧道管片和混凝土槽壁接触的大气;解冻过程可为负温阶段、相变阶段和正温阶段,土体温度在负温阶段上升较快,相变阶段上升速度明显变缓,进入正温区后土体温度回升速度再次增大;负温阶段受比热容的影响比较显著,含水率增大引起相变阶段明显延长,导热系数和环境温度变化对三个阶段都有显著影响.为跟踪注浆控制融沉提供了理论依据.     

显热除霜方式的能量分析与试验研究

针对现有逆向除霜方式的不足,提出了一种新型的除霜方式———显热除霜.分析了显热除霜的机理和作用过程,从霜层角度分析了蒸发器除霜过程中需要的热量组成.对显热除霜方式与逆向除霜方式除霜所需热量进行了理论比较,结果表明显热除霜方式所需的热量较少.从制冷系统角度对2种除霜方式除霜过程的能量进行了分析和试验验证.试验表明:逆向除霜方式因四通阀换向导致制冷系统压力、温度分布被破坏并重新建立而存在大量能量损失,显热除霜方式不存在这问题;在同样条件下显热除霜与逆向除霜相比,除霜时间缩短了26.7%,小时供热率提高2%,系统供热水温度波动在5℃以内.     

结霜工况下R410A翅片管式蒸发器的换热特性

在焓差实验装置和热泵性能测试系统中,对一台R410A空气源热泵的翅片管式蒸发器在结霜工况下的换热特性进行了试验研究.通过改变蒸发器制冷剂侧和空气侧的流体温度、流量等参数,利用显微摄影机对室外侧换热器的平直翅片表面结霜过程进行动态跟踪.实验表明,结霜速率和霜层厚度的变化对制冷系统的换热量、蒸发温度、制冷剂侧压降、整体传热效率都有不同程度的影响.在蒸发器的结霜初期和结霜后期,系统性能的衰减程度有较大区别.在空气温度为0℃~-4℃,相对湿度大于80%的情况下,换热器表面结霜速度最快.     

并联双循环风冷冰箱冷冻/冷藏切换时制冷剂迁移研究

针对并联双循环风冷冰箱在冷冻/冷藏切换时的制冷剂迁移特性进行了实验研究,该冰箱主要由压缩机、蒸发器、节流装置及冷凝器组成。冷藏、冷冻空间分别拥有独立的蒸发器、风机及主风道,冷藏、冷冻室有各自的感温包。依据蒸发器温度变化,冷冻向冷藏切换时的制冷剂迁移过程依次分压力平衡、制冷剂迁出冷冻蒸发、制冷剂迁移至冷藏蒸发这3个阶段。研究表明:阶段1,低压压力由冷冻蒸发压力向冷藏蒸发压力攀升;阶段2,冷藏蒸发器内基本无两相段,制冷量较少;阶段3,冷藏蒸发器出现稳定的两相段,且两相段长度不断增大,制冷量逐渐增多;冷冻向冷藏切换的过渡过程时长约为冷藏运行的23%,耗电量为20%,获取的冷量仅约3.4%,即存在较大的制冷剂迁移损失;冷藏向冷冻切换的过渡过程对冰箱整体性能几乎无影响。该结果可为风冷变频多门冰箱设计提供参考。     

某船冰库热冲融霜方法探讨

冰库对延长食品保质期,保正食品的质量和卫生起着关键的作用。在实际工作中,某科考船库门开关频繁,使冰库内蒸发器结霜普遍较为严重,极大地降底了冰库内冷交换的效率,造成了冰机长时间工作,并使库温达不到要求。在保证冰机正常工作的前提下,掌握融霜方法,正确实施融霜,是提高冰机效率,保证库温的重要手段。该文介绍了冰库融霜的概念、原理,分析了对冰库及时融霜的必要性,叙述了常用的冰库融霜方法,并结合某船实际,从准备工作、开始融霜、注意事项、融霜结束后系统操作等方面重点对热冲融霜进行了详细的分析。对冰库融霜以及冰机运行中的管理具有一定的参考意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to