内蒙古巴彦淖尔市冰雹天气云地闪电特征分析

利用闪电定位数据和雷达数据,对内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市地区2009~2015年37次冰雹过程的地闪特征进行分析。地闪数据的统计分析结果表明,正地闪占总地闪比例大于25%。正地闪强度较大,负地闪强度较小,地闪发生频数在降雹前一般低于3 fl/5 min,降雹后负地闪频数有明显增大。雷达和地闪定位数据的个例对比分析表明,降雹前强回波区附近以正地闪为主,地闪频数低,地闪的空间分布与对流云系的发展阶段有一定关系。地闪的空间分布可能指示云系移动方向,强回波区正地闪的时空分布可能对冰雹天气的预判有一定帮助。     

发生冰雹灾害的对流性天气地闪特征分析

利用地面雷电定位系统的观测资料,结合天气背景及地理特征,对2004～2006年期间发生在湖南省湘西自治州、邵阳市、株洲市等3市（州）的10起冰雹灾害天气进行综合分析,并详细分析3次典型过程的地闪特征,结果表明：冰雹天气都伴有地闪发生,地闪平均持续时间为2h左右,每10min的地闪峰值在1～19次之间,正地闪比例不高,与北方冰雹天气的高正地闪频数特征存在明显不同,持续过程中都会出现地闪频数峰值或次峰值,其平均雷电强度和平均雷电陡度均高于一般雷暴天气．     

闪电资料在福建省人工防雹中的应用

利用福建省近7年的冰雹观测资料和地闪资料,采用2σ法分析18次产生冰雹的强对流单体发生发展过程中的地闪特征。结果表明,强对流单体降雹前均出现了闪电跳跃预警信号,且预警信号出现时间相较于降雹时间平均提前27min,DFRDT值跳跃信号对冰雹发生具有较好的警示作用。另外,结合地闪频次和VIL值对个例分析,发现冰雹发生前,强对流单体的地闪频次和VIL值均出现突增,降雹后减少。     

山东两次强对流天气中尺度对流系统的闪电特征分析

利用闪电定位资料叠加红外辐射亮温(TBB)、雷达资料,分析了山东连续两次强对流天气过程中出现的两个中尺度对流系统(MCS)、飑线、超级单体的闪电特征,结果表明:两个MCS正地闪比重很大,强盛阶段能达一半左右。地闪多分布在TBB小于220 K、对流发展旺盛且TBB梯度大的地带,地闪的分布可以很好地指示对流区;总地闪的变化与TBB极值和降水量有对应关系;对流云合并促进2016年6月14日中尺度对流系统(MCS)强烈发展,使其在初生发展阶段正闪居多并降雹。飑线中地闪多位于强回波区附近35~45 d Bz中;初生发展阶段地闪多集中于对流区,正闪多分布于云体倾斜度大的区域;成熟阶段地闪向层云区转移,多集中在低层入流边界后部,后侧入流急流上。超级单体在降雹前及降雹初期以正地闪为主,降雹前地闪频次迅速降低;降雹后,单体下沉气流增强且质心下降引发地闪猛增,最大反射率与地闪频数的变化趋势基本一致;最大反射率和回波顶高维持大值与地闪频数的骤减可以作为冰雹预测的指标。     

银川一次冰雹云的观测和天气分析

利用常规气象观测资料、多普勒雷达探测资料,以2005年5月30日银川观象台观测的一次降雹过程为例,对冰雹形成过程中浓积云演变为积雨云并降冰雹的过程进行了深入的分析,对这次降冰雹过程前后云的演变、天气背景、影响系统、大气层结稳定度、雷达回波等特征进行了综合分析.结果表明,该冰雹云系是一个中小尺度系统、强度很强的对流风暴单体;影响系统为蒙古低涡;"高干冷、低暖湿"的高低层配置为强对流天气、冰雹的形成提供了有利条件.应用反射率因子、径向速度、风廓线等多谱勒雷达产品资料,有效地揭示了冰雹天气系统的结构特征,为观测人员准确判断、记录冰雹云具有一定的指导意义.     

滇中夏季冰雹天气背景及防雹作业时机的分析研究

 应用Micaps常规资料和FY-2卫星资料,对2002,2003年夏季滇中玉溪地区出现的15次冰雹天气过程进行分析,得出夏季滇中玉溪地区产生冰雹天气的天气形势环流特征为两高辐合型、低压环流型、副高南侧偏东气流型3种,物理量特征温度对数压力图为潜在不稳定,K指数最低为36℃,SI指数均在0℃以下;根据昆明CINRAD-CC多普勒雷达观测资料,详细分析了15次冰雹天气过程降雹前雹云的回波强度、回波高度、水平尺度、速度场及液态含水量变化,得出40dBz回波高度在7km,且回波顶高度在9.5km以上,0℃上下层30dBz回波水平尺度之比≥0.6,且随着降雹过程的来临,0℃上下层30dBz回波水平尺度之比逐渐增大,速度场上辐合最大高度应在7km(-10℃层)以上,VIL值逐渐增加时,预示着地面可能产生降雹过程.     

“2010.8.5”强对流天气过程中地闪特征分析

本文通过对2010年8月5日江淮之间北部和淮北地区出现的一次强对流天气过程中洪泽地区地闪特征进行分析,结果表明：强对流是由热低压倒槽和西风槽系统共同影响产生的,中低层水汽充沛,上升运动强烈。此次强对流过程中负地闪起主导地位,正地闪相对不活跃,地闪最大频次238次/10min,最大强度-141KA,最大陡度-71.80KA/μs,地闪绝大多数发生在强度≥40dBz回波的范围内,地闪频次与回波强度、强回波（≥40dBz）面积成正比。     

2013-2017年北京市地闪活动时空特征分析

利用ADTD-2C型VLF/LF三维闪电定位仪对北京市2013—2017年地闪的观测数据,统计分析了北京市地闪活动的时空分布及变化特征。结果表明:1)2015—2017年,北京市地闪频次及电荷结构发生较大变化,年地闪时间及频次显著增加,正地闪比例大幅提高,负地闪比例相应降低;2)2013—2017年北京市地闪活动年内分布不均,显著集中于6—9月份,白天比夜间活跃,午后至傍晚最频繁;3)一天内正、负地闪的小时强度变化相反,正地闪活动白天比夜间强度略高,而负地闪强度夜间显著高于白天,正地闪强度均值显著高于负地闪,危险性增加,地闪小时频次与小时强度均值呈显著负相关关系;4)一日间地闪密度高值区受人类活动等多因素影响分布不均,5年间北京市密云区和平谷区地闪密度降低,其余14个区县密度增加,南部增幅显著大于北部。研究成果以期充实对北京市对流天气事件气候规律的认识,为北京市雷电预报预警及防雷规划管理提供理论依据。     

福建沿海近岸海区闪电致灾危险性分析

为了解福建省沿海近岸海区闪电分布特征,为海上作业提供参考,选定福建省海岸线向外延伸约40km作为研究区域,基于2015—2020年闪电监测资料分析研究区域地闪时空分布特征,并对研究区域进行危险性区划。结果表明,地闪频次逐年增加,平均强度和陡度减弱;强度和陡度有较明显的季节差异;莆田北部沿海、漳州南部海域、石狮和晋江附近海域属于雷灾较高和高危险区域。     

湖北省不同土地覆盖类型地闪参数分布特征

为进一步了解不同土地覆盖类型雷电参数分布特征及其差异,为雷电防护工程设计和雷击风险评估提供参考,根据2007—2019年湖北省地闪监测数据及土地覆盖数据,采用数理统计方法,分析研究不同土地覆盖类型地闪频次、地闪回击密度、地闪强度、地闪陡度等雷电参数的分布特征.结果表明:近13年地闪回击密度减少趋势明显,正地闪百分比整体呈上升趋势;地闪活动主要集中在全年的3—9月、全天的14—20时,地闪活动较弱的月份、时段发生正地闪的比例较高;建成区地闪回击密度值为6.7次·km^-2·a^-1,明显高于其他土地覆盖类型;不同土地覆盖类型地闪强度年际变化整体呈上升趋势,林草区正地闪强度明显高于其他土地覆盖类型;不同土地覆盖类型正地闪陡度大于总地闪和负地闪,耕地区和水域区正地闪、负地闪和总地闪平均陡度相对较大,林草区正地闪、负地闪和总地闪平均陡度最小,由此说明,正地闪雷电感应的危害大于负地闪和总地闪,耕地区、水域区雷电感应的危害最大,建成区次之,林草区雷电感应的危害最小.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.