玉米产量相关性状的QTL定位与剖析（英文）

玉米因其自身具有高产潜质而成为了当今世界最重要的粮食作物之一.玉米产量是复杂的数量性状,由许多主/微效基因控制,易受各种环境因素影响.果穗是玉米的主要收获器官,籽粒性状是玉米品质的重要体现,因此发掘玉米穗部性状和籽粒性状相关QTL对玉米的遗传改良,培育优质高产的玉米具有重要意义.本研究白刺包谷(P2)和妻染黄(P13)为亲本构建了包含152个家系的F_(2∶3)作图群体,选择在两亲本间具有多态性的176个微卫星标记构建遗传图谱,对产量相关性状进行了单环境的QTL定位与分析.最终定位到了14个QTL,分布在除9号染色体外的其余9条染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型变异率为4.9%~18.8%.值得注意的是,在6号染色体上的百粒重和穗行数的一致性QTL(qHKW06-1和qERN06-1)与8号染色体上的穗行数QTL(qERN08-1)是本研究中特有的,其中qERN08-1解释了12.4%的表型变异率.     

玉米株高和穗位高遗传基础的QTL剖析

玉米是世界范围内具有经济重要性的作物之一.株高和穗位高是玉米育种过程中需考虑的2个重要农艺性状,对玉米产量、抗倒伏性及株型等都有较大影响.为进一步明确玉米株高和穗位高的遗传机制,本研究以B73×Zheng58的含有165个株系的F3∶4重组自交系群体为作图群体,利用覆盖玉米10条染色体189个SSR标记对株高和穗位高进行QTL定位分析.总共定位到5个株高QTL和6个穗位高QTL;这11个QTL分布在除2号和6号之外的其他8条染色体上.单个QTL表型变异贡献率的变幅为4.3%~14.2%.其中10个QTL与以前报道过的QTL的位置相近或重叠,而株高QTL(qPH04-01)是新发现的群体专一性的QTL,最靠近标记umc0371,表型变异贡献率为8.8%,是值得进一步研究和利用的位点.     

玉米株高和穗位高遗传基础的QTL剖析（英文）

玉米是世界范围内具有经济重要性的作物之一.株高和穗位高是玉米育种过程中需考虑的2个重要农艺性状,对玉米产量、抗倒伏性及株型等都有较大影响.为进一步明确玉米株高和穗位高的遗传机制,本研究以B73×Zheng58的含有165个株系的F3:4重组自交系群体为作图群体,利用覆盖玉米10条染色体189个SSR标记对株高和穗位高进行QTL定位分析.总共定位到5个株高QTL和6个穗位高QTL;这11个QTL分布在除2号和6号之外的其他8条染色体上.单个QTL表型变异贡献率的变幅为4.3%~14.2%.其中10个QTL与以前报道过的QTL的位置相近或重叠,而株高QTL(qPH04-01)是新发现的群体专一性的QTL,最靠近标记umc0371,表型变异贡献率为8.8%,是值得进一步研究和利用的位点.     

玉米穗部性状的QTL定位

以玉米自交系L26和095组配的Fz世代为定位群体,采用SSR分子标记技术构建了包括98个位点的连锁图谱,结合F2穗部性状的鉴定结果,利用复合区间作图法对秃尖长等8个穗部性状进行基因定位,共检出21个QTL.其中穗长检测到3个QTL;穗粗、穗行数分别检测到2个QTL;行粒数检测到3个QTL;轴粗检测到2个QTL;200粒质量检测到3个QTL;穗粒质量检测到6个QTL;秃尖长没有检测到QTL.检出的21个QTL中,有10个QTL的解释变异率超过了20%,表现为主效QTL效应.研究还发现,穗部性状QTL在玉米10条染色体上分布不均匀,且成簇分布.该试验中检测到的21个QTL中,有10个影响不同性状的QTL位于3个染色体区域.各个QTL位点上起增、减效作用的等位基因在亲本间分布不均匀.     

玉米营养品质性状的QTL定位

以玉米自交系201×698-3的233个F2:3家系为作图群体,利用SSR分子标记构建遗传图谱.采用随机区组设计,分别在四川雅安和德阳进行田间试验,人工套袋自交种子供性状考查,利用区间作图法进行QTL定位分析.构建了具有134对SSR标记的玉米遗传图谱,覆盖整个基因组1831.4cM,平均图距13.67cM.从16个营养品质性状中共检侧到35个QTL,其中影响蛋白质、淀粉和油份含量的有6个QTL,分别位于第1、2、4和8染色体上,单个性状的QTL为1～3个,每个QTL的作用可解释表型变异的8.1%～21.0%;控制赖氨酸等13种氨基酸含量的有29个QTL,分别位于第1、2、4、8、9和10染色体上,单个性状的QTL为1～5个,每个QTL的作用可解释表型变异的3.5%～30.1%.在本群体的营养品质性状QTL中,超显性效应起主导作用,其次为完全显性效应.     

玉米自交系配合力的分析

玉米自交系配合力分的析结果表明:穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗质量、单株籽粒产量、穗位叶长的一般配合力方差达极显著水平;亲本性状表现与其一般配合力关系为穗长、穗粗、穗位叶长、穗行数都达到显著或极显著水平;同一亲本不同性状或同一性状不同亲本间GCA效应有较大差异;优良组合的双亲之一GCA要高,要能互补,同时SCA也要高.     

水稻耐淹性的QTL定位与候选基因分析

为研究水稻苗期对淹水胁迫的耐受性,以籼稻品种台中本地1号(TN1)和粳稻品种春江06(CJ06)为亲本构建的DH群体为实验材料,将淹水条件下的成苗率作为考察指标,利用该群体前期构建的分子连锁图谱对淹水数据进行数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci,QTL)检测分析.利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术对淹水处理前后相关基因的表达量进行分析,并对表达量存在显著差异的基因进行测序分析.结果表明:挖掘到6个与淹水胁迫相关的QTL,分别位于水稻第1,2,6,8和9号染色体上;位于8号染色体QTL区间内的基因LOC_Os08g42750的表达在两亲本间存在显著差异,该基因在两亲本的编码区域存在4处差异.检测到的QTL位点对QTL精细定位和克隆耐淹相关基因具有重要参考价值,并为研究水稻耐淹分子机制及水稻直播育种提供了新的观点和见解.     

影响小麦加工品质数量性状位点的研究

以M5和M16为亲本构建的重组自交系为材料，对影响小麦加工品质性状的数量性状位点（QTL）进行了研究．检测了群体中籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、拉伸面积等品质性状，它们在群体中呈近似正态的连续分布，为多基因控制的数量性状．利用43个SSR标记和42个AFLP标记构建了相关染色体的分子连锁图．在1A、5D、6D染色体上分别检测到与籽粒硬度相关的QTL各1个，其中位于染色体5D上的Xgwn190对表型变异的贡献率最大，达62．5％，为主效基因；在1B和6A染色体上分别检测到与蛋白质含量相关的QTL各1个，它们对表型变异的贡献率分别为13．2％和15．6％；在染色体1B和3B上分别检测到与SDS沉降值相关的QTL各1个，贡献率最大（10．2％）的一个QTL位于3B染色体上靠近E37M61—286的区域；在1A、3B、5D染色体上分别检测到与拉伸面积相关的QTL各1个，其中5D染色体上的Xgwn190对表型的贡献率最大，为11．5％．     

水稻萌发期耐Cu2+胁迫的QTL定位

以典型籼粳交(春江06/台中本地1号)双单倍体(DH)群体为材料,经100μmol/L CuSO4溶液对其双亲及DH群体进行处理,考察了DH群体及其双亲的耐铜性,并利用业已构建的分子连锁图谱进行了数量性状基因座(QTL)区间分析.共检测到23个QTLs,其中与铜胁迫有关的QTL有7个,分别位于水稻第1,2,3和7染色体上;贡献率最大的QTL为qTGR-2,变异解释率为14.60%,其增效等位基因来自台中本地1号;芽质量的QTL qTSW-1增效等位基因来自春江06;余下的几个耐铜胁迫的QTL增效基因均来自台中本地1号.同时,在3号染色体上检测到了一个QTL,可显示发芽率受铜胁迫抑制的程度.     

小麦蛋白质和淀粉品质性状的QTL分析

利用衍生自“川35050×山农483”组合包括131个系的RIL群体,对21个与蛋白质和淀粉相关的品质性状进行了QTL分析．共检测了19个性状的35个加性QTL,单个QTL可解释表型变异的7．99%—40．52％,这些QTL分布在1D,2A,2D,3B,3D,5A,6A,6B,6D和7B等10条染色体．30个QTL的加性效应值为正值,其增加效应来自亲本川35050;其余5个QTL为负值,其增加效应来自亲本山农483．获得了蛋白质性状的15个QTL,主要分布在1D,3B和6D染色体;检测到淀粉性状的20个QTL,主要分布在3D,6B和7B染色体;只有7个（20％）交叠QTL（co—location QTL）涉及蛋白质和淀粉性状两方面性状．蛋白质和淀粉性状的QTL有分布在不同染色体、不同区域的趋势．22个QTL簇集于5条染色体的6个区域．蛋白质性状的2个QTL簇（QTL cluster）位于1D和3B染色体,淀粉性状的3个QTL簇位于3D,6B和7B染色体,而涉及蛋白质和淀粉性状的1个QTL簇位于1D染色体．     

Identification and mapping of genes for improving yield from Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) using advanced backcross QTL analysis

To identify useful genes from wild rice which have been lost or weakened in cultivated rice has become more and more important for modern breeding strategy. In this study, a BC4 population derived from 94W1, an acces-sion of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from Dongxiang in Jiangxi Province of China, as the donor, and a high-yielding Indica cultivar (O. sativa L.), "Guichao 2", as the recipient, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield and its components. Based on the analysis for the genotype of BC4F1 population with 87 SSR markers distributed throughout the genome and investigation of the plant height, yield and yield components of BC4F2, a total of 52 QTLs, were detected. Of 7 QTLs associated with grain yield per plant, 2 QTLs on chro-mosome 2 and chromosome 11 for grain yield, explaining 16% and 11% of the phenotypic variance respectively, were identified. The alleles from Dongxiang common wild rice in those two loci could increase the yield of "Guichao 2" by 25.9% and 23.2% respectively. The QTL on chromosome 2 increasing grain yield of cultivar is actually a major gene, which did not coincide with any previously published QTLs in rice.     

The comparative analysis based on maize integrated QTL map and meta-analysis of plant height QTLs

Since the first publication of quantitative trait locus (QTL) localization using molecular markers[1], a large number of QTLs have been identified in different ge- netic backgrounds and environments. Affected by many factors, such as marker sets, experime…     

玉米自交系数量性状遗传参数研究

用数量遗传学的原理和方法, 对２０个常用自选和引入的玉米自交系进行数量性状遗传参数的田间试验研究。结果表明： 穗粗、行粒数、百粒重与单株产量的遗传相关达到正向极显著; 吐丝期、株高、穗行数、单株叶片数、单株产量的遗传力较高, 受环境影响小, 宜早代选择; 单株产量的遗传进度较其余性状高, 获得的遗传增量大, 直接选择效果较为理想; 穗粗、行粒数、百粒重以及它们所构成的选择指数对单株产量的相关遗传进度都较高, 通过这３ 个性状的间接选择或者综合选择, 都将会提高单株产量的遗传增量, 达到增加自交系产量的目的。     

玉米自交系数量性状遗传参数研究

用数量遗传学的原理和方法,对２０个常用自选和引入的玉米自交系进行数量性状遗传参数的田间试验研究。结果表明：穗粗、行粒数、百粒重与单株产量的遗传相关达到正向极显著吐丝期、株高、穗行数、单株叶片数、单株产量的传力较高,受环境影响小,宜早代选择;单株产量的遗传进度较其余性状高,获得的遗传增量大,直接选择效果较为理想;穗粗、行粒数、百粒重以及它们所构成的选择指数对单株产量的相关遗传进度都较高,通过这３个性     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza.Sativa.L) may cause yield reductions.This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population.By using the linkage map of this population,the QTLs for relative dry weight,relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located.The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight,relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight,which explain 24.9%,20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations,respectively.Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content,which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations.One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency.It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency.Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency,the root dry weight is more important than others.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza. Sativa. L) may cause yield reductions. This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population. By using the linkage map of this population, the QTLs for relative dry weight, relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located. The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight, relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight, which explain 24.9%, 20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively. Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content, which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations. One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency. It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency. Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency, the root dry weight is more important than others.     

Detecting quantitative trait loci for water use efficiency in rice using a recombinant inbred line population

Breeding rice with high water use efficiency (WUE) can ameliorate water shortage through water-saving irrigation.However,WUE is a complex quantitative trait and very few studies have been conducted to measure WUE directly.In this study,a recombined inbred line population derived from a cross between an indica lowland rice and upland japonica rice was used to dissect the genetic control of WUE by fine-monitored water supply experiments.Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were scanned for 10 traits including heading date (HD),water-consumption per day (water/d),shoot weight gain per day (shootw/d),root weight gain per day (rootw/d),kernel weight gain per day (kernelw/d),average WUE at whole plant level (WUEwhole/d),average WUE for up-ground biomass (WUEup/d),average WUE for grain yield (WUEyield/d),average economic index (econindex/d),and average root/shoot ratio per day (ratio/d).The results show that most of the traits were significantly correlated to each other.Twenty-four QTL (LOD ≥ 2.0) were detected for econindex,econindex/d,WUEyield,WUEyield/d,WUEup,WUEup/d,WUEwhole,WUEwhole/d,kernelw,kernelw/d,rootw,and water/d by composite interval mapping.These QTLs are located on chromosomes 1,2,4,6,7,8,and 12.Individual QTLs accounted for 4.97%-10.78% of the phenotypic variation explained.Some of these QTLs overlapped with previously reported drought resistance QTLs detected in this population.These results provide useful information for further dissection of the genetic basis and marker-assisted selection of WUE in rice.     

小麦品质性状的QTL定位研究进展

本文系统地总结了国内外小麦品质性状QTL定位研究的主要性状、所用群体、标记类型、QTL定位所在的染色体位置及贡献率的大小,提出了小麦品质性状QTL定位中存在的问题,展望了小麦品质性状QTL定位的发展方向。     

Epistasis and balanced polymorphism influencing complex trait variation

Complex traits such as human disease, growth rate, or crop yield are polygenic, or determined by the contributions from numerous genes in a quantitative manner. Although progress has been made in identifying major quantitative trait loci (QTL), experimental constraints have limited our knowledge of small-effect QTL, which may be responsible for a large proportion of trait variation. Here, we identified and dissected a one-centimorgan chromosome interval in Arabidopsis thaliana without regard to its effect on growth rate, and examined the signature of historical sequence polymorphism among Arabidopsis accessions. We found that the interval contained two growth rate QTL within 210 kilobases. Both QTL showed epistasis; that is, their phenotypic effects depended on the genetic background. This amount of complexity in such a small area suggests a highly polygenic architecture of quantitative variation, much more than previously documented. One QTL was limited to a single gene. The gene in question displayed a nucleotide signature indicative of balancing selection, and its phenotypic effects are reversed depending on genetic background. If this region typifies many complex trait loci, then non-neutral epistatic polymorphism may be an important contributor to genetic variation in complex traits.