有机气溶胶对中国境内云凝结核数量的贡献研究

根据κ-K?hler理论, 利用2006年中国境内气溶胶浓度的数值模拟结果, 计算总体气溶胶活化为云凝结核的数浓度, 并评估有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的贡献。中国境内云凝结核数浓度总体呈东部高西部低的分布, 这与东部受到更多人为源排放影响、气溶胶浓度高有关。假设气溶胶各类化学组分彼此外混合, 则各季节云凝结核数浓度为0.9×10³~1.2×10³ cm^-3, 有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量贡献全年平均为30%。假设气溶胶中有机组分彼此内混合并与其他组分外混合, 则各季节云凝结核数浓度为0.9×10³~1.1×10³cm^-3, 有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的贡献全年平均28%。尽管有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的年平均贡献相差不大, 但夏季和冬季的贡献有较大差异, 原因在于夏季有更多的二次有机气溶胶生成, 而冬季更多的是一次有机气溶胶排放。因此, 有机气溶胶是中国云凝结核的重要来源, 并且有机气溶胶的混合状态对云凝结核数量有很大的影响。     

一种快速测量高粒径分辨率气溶胶活化率曲线的方法

基于扫描粒径的原理, 介绍了测量高粒径分辨率气溶胶活化率曲线的方法。给出了改进的数据反演算法, 能较好地反演出气溶胶和云凝结核的数浓度谱分布, 以及气溶胶分档活化率。在大气气溶胶的外场观测中对该方法进行了检验。     

华北重度霾过程期间大气气溶胶粒子的微物理垂直特征

在华北重度霾过程期间(2013年9月30日),利用夏延ⅢA的飞机观测资料分别对石家庄和邢台的气溶胶粒子谱分布,气溶胶(cloud nuclei,CN)与云凝结核(cloud condensation nuclei,CCN)垂直分布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明,两地的气溶胶数浓度均随着高度的增加而减小,气溶胶粒子有效半径比较接近,积聚模态和粗模态气溶胶粒子有效半径的范围分别在0.05~0.35μm,0.8~2.2μm之间。两地的边界层内和边界层以上均出现了逆温层,且逆温层之下的气溶胶数浓度均出现明显增加现象。对气溶胶后向轨迹的分析结果表明:3 000 m高度处的气溶胶主要是随气团远距离输送而来;1 500 m高度处的气溶胶主要来自南边近地面污染物排放,输送距离较短;500 m高度处的气溶胶受偏南气团的影响,主要由高浓度的气溶胶细粒子组成。云凝结核的垂直分布结果表明,CCN数浓度随高度的增加而减小,逆温层的存在对CCN有一定的累积效应。对石家庄(邢台)市的CCN与气溶胶数浓度做相关性分析,结果表明两地的CCN与气溶胶的总相关系数均在0.95以上,而淡积云内相关系数仅为0.83,且云内的CCN数浓度明显低于云外,因此表明了云滴活化对CCN的消耗作用。云凝结核的数浓度随高度的增加而减小,逆温层的存在对CCN有一定的累积效应。云底以下的气溶胶粒子谱宽较窄,云内和云顶以上的气溶胶粒子谱较宽。     

FLUENT对云凝结核计数器云室内 气流特征的模拟研究

运用计算流体力学模型ANSYS FLUENT,对DMT公司的恒流热梯度云凝结核计数器(CCNC)云室内的流场、温度场以及水汽场进行模拟。依据外场观测和室内实验中的常用进气流速0.0164,0.0185,0.0205,0.0226和0.0246 m/s以及云室温差2,8和17 K,对比不同进气流速和云室温差对云室内流场的影响。结果显示,云室内的速度场和温度场均受进气流速和云室温差的影响。当云室温差为8 K,进气流速为0.0205m/s时,模拟出的云室中心线的过饱和度约为0.27%,较好地模拟出云室内的水汽过饱和状态。     

一种改进的DMT云凝结核计数器过饱和比标定方法

提出一种改进的标定云凝结核计数器中等效过饱和比的方法。相对于DMT公司的标定方法, 该方法在流程和数据处理方面都做了改进。标定时观测完整的硫酸铵活化率曲线, 通过高斯误差函数拟合的方法确定硫酸铵活化的临界粒径, 从而减少标定结果的误差。根据该方法, 用户可自行对DMT云凝结核计数器云室过饱和比进行周期性的检验和标定, 保证高质量的云凝结核观测。     

管道中锆粉云火焰传播的温度与速度特性

粉末状的锆金属不仅燃烧速度快,而且燃烧释放出的热量非常高,作为高能燃料被广泛应用在航天和军工领域.锆金属以粉尘云的形态燃烧时,大量微小悬浮锆颗粒燃烧会形成具有一定面积的火焰,采用实验方法研究锆粉云火焰在竖直管道中的温度和速度特性.研究结果表明,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度有相同变化趋势,都随锆粉云质量浓度增加先增大后减小.当锆粉云质量浓度为0.625 kg·m-3时,出现最高火焰温度,可达1777.81℃,在此条件下管道中最快火焰传播速度可达39.7 m·s-1.当质量浓度超过0.625 kg·m-3后,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度都会降低,主要是由于富燃料燃烧、管道中氧气不足而导致颗粒不能完全燃烧.实验得到了不同质量浓度锆粉云的最高火焰温度值与最快火焰传播速度.     

利用CloudSat和MODIS数据研究气溶胶对层积云的影响

利用CloudSat的云雷达数据研究了太平洋东部副热带地区的层积云微物理特性。结果显示, CloudSat反演的云滴数浓度在垂直方向变化很小。结合CloudSat的云雷达数据和MODIS的气溶胶数据, 研究了气溶胶对层积云的微物理特性和液态水路径的影响。结果表明: 对于相同的液态水路径, 气溶胶增加可以使得云滴的尺度减小, 但总体上对云滴尺度的影响并不显著; 由于云中液态水路径本身变化极大, 导致气溶胶对液态水路径的影响很难和云中液态水路径本身的变化分离开。此外还发现: CloudSat反演的层积云液态水路径比MODIS反演的液态水路径偏高; 层积云内液态水路径的不均一性比环境气溶胶光学厚度的不均一性大。     

2012年秋季黄山地区大气冰核的观测分析

本文利用2012年9月至10月在黄山光明顶气象站使用自行搭建的新型静力真空水汽扩散云室对大气冰核进行观测的资料分析,结果表明：在活化温度为-20℃、相对冰面过饱和度为8%的实验条件下,黄山山顶的大气冰核平均浓度为2.03个/L,最大浓度是最小浓度的5倍左右。不同活化温度下的冰核浓度具有一致的逐日变化特征,并且冰核浓度随时间的变化与较大气溶胶粒子浓度的变化相一致。冰核浓度在下午14:00时明显高于上午08:00,这可能是与太阳辐射的作用有关。冰核浓度随着活化温度的降低呈现很好的指数式增加的趋势,并且发现在活化温度为-19℃左右时冰核浓度达1个/L。 本文还建立了冰核浓度与活化温度及粒径大于0.5μm的气溶胶数浓度之间的参数化关系,并且发现加入气溶胶浓度后的参数化关系式相对于仅仅依赖于温度的参数化关系式要更为合理。冰核浓度随活化湿度的增加而增加,并且当水汽条件从冰面饱和增加到水面饱和时,冰核浓度会急剧增加。黄山山顶降水对大气冰核具有明显的清除作用     

中国不同地区闪电活动和气溶胶的相关性研究

基于10年(2002~2011)卫星观测资料,研究气溶胶浓度(以气溶胶光学厚度AOD代替),地面温度,相对湿度,海拔高度以及其他数据对中国两个不同地区夏季闪电活动的响应。结果表明,不同地区闪电活动主要影响因素不同。对于气溶胶浓度低的地区(AOD_(ave)=0.14),地面温度(偏相关系数为0.745)、海拔高度(偏相关系数为-0.613)可能是影响该区域闪电活动的主要因素;对于气溶胶浓度高的地区(AOD_(ave)=0.60),地面温度(偏相关系数为0.87)、气溶胶浓度(偏相关系数为-0.823)、相对湿度(偏相关系数为0.818)可能是影响该区域闪电活动的主要因素。另外气溶胶浓度低和高的两个地区气溶胶对闪电活动的影响是相反的。对于气溶胶浓度低的地区,闪电密度与AOD,冰粒子光学厚度(IOT)呈明显正相关(R=0.81,0.82),气溶胶可能主要通过微物理过程增加云滴数量,随之冰粒子含量增多,增强雷暴云活动,促进闪电活动的发生;对于气溶胶浓度高的地区,闪电密度与AOD呈明显负相关(R=-0.78),地面气温与AOD呈负相关(R=-0.29),而IOT与闪电密度无相关性(R=0.09),表明气溶胶可能通过辐射效应,使到达地球表面的太阳辐射降低,地面温度降低,雷暴云强度减弱,使冰粒子含量减少,导致闪电活动减弱。     

中国不同地区闪电活动和气溶胶的相关性

基于10年(2002~2011)卫星观测资料,研究气溶胶浓度(以气溶胶光学厚度AOD代替),地面温度,相对湿度,海拔高度以及其他数据对中国两个不同地区夏季闪电活动的响应。结果表明,不同地区闪电活动主要影响因素不同。对于气溶胶浓度低的地区(AOD_(ave)=0.14),地面温度(偏相关系数为0.745)、海拔高度(偏相关系数为-0.613)可能是影响该区域闪电活动的主要因素;对于气溶胶浓度高的地区(AOD_(ave)=0.60),地面温度(偏相关系数为0.87)、气溶胶浓度(偏相关系数为-0.823)、相对湿度(偏相关系数为0.818)可能是影响该区域闪电活动的主要因素。另外气溶胶浓度低和高的两个地区气溶胶对闪电活动的影响是相反的。对于气溶胶浓度低的地区,闪电密度与AOD,冰粒子光学厚度(IOT)呈明显正相关(R=0.81,0.82),气溶胶可能主要通过微物理过程增加云滴数量,随之冰粒子含量增多,增强雷暴云活动,促进闪电活动的发生;对于气溶胶浓度高的地区,闪电密度与AOD呈明显负相关(R=-0.78),地面气温与AOD呈负相关(R=-0.29),而IOT与闪电密度无相关性(R=0.09),表明气溶胶可能通过辐射效应,使到达地球表面的太阳辐射降低,地面温度降低,雷暴云强度减弱,使冰粒子含量减少,导致闪电活动减弱。     

Distribution and origin of aerosol and its transform relationship with CCN derived from the spring multi-aircraft measurements of Beijing Cloud Experiment (BCE)

The atmospheric aerosol distribution,source and relationship with cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) observed during the Beijing Cloud Experiment(BCE) are analyzed.The results show that the high number concentrations of aerosol mainly distributed below 4500 m,and the magnitude could reach to 103 cm 3.Above 4500 m,the aerosol number concentrations decreased to 101 cm 3 as the altitude increases,and the aerosol mean diameters were between 0.16 and 0.19 μm.Below 4500 m,the number size distributions of aerosol showed a bimodal(multimodal) mode,and an unimodal mode above it.Due to the different sources of aerosol,the conversion ratios of aerosol to CCN were less than 20% below 4500 m,and reached 50% above the level at 0.3% supersaturation.The back trajectories showed that aerosols at higher levels above 4500 m were strongly affected by large-size particles and those below 4500 m were strongly affected by local or regional pollution.Based on observations,a relationship between the CCN number concentration and aerosol number concentration is established.     

Experimental and modeling studies on number and size spectrum evolutions of aerosol particles within a chamber

A size-specific aerosol dynamic model is set up to predict the evolution of particle number concentration within a chamber. Particle aggregation is based on the theory of Brownian coagulation, and the model not only comprises particle loss due to coagulation, but also considers the formation of large particles by collision. To validate the model, three different groups of chamber experiments with SMPS （Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer） are conducted. The results indicate that the advantage of the model over the past simple size bin model is its provision of detailed information of size spectrum evolution, and the results can be used to analyze the variations of number concentration and CMD （Count Median Diameter）. Furthermore, some aerosol dynamic mechanisms that cannot be measured by instrument can be analyzed by the model simulation, which is significant for better understanding the removal and control mechanisms of ultrafine particles.     

单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究进展

大气气溶胶因其对气候和公众健康的影响而成为当今环境研究领域的中心课题.单颗粒分析是目前国际上大气气溶胶研究的一个前沿领域,该方法具有高的时间和空间分辨率,能够提供全颗粒物分析所无法提供的大量信息.利用自主研制的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS),对广东鹤山地区气溶胶进行在线分析.重点分析含金属颗粒的相关性、数浓度和可能的来源,并简单介绍该仪器的产业化情况.     

Atmospheric science: marine aerosols and iodine emissions

O'Dowd et al. describe the formation of marine aerosols from biogenic iodine and the growth of these aerosols into cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN). Based on chamber and modelling results, the authors suggest that biogenic organic iodine compounds emitted from macroalgae may be responsible for coastal particle bursts and that production of these compounds in the open ocean could increase CCN there too. It has since been shown that coastal particles are more likely to be produced from the photooxidation of molecular iodine. Moreover, I contend that open-ocean particle production and cloud enhancement do not result from emissions of organic iodine at atmospheric levels. For iodine particles to affect cloud properties over the remote ocean, an additional source of iodine is necessary as organic precursors cannot be responsible.     

Observational evidence of a change in radiative forcing due to the indirect aerosol effect

Anthropogenic aerosols enhance cloud reflectivity by increasing the number concentration of cloud droplets, leading to a cooling effect on climate known as the indirect aerosol effect. Observational support for this effect is based mainly on evidence that aerosol number concentrations are connected with droplet concentrations, but it has been difficult to determine the impact of these indirect effects on radiative forcing. Here we provide observational evidence for a substantial alteration of radiative fluxes due to the indirect aerosol effect. We examine the effect of aerosols on cloud optical properties using measurements of aerosol and cloud properties at two North American sites that span polluted and clean conditions-a continental site in Oklahoma with high aerosol concentrations, and an Arctic site in Alaska with low aerosol concentrations. We determine the cloud optical depth required to fit the observed shortwave downward surface radiation. We then use a cloud parcel model to simulate the cloud optical depth from observed aerosol properties due to the indirect aerosol effect. From the good agreement between the simulated indirect aerosol effect and observed surface radiation, we conclude that the indirect aerosol effect has a significant influence on radiative fluxes.     

亚微米颗粒物的沉积与凝并的模拟与实验研究

建立了一个带有粒径高分辨率的亚微米颗粒物的动力学模型,应用高精密仪器SMPS做了系列实验以对模型进行验证.结果表明:采用该模型能够比较准确地预测亚微米颗粒物的粒径谱演变,同时模型显示了对不同峰值形态粒径谱的适应性;表面沉积效应对超细微粒的影响更为明显,凝并与浓度值有着密切的关系;通过亚微米颗粒物的数量浓度和CMD(Count Median Diameter)的变化可以反映凝并的动态特征.     

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles

The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.     

Aerosol flotation of low-grade refractory molybdenum ores

The characteristics of aerosol flotation, which include the effect of the concentration and particle size of kerosene aerosol on the molybdenum (Mo) flotation index and the effect of kerosene aerosol dosing method on the kerosene dosage and flotation time, were studied in the flotation of low-grade refractory molybdenum ores using kerosene aerosol. The results revealed that the particle size and concentration of kerosene aerosol had little effect on the Mo grade but had significant effect on the Mo recovery. A smaller particle size and a lower concentration of kerosene aerosol were beneficial to the Mo aerosol flotation. For the received Mo ore samples, the optimized particle size of kerosene aerosol was 0.3-2 μm and the optimized aerosol concentration was 14 mg/L. The compressed air atomizer had a more uniform distribution of aerosol particles than the ultrasonic atomizer, and the aerosol concentration was controlled easily, so the compressed air atomizer was more suitable for the research of aerosol flotation. Compared with conventional flotation in which kerosene was directly added into the ore pulp, the flotation time was reduced by ~30%, and the dosage was decreased by ~20% in aerosol flotation, while the Mo flotation index was similar.