不同小麦Rht基因品种农艺性状的相关

对含有不同的主效矮杆基因（Ｒｈｔ１，Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２）的三组春小麦品种进行了两年，两地的试验。结果为；具有Ｒｈｔ１半矮杆基因的组以较高的生物产量、穗粒数和每平方米穗数来提高籽粒产量；具有Ｒｈｔ１和Ｒｈｔ２的矮杆组，通过提高千粒重，增大收获指数来获得高产；在两个半矮杆组内，籽粒产量和株高，每平方米粒数和千粒重均为显著负相关，矮杆组内的籽粒产量和每平方米粒数，生物产量及生物产量比率，生物产量与每平方米粒数，均呈极显著正相关。不同的品种的不同的矮杆基因的构成，形成了各性状间不同的相关关系。     

Amino-terminal domains of c-myc and N-myc proteins mediate binding to the retinoblastoma gene product

The proteins encoded by the myc gene family are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, and aberrant expression of myc proteins has been implicated in the genesis of a variety of neoplasms. In the carboxyl terminus, myc proteins have two domains that encode a basic domain/helix-loop-helix and a leucine zipper motif, respectively. These motifs are involved both in DNA binding and in protein dimerization. In addition, myc protein family members share several regions of highly conserved amino acids in their amino termini that are essential for transformation. We report here that an N-terminal domain present in both the c-myc and N-myc proteins mediates binding to the retinoblastoma gene product, pRb. We show that the human papilloma virus E7 protein competes with c-myc for binding to pRb, indicating that these proteins share overlapping binding sites on pRb. Furthermore, a mutant Rb protein from a human tumour cell line that carried a 35-amino-acid deletion in its C terminus failed to bind to c-myc. Our results suggest that c-myc and pRb cooperate through direct binding to control cell proliferation.     

水稻穗部性状与茎叶性状的关系

以沈农265等33个辽宁省主栽品种及区域试验品种(品系)为试材,研究穗部性状与茎叶性状关系的结果表明,单株有效穗数与多数穗部性状呈极显著负相关,而每穗粒数与多数穗部性状呈极显著正相关,剑叶长与单株有效穗数呈显著负相关,剑叶和倒2叶鞘长与一次枝梗数、一次枝梗饱粒数、着粒密度呈极显著负相关,倒1节间与一次枝梗数、一次枝梗饱粒数、着粒密度呈显著负相关,倒3节间长与单株有效穗数呈显著正相关．     

Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (IL-1Rs) are integral to both innate and adaptive immunity for host defence. These receptors share a conserved cytoplasmic domain, known as the TIR domain. A single-point mutation in the TIR domain of murine TLR4 (Pro712His, the Lps(d) mutation) abolishes the host immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mutation of the equivalent residue in TLR2, Pro681His, disrupts signal transduction in response to stimulation by yeast and gram-positive bacteria. Here we report the crystal structures of the TIR domains of human TLR1 and TLR2 and of the Pro681His mutant of TLR2. The structures have a large conserved surface patch that also contains the site of the Lps(d) mutation. Mutagenesis and functional studies confirm that residues in this surface patch are crucial for receptor signalling. The Lps(d) mutation does not disturb the structure of the TIR domain itself. Instead, structural and functional studies indicate that the conserved surface patch may mediate interactions with the down-stream MyD88 adapter molecule, and that the Lps(d) mutation may abolish receptor signalling by disrupting this recruitment.     

LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction

The Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules are essential in embryo development and tumour formation. The Frizzled (Fz) family of serpentine receptors function as Wnt receptors, but how Fz proteins transduce signalling is not understood. In Drosophila, arrow phenocopies the wingless (DWnt-1) phenotype, and encodes a transmembrane protein that is homologous to two members of the mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein (LRP) family, LRP5 and LRP6 (refs 12-15). Here we report that LRP6 functions as a co-receptor for Wnt signal transduction. In Xenopus embryos, LRP6 activated Wnt-Fz signalling, and induced Wnt responsive genes, dorsal axis duplication and neural crest formation. An LRP6 mutant lacking the carboxyl intracellular domain blocked signalling by Wnt or Wnt-Fz, but not by Dishevelled or beta-catenin, and inhibited neural crest development. The extracellular domain of LRP6 bound Wnt-1 and associated with Fz in a Wnt-dependent manner. Our results indicate that LRP6 may be a component of the Wnt receptor complex.     

Optimization of specificity in a cellular protein interaction network by negative selection

Most proteins that participate in cellular signalling networks contain modular protein-interaction domains. Multiple versions of such domains are present within a given organism: the yeast proteome, for example, contains 27 different Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. This raises the potential problem of cross-reaction. It is generally thought that isolated domain-ligand pairs lack sufficient information to encode biologically unique interactions, and that specificity is instead encoded by the context in which the interaction pairs are presented. Here we show that an isolated peptide ligand from the yeast protein Pbs2 recognizes its biological partner, the SH3 domain from Sho1, with near-absolute specificity--no other SH3 domain present in the yeast genome cross-reacts with the Pbs2 peptide, in vivo or in vitro. Such high specificity, however, is not observed in a set of non-yeast SH3 domains, and Pbs2 motif variants that cross-react with other SH3 domains confer a fitness defect, indicating that the Pbs2 motif might have been optimized to minimize interaction with competing domains specifically found in yeast. System-wide negative selection is a subtle but powerful evolutionary mechanism to optimize specificity within an interaction network composed of overlapping recognition elements.     

Mitochondrial membrane remodelling regulated by a conserved rhomboid protease

Rhomboid proteins are intramembrane serine proteases that activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in Drosophila. Rhomboids are conserved throughout evolution, and even in eukaryotes their existence in species with no EGFRs implies that they must have additional roles. Here we report that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two rhomboids, which we have named Rbd1p and Rbd2p. RBD1 deletion results in a respiratory defect; consistent with this, Rbd1p is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and mutant cells have disrupted mitochondria. We have identified two substrates of Rbd1p: cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1p); and a dynamin-like GTPase (Mgm1p), which is involved in mitochondrial membrane fusion. Rbd1p mutants are indistinguishable from Mgm1p mutants, indicating that Mgm1p is a key substrate of Rbd1p and explaining the rbd1Delta mitochondrial phenotype. Our data indicate that mitochondrial membrane remodelling is regulated by cleavage of Mgm1p and show that intramembrane proteolysis by rhomboids controls cellular processes other than signalling. In addition, mitochondrial rhomboids are conserved throughout eukaryotes and the mammalian homologue, PARL, rescues the yeast mutant, suggesting that these proteins represent a functionally conserved subclass of rhomboid proteases.     

不同品种小麦籽粒延迟发光特性分析

本文针对测量得到六个不同品种小麦籽粒的延迟发光信号进行分析、处理,得到延迟发光初始强度和衰减系数等时域特征参数以及峰值点频率和频谱重心频率等频域特征参数。对比不同品种小麦籽粒的这些特征参数,发现品种不同,其各项参数取值也有较为明显的差异。本研究为小麦籽粒品种的快速、无损判定提供了一个新的思路。     

Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development.

Members of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family that contain an intracellular death domain initiate signalling by recruiting cytoplasmic death domain adapter proteins. Edar is a death domain protein of the TNFR family that is required for the development of hair, teeth and other ectodermal derivatives. Mutations in Edar-or its ligand, Eda-cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in humans and mice. This disorder is characterized by sparse hair, a lack of sweat glands and malformation of teeth. Here we report the identification of a death domain adapter encoded by the mouse crinkled locus. The crinkled mutant has an hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia phenotype identical to that of the edar (downless) and eda (Tabby) mutants. This adapter, which we have called Edaradd (for Edar-associated death domain), interacts with the death domain of Edar and links the receptor to downstream signalling pathways. We also identify a missense mutation in its human orthologue, EDARADD, that is present in a family affected with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Our findings show that the death receptor/adapter signalling mechanism is conserved in developmental, as well as apoptotic, signalling.     

Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development

The int-1 proto-oncogene was first identified as a gene activated in virally induced mouse mammary tumours. Expression studies, however, suggest that the normal function of this gene may be in spermatogenesis and in the development of the central nervous system. Genes sharing sequence similarity with int-1 have been found throughout the animal kingdom. For example, int-1 has 54% amino-acid identity to the Drosophila segment polarity gene wingless (wg). Both the int-1 and wg gene products seem to be secreted proteins, presumably involved in cell-cell signalling. We have now explored the function of int-1 in the mouse by disrupting one of the two int-1 alleles in mouse embryo-derived stem cells using positive-negative selection. This cell line was used to generate a chimaeric mouse that transmitted the mutant allele to its progeny. Mice heterozygous for the int-1 null mutation are normal and fertile, whereas mice homozygous for the mutation may exhibit a range of phenotypes from death before birth to survival with severe ataxia. The latter pathology in mice and humans is often associated with defects in the cerebellum. Examination of int-1-/int-1- mice at several stages of embryogenesis revealed severe abnormalities in the development of the mesencephalon and metencephalon indicating a prominent role for the int-1 protein is in the induction of the mesencephalon and cerebellum.     

Ca2+/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth

Brassinosteroids are plant-specific steroid hormones that have an important role in coupling environmental factors, especially light, with plant growth and development. How the endogenous brassinosteroids change in response to environmental stimuli is largely unknown. Ca2+/calmodulin has an essential role in sensing and transducing environmental stimuli. Arabidopsis DWARF1 (DWF1) is responsible for an early step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis that converts 24-methylenecholesterol to campesterol. Here we show that DWF1 is a Ca2+/calmodulin-binding protein and this binding is critical for its function. Molecular genetic analysis using site-directed and deletion mutants revealed that loss of calmodulin binding completely abolished the function of DWF1 in planta, whereas partial loss of calmodulin binding resulted in a partial dwarf phenotype in complementation studies. These results provide direct proof that Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signalling has a critical role in controlling the function of DWF1. Furthermore, we observed that DWF1 orthologues from other plants have a similar Ca2+/calmodulin-binding domain, implying that Ca2+/calmodulin regulation of DWF1 and its homologues is common in plants. These results raise the possibility of producing size-engineered crops by altering the Ca2+/calmodulin-binding property of their DWF1 orthologues.     

播种时期对春小麦籽粒增重过程和蛋白质含量变化的影响

以阿勃等四个春小麦品种（品系）为材料，分析了播种时期对西宁地区春小麦粒重及蛋白质含量的影响，结果表明，播种时期对春小麦籽粒增重过程和籽粒发育过程中蛋白质含量的变化规律没有显著影响。晚播使籽粒蛋白质含量增加，西宁地区播期晚至４月１５日粒重也有增加趋势，但随着播期推迟，春小麦单位面积穗数和每穗粒数明显减少，籽粒产量和蛋白质产量随之下降。     

Green revolution: a mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice

The chronic food shortage that was feared after the rapid expansion of the world population in the 1960s was averted largely by the development of a high-yielding semi-dwarf variety of rice known as IR8, the so-called rice 'green revolution'. The short stature of IR8 is due to a mutation in the plant's sd1 gene, and here we identify this gene as encoding an oxidase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, a plant growth hormone. Gibberellin is also implicated in green-revolution varieties of wheat, but the reduced height of those crops is conferred by defects in the hormone's signalling pathway.     

夏枯草规范化种植正交试验及栽培技术研究

采用正交试验,分析不同播种期(B1、B2、B3)和不同施肥方式(F0、F1、F2)对3种不同夏枯草品种(湖北蕲春品种,Q;江西樟树品种,J;河南确山品种,H)的产量和品质的影响,确定适合蕲春地区的品种及规范化栽培技术。结果表明:在施肥方式F2中,(1)在B1期,品种Q的鲜果球重、有效果球总数和干果球重都高于J和H品种(P﹤0.05),而迷迭香酸含量在3个品种中基本一致(0.36%以上),表明品种Q在B1期表现最佳;(2)在B2期,品种H的鲜果球重、有效果球总数和干果球重都高于其他2个品种(Q和J)(P﹤0.05),表明H品种在B2期表现较好;(3)在B3期,3个品种所有参数差异均无统计学意义。在施肥方式F1和F0中,3个品种的迷迭香酸含量在不同播期总体低于F2施肥方式。综合评价表明,品种Q为优先培育品种,其播种期为B1期,施肥方式为F2,而品种H可适度种植。     

几种饲草型燕麦在辽西地区的生长及经济性状特征

选取6个燕麦品种在辽西半干旱地区进行随机区组试验,调查了株高、分蘖数、穗长3个生长性状,以及亩平均产草量、亩平均产籽量和千粒重3个产量性状.结果表明:品种间分蘖数、穗长、亩平均产草量、千粒重4个指标差异显著;株高与亩平均产草量、分蘖数与亩平均产籽量、千粒重与亩平均产籽量分别呈现出显著相关性.分析表明,坝莜1号表现最佳.     

Neurogenic phenotypes and altered Notch processing in Drosophila Presenilin mutants

Presenilin proteins have been implicated both in developmental signalling by the cell-surface protein Notch and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Loss of presenilin function leads to Notch/lin-12-like mutant phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans and to reduced Notch1 expression in the mouse paraxial mesoderm. In humans, presenilins that are associated with Alzheimer's disease stimulate overproduction of the neurotoxic 42-amino-acid beta-amyloid derivative (Abeta42) of the amyloid-precursor protein APP. Here we describe loss-of-function mutations in the Drosophila Presenilin gene that cause lethal Notch-like phenotypes such as maternal neurogenic effects during embryogenesis, loss of lateral inhibition within proneural cell clusters, and absence of wing margin formation. We show that presenilin is required for the normal proteolytic production of carboxy-terminal Notch fragments that are needed for receptor maturation and signalling, and that genetically it acts upstream of both the membrane-bound form and the activated nuclear form of Notch. Our findings provide evidence for the existence of distinct processing sites or modifications in the extracellular domain of Notch. They also link the role of presenilin in Notch signalling to its effect on amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease.     

黑腹果蝇杂合体中ADH杂二聚体的形成

研究了醇脱氢酶基因 (Adh)诱变体与正常基因相互作用后的部分显性现象 .所有 8个由乙基亚硝基尿素 (ENU)和 1个 X-射线诱变体仅为单碱基置换体 ,其余 3个 X-射线诱变体则为 9～2 1个碱基的缺失体 .这 1 2个诱变体 (除 1个外 )都能产生可测的突变肽 ,其中 7个不能与正常肽形成二聚体 ,杂合体酶活性约为正常纯合体的 1 /2 ;另 4个形成二聚体 .形成二聚体突变基因产物中所有氨基酸突变均发生在肽链 1 82～ 1 94氨基酸区域 ,可见该区域对于二聚化不是必需的 ,该序列可能是重要的催化表面功能区     

Development of gene-tagged molecular markers for starch synthesis-related genes in rice

Improving grain quality is an important goal in breeding new elite rice varieties, requiring effective tools for the identification of target genotypes. Molecular marker-aided selection (MAS), combined with conventional breeding approaches, enables us to precisely identify the individual genotypes that are associated with different grain quality features, which can dramatically improve the breeding efficiency. However, to date, the number of molecular markers used in MAS for grain quality improvement is still somewhat limited. In this study, based on our previous study that rice grain quality is strongly associated with starch synthesis in the endosperm, we developed 51 gene-tagged molecular markers according to sequence variations in 18 starch synthesis-related genes from 16 typical rice cultivars. These markers can discriminate the different alleles among rice germplasms. These novel markers will provide effective tools in improving grain quality via the breeding new elite rice varieties.