Terrain imaging using a SAR system based on reflected GPS signals

This paper describes a 3D multi-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging system which utilises reflected GPS signals from moving objects on the Earth's surface. The principle of bi-static radar is used to model the reflected GPS signals. The movement of a visible GPS satellite serves as a base for a synthetic aperture over an observation time period. As an example, a MATLAB simulation has been carried out in order to detect the movement of imaged object sunder the assumption of one static GPS receiver with two targets which move with different speeds. The influence of the visible satellite'sposition and velocity on the spatial resolution of such a SAR system isdiscussed. Simulation results show that by measuring the cross-correlation of the reflected GPS signal from the terrain and objects on it,the detection of the objects can enjoy a good spatial resolution for thecase of moving objects and a moving GPS receiver. Furthermore, thespatial resolution is also related to the selection of visible GPS satelliteswith respect to their azimuths, elevations and velocities. This systemhas the following useful features: (a) no dedicated signal transmitter is required; (b) the GPS signal frequency is reused; (c) GPS operates round-the-clock and its signals cover the entire Earth's surface; (d) low power consumption; and (e) known GPS signal structure.     

Android智能手机海面高度测量及其遥感应用

开展了Android智能手机的海面高度测量研究,并通过与测绘接收机测量结果和同比验潮站数据对比初步评估其性能。为了降低测量设备非探测区域反射的卫星导航信号对海面高度测量的影响,提出了经验模态分解提纯海面反射信号干涉振荡特征的方法,并利用仿真和试验数据验证了其有效性. 利用小米6智能手机和华测北斗N72测绘接收机采集的18天GNSS数据,开展了海面高度测量研究和评估. 结果表明:海面高度测量结果和验潮站同比数据在风速小于15 m/s时具有良好的一致性,智能手机和测绘接收机测量的海面高度的同比均方根误差均为0.31 m;智能手机用于测量海面高度的卫星信号的高度角下、上限高于30°的占比分别为30.8%和45.3%,以至于高高度角的信噪比时序可被用于测量海面高度;在18天的试验时间内,共计采集1120个海面高度测量值,平均62个/天,相比于CORS站,在相同的观测周期内具有更多的测量样本。最后对智能手机的遥感应用进行了讨论,以期推进遥感的大众化进程.      

海洋环境对索马里-印度洋地区海盗活动的影响

为准确评估海洋环境对海盗活动的影响及建立有效的海盗活动预警模型,按照海盗活动分布区域和海洋环境特征将索马里-印度洋海域划分为3个区域,在此基础上借助卫星数据对相关区域9a的海盗活动受海洋环境参数的影响进行了长时间尺度的匹配分析。研究结果表明,海洋中尺度现象(如中尺度涡)及其他特定海洋环境参数对海盗活动的范围和方式有重要影响,尤以有效波高(海况)、海面风速、海表流速及海表温度相关性影响较大。单独评估结果表明:当有效波高大于2.5m时,海盗很难活动;海面风速大于11m/s可确保海盗对商船没有威胁;海表流速小于0.3m/s时较适宜海盗活动。     

机载GPS-R遥感海面风场实验

利用GPS导航卫星反射信号遥感海面风场是一种新的海洋遥感手段.对2009年在我国海南开展的机载飞行实验进行了介绍,为了验证该技术测风原理的正确性、反演算法的可行性和实际测风精度,利用飞行实验数据反演出了海面风速风向,并与同步获得的海洋站实测风场数据和卫星散射计风场数据进行了对比.统计表明,GPS-R反演风场与博鳌海洋站...     

A method for retrieving soil moisture from GNSS-R by using experiment data

Soil moisture is a key parameter in agricultural irrigation.The L band(1.58GHz)on board global position system(GPS) satellite is well suited for monitoring the change of soil moisture.In order to investigate the potential of retrieving soil moisture using the L-band GPS bistatic radar,this paper analyzed a retrieval method by using field experiment data.In order to investigate the relationship between the soil moisture(corresponding roughly to the 0~5cm top soil layer) and the signalto-noise ratio(P_(r-SNR)) to the direct GPS signal-to-noise ratio(P_(d-SNR)),an experiment was conducted in Hulunber grassland of China in 2009 and 2011.Six field sites in the soil moisture experiment were utilized to analyze the relationship between soil moisture and the ratio of P_(r-SNR) to P_(d-SNR) and the square of correlation coefficient was about 0.9 when the surface type was known and the elevation angle of the satellite ranged from 65 to 85 degrees approximately.The analysis shows that ratio of P_(r-SNR) to P(d-SNR) can be used to monitor the soil moisture,because the ratio of P(r-SNR) to P(d-SNR) maximized the elimination of the influence of different signals from different GPS satellites.The estimation accuracy could be improved if we make full use of the empirical knowledge on elevation angles of GPS satellites and ground roughness of different surface types.     

利用GPS反射信号监测植被生物量研究

针对传统植被生物量测量时空间分辨率较低等问题,研究了一种基于GPS卫星SNR信噪比植被生物量反演方法。将SNR数据进行多项式拟合得到直射分量并剔除,提取出SNR中的反射分量并分析振幅特征。根据植被与裸土情况下的振幅之比计算归一化振幅,与实测降雨量与有效反射区内的NDVI数据进行了对比,分析植被生物量变化趋势。结果表明：归一化振幅与实测数据具有较强的相关性,利用该方法监测植被生物量变化是可行的。该方法为高时空分辨率监测植被生物量提供了一种新的思路。     

基于多背景模型的海面运动目标检测

提出一种在反射光较强的条件下基于多背景模型的海面运动目标检测方法.使用基于统计模型的变化检测方法将被监控场景区分为海浪波动显著的背景区域和海浪波动不显著的背景区域;对这两种区域中的像素点分别以Weibull分布模型和Gauss分布模型建立背景模型;使用建立的背景模型检测海面的运动目标.实验结果表明,在海面反射光较强且波浪波动较大的情况下,用该方法可以比较准确地检测到海面的运动目标.     

Land vehicle positioning using GPS and dead reckoning

To ensure reliable land vehicle positioning, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the best techniques commonly used in present-day positioning systems. However, GPS signals are not available if line of sight with the satellites is lost. In this respect, the addition of the Dead Reckoning (DR) method to complement the GPS unit would enhance the reliability of land vehicle positioning system. For implementing the DR method, the magnetic sensor and accelerometer are used for obtaining heading and velocity or distance information. Calibration of two sensors' dynamic model and DR algorithm are also introduced in this paper. The test result utilizing the GPS and DR methods is analyzed in this paper. It utilize spositioning information from GPS receiver when GPSsignal is available, otherwise DR is started to compensate GPS outage with the GPS output as the original point. The results showed that the error in east and north produced by the DR algorithm for a short time interval can be limitedwithin an acceptable range.     

GPS radio occultation: A potential new data source for improvement of antarctic pressure field

Radio occultation technique, first demonstrated by the GPS/MET experiment in 1995[1], has the potential to provide improved spatial and temporal resolution in the probing of the Earth's neutral atmosphere, including pressure,temperature and water vapor profiles, in addition to traditional measurements (e.g.,radiosonde, spaceborne radiometers) and ground-based GPS networks for precipitable water vapor (PWV) measurements. This paper provides an overview of the radio occultation concept and retrieval procedure and current technical limitations including lower troposphere inhomogeneities, signal penetration, multipath, and water vapor ambiguity. The current limitations using atmospheric model pressure fields (ECMWF and NCEP) for the modeling of atmospheric mass load over Antarctica, for its separation from climate sensitive signals observed by gravity mapping satellite,GRACE, are quantified. Atmospheric pressure fields over Antarctica are poorly known and higher temporal variability of pressure causes an "aliasing" error in GRACE-observed climate-sensitive signals such as hydrology, mass balance and oceanic mass variations. In particular, comparison of ECMWF 6-hour data with the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) in Antarctica indicates mean differences of 5 hPa,and rms of 1.7 hPa, exceeding the accuracy requirement for GRACE. Aliasing effec tmanifests as high-frequency errors in GRACE-observed gravity signals and are more pronounced over Antarctica. The possibility of using current operating satellite(SAC-C, CHAMP and GRACE) occultation data to improve Antarctic surface pressure fields is proposed. Preliminary results indicate that in the absence of water vapor over Antarctica, retrieved CHAMP pressure profile agrees well with radiosonde data from Neumayer station, and that occultation signals reach near the surface.     

星载激光测高仪海面回波的仿真与分析

星载激光测高仪发射的1 064 nm波长激光被波动海洋表面反射,系统接收的时间波形与瞬时海面波浪分布相关。而海面波浪又直接受海面风速影响,因此可以通过观测激光测高仪回波变化监测不同风速下海态变化。本文依据激光雷达方程,利用蒙特卡洛法模拟不同风速下的海面波浪分布,通过光线追击建立海面回波波形仿真器;以地球科学激光测高系统(geo-science laser altimeter system,GLAS)参数为输入,仿真得到不同风速下的海面回波:发现当海面风速在3~10 m/s之间时,回波呈单峰高斯波形,与GLAS发布的实际回波相符;且回波脉宽,以及有效能量反射率(即有效回波能量与发射能量之比)与实测参数误差小于10%。进一步分析可知,回波特征参数与海面风速之间存在显著关联,为利用激光测高仪大规模精确反演海洋表面风速奠定了基础。     

Test of GBAS integrity monitoring system using GPS simulator

In recent years, many countries are developing aircraft navigation systems using GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System),because GNSS has many technical and economic benefits. International organizations as ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization) and RTCA(Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) set up international standards of GBAS(Ground Based Augmentation System)using GNSS and recommend countries to develop GBAS that is based on the standards. To go with the international stream, Korea Airport Cooperation has also developed GBAS. For evaluating the system,KAC and Seoul National University have performed flight tests of the developed GBAS several times and have concluded that the system has good accuracy enough to be used in aircrafts. At that time, the purpose of tests was focused on accuracy of GBAS. But integrity of the system which is important for safety of aircrafts was not tested sufficiently,because it is impossible to make erroneous situations of real GPS signals. So, at this time, we used GPS simulator which can generate GPS signals with satellite failure scenarios. The GPS simulator used in this test generates GPS signals by the scenarios organized in advance.The scenarios can include pseudorange and carrier phase error, parity error and etc. So we organized several scenarios which can includes potential errors of GPS signals and many possible cases for testing the system effectively and accurately. And we tested integrity function of the GBAS system by using GPS signals generated by the simulator.This paper introduces the implemented integrity monitoring system and algorithms used in the tests. And it describes the scenarios of satellite failure. Finally, this paper shows the results of tests.     

海底电缆采集地震数据多次波压制处理

波动方程数值模拟与分析表明,浅海多次波与有效反射波耦合在一起,海平面强反射多次波改变了有效波波形与相位,降低了地震资料频率.针对海底电缆双检采集地震数据,在地震上行波波场与下行波波场分析和实际地震资料处理试验基础上,提出在对水检记录地震数据和陆检记录地震数据能量均衡后,进行地震数据合并压制多次波的便捷方法.并利用该方法对某浅海海域地震资料进行处理,叠前炮集对比和叠后偏移剖面对比分析都表明多次波得到有效压制,地震资料品质有较大程度提高,证明了方法的有效性.     

防城港近岸表层水化学需氧量的周年变化特征

【目的】分析防城港近岸海域表层水化学需氧量(COD)的平面分布及周年变化特征,并探讨海域表层水COD分布与不同环境要素的相关性。【方法】根据2010年6月至2011年3月在防城港近岸海域4个航次12个站位的生态环境调查数据,采用标准指数法、相关性系统法等对该海域表层水的COD时空分布及其环境影响因子进行分析讨论。【结果】COD超标的站位位于西湾顶部的防城江入海口附近海域,其余站位COD标准指数均1,处于一类海水水质范围。调查海域各季节COD浓度与水温之间的相关系数均为正值,其中春季最高为0.575;各季节COD浓度与盐度呈显著负相关,其相关系数均高于0.860(P0.01);在春、冬两季COD与叶绿素a之间的相关指数较高,分别为0.910(P0.01)及0.957(P0.01),呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季COD与叶绿素a的相关系数较低,分别为0.606和0.592;COD与悬浮物含量呈正相关,冬季较小,相关系数为0.478,其次为秋季0.694,春、夏季节的相关系数均在0.800以上。【结论】调查期间,防城港海域各季节表层海水COD的平面分布特征基本一致,均体现为近岸高、外海低,由沿岸向离岸方向呈逐渐降低的趋势。其COD主要来源于陆源输入,尤其是河流输入,同时还会受浮游植物等的影响。     

Vondrak滤波法用于结构振动与GPS多路径信号的分离

根据Vondrak滤波法在信号的截断频带上具有较高信号分辨率的特点，将Vondrak带通滤波法应用于全球定位系统（GPS）结构变形监测中以分离结构振动和多路径效应的影响。对GPS实际观测资料进行分析，结果表明：采用该方法不仅能从坐标序列中成功提取结构振动信息，也能正确分离载波相位双差观测值的残差序列中的结构振动和多路径效应影响，因而在提高GPS定位精度上具有较大的应用潜力。     

阵列声波测井中反射纵波和横波信号提取方法

将双树复小波(DT-CWT)和慢度时间相关法(STC)相结合,同时利用尺度-时间域及阵列慢度信息,提出一种提取反射波信号的多尺度相关分析方法。应用倾角叠加来进一步压制直达模式波和噪声以增强反射信号,同时可以对P-P反射和S-S反射进行分离。通过有限差分模拟的数据和声反射成像测井仪器对某油田测得的实际数据进行处理。结果表明,所提出的反射信号处理方能更有效地去除各种噪声,更精确地分离反射波小信号。     

地基GNSS-R功率测量应用中的天线方向性影响分析

全球导航卫星系统反射信号遥感技术（global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R）地基功率测量应用中,信号接收天线对于背向同极化和各向交叉极化信号的抑制并不理想.为了分析天线方向性对于目标信号相关功率测量的影响,以右旋圆极化（right hand circular polarized,RHCP）直射信号接收天线和左旋圆极化（left hand circular polarized,LHCP）反射信号接收天线为例,建立了实际天线接收信号的相关功率模型,确定了实际信号相关功率的概率分布以及数字特征,在仿真信号相关功率的数字特征的基础上计算了相关功率的相对偏差和离散系数并进行了分析.结果表明:天线方向性的不理想会造成目标信号相关功率测量误差,RHCP天线方向性仅在低卫星高度角范围内对直射目标信号相关功率测量有较大影响,而LHCP天线方向性在整个卫星高度角变化范围内都对反射目标信号相关功率测量有显著影响.      

基于SVD的双-单端煤矿井下电缆故障定位

行波测距最重要的是时间和波速的确定。双端测距需要GPS授时系统,两端的授时误差增加了首波到达时刻的准确性。对电缆线路来说,行波的色散更加严重。而且不管单端还是双端测距,波速的确定对结果的影响都非常大。故障线路两端同时利用Hankel矩阵方式下对到达两端的电流行波进行奇异性分解(SVD)。每端分别得到首波及第二个波形到达的时间。SVD在不同的分解层上的奇异点结果不会发生偏移,克服小波变换随着分解层数增加带来的奇异点偏移缺点。波速的大小与频带关系紧密,行波信号经过小波分解再重构为多个频带的时域信号。在计算每个频带下前两个波头之间的相似度后,选取相似度最大的频带得到电缆的波速。在考虑线路时频特征对行波波速v的影响同时,提出双-单端故障测距。最后两端分别得到的故障点位置经过误差纠正算法,使得结果更加准确。     

BP神经网络在差分GPS定位技术中的应用

在分析差分GPS数学模型的基础上,针对GPS移动终端抗遮蔽性差,由差分GPS数学模型直接计算的定位结果很难维持连续、准确位置信息的问题,采用BP神经网络的预测结果来进行定位目标,提高定位信息的实时性和准确性.确定了神经网络的结构,采用数据对网络进行训练,并对神经网络模型进行仿真.仿真结果达到了一定的定位精度,由此可以说明此方法具有一定的应用价值.     

GPS数字中频信号仿真及捕获验证

为测试全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)软件接收机中GPS信号处理算法的功能,有必要对GPS信号进行仿真.在分析GPS数字中频信号数学模型的基础上,详细阐述了信号仿真的步骤并实现了GPS数字中频信号仿真器.在捕获算法中,分析了时域串行搜索捕获和频域并行搜索捕获算法的复杂度.与其他捕获算法相比,并行码相位捕获算法大大减小了复杂度.选择了捕获速度快的并行码相位搜索捕获算法时产生的中频信号进行验证,结果表明,仿真器可以为GPS信号处理算法提供可靠的信号源.     

基于蚁群优化的GPS/DInSAR三维形变监测方法

提出一种基于蚁群优化的GPS/DInSAR形变测量方法,将高精度地表散点GPS三维观测量与DInSAR视线向观测量进行深度融合,提取地表真三维形变量.以GPS约束与DInSAR约束基于Gibbs方程构建能量函数,利用蚁群优化算法在连续空间求解能量函数最小值.实验研究结果表明,该方法在连续地表三维形变测量中具有较高精度,特别是垂直方向上具明显优势.