高功率轫致辐射X射线转换靶设计?

基于一台能量为9 MeV、平均流强为125μA的高功率电子直线加速器,开展了轫致辐射X射线转换靶设计工作.转换靶为内靶设计,电子束流为非扫描式点源入射.选取钨(W)为转换靶材料,优化设计了靶材的厚度和靶体的冷却结构;并采用有限元方法分稳态和瞬态两种方式分别模拟计算了转换靶的温度分布.结果表明,转换靶局部最高温度约为970℃,平均温度约为430℃,在真空环境中该转换靶可以稳定工作.最后采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP计算了转换靶产生X射线的剂量分布以及能谱分布,结果表明,在转换靶正前方1m处,X射线的吸收剂量率约40Gy·min-1.     

Monte Carlo方法在靶尺寸分析中的应用

对于电子直线加速器而言,当电子束的能量一定时,X射线的剂量场分布与很多因素相关,其中靶的尺寸和材料便是重要的因素。目前最经常采用的靶材料是钨,靶尺寸的选取则由加速器的能量等条件来决定。该文采用Monte Carlo通用程序包Geant4,对靶的尺寸进行了一系列的分析。结果表明:靶厚度对X射线剂量场分布影响很大,为得到理想的加速器输出剂量,需要选取合适的靶厚度;相对而言,靶直径的影响则很小。     

用Monte Carlo方法设计X射线均整器

在以电子直线加速器为X射线源的工业CT和辐射治疗中,需要较均匀的X射线剂量率空间分布。利用MonteCarlo方法,设计了6MeV和9MeV的X射线均整器。对9MeV的X射线均整器进行了实验。实验结果表明:在距靶1m处测得均整后0°处的剂量率约为均整前的74%,7.5°处的剂量率约为0°处的69%。满足Varian标准。该均整器在满足平坦度要求的同时提高X射线剂量利用率,不经过打磨便可得到较好的均整结果。     

电子直线加速器的感生放射性计算方法

为了选择一个合理而相对准确的计算电子直线加速器的感生放射性的方法,分析了的点源近似法、径迹长度法、吸收功率法、 Monte Carlo模拟法的优缺点.对IAEA188号报告中一标准算例,用这4种方法进行饱和放射性活度As的计算,并对结果进行比较.分析表明, Monte Carlo模拟法考虑反应完全,可同时计算直接和间接感生放射性,计算步骤简单,结果准确,是4种计算方法中最好的.用Monte Carlo法计算了30 MeV以内电子直线加速器中钨靶的As; 并给出在钨靶中As的空间分布.结果表明,随钨靶厚度及入射电子束能量的增加, As增加.这些结果有利于今后感生放射性研究.     

医用电子加速器中的光中子产额计算

计算了电子加速器中不同能量的电子垂直入射到钨靶和金靶上时的光中子产额。采用 Monte Carlo 程序EGS4对电子光子簇在靶中的输运进行模拟 ,计算出光子在靶中的径迹长度 ,从而求出光中子产额。对电子加速器钨靶和金靶中的光中子产额进行了计算 ,得到了电子加速器中光中子产额随打靶电子能量变化的规律及随靶厚度变化的规律 ,为加速器靶和屏蔽系统的设计提供依据 ,并为计算光中子的剂量分布和复合靶中的光中子产额奠定基础     

高能X射线成像系统固体探测器模块的设计

常规的阵列探测器用于高能X射线成像系统时,由于射线能量的增大会出现许多新的问题,设计时必须综合考虑多个方面的要求。在MonteCarlo估算的基础上,设计了若干由CdWO4晶体耦合光电二极管形成的线性阵列探测器模块。射线源采用直线加速器,最大能量9MeV。探测器呈模块化结构,每个模块16个通道,通道间距1.3mm。CdWO4晶体尺寸0.8mm×5mm×30mm,晶体间放置铅隔离层以减小串扰。模拟得其探测效率达70%,能量沉积率30%,而串扰率小于5%。模块加工完成后,分别在60Co、6MeV和9MeV加速器下进行了测试,证明其满足成像系统的要求。     

两种典型结构强流自箍缩二极管技术研究

主要介绍了箍缩聚焦二极管和自箍缩离子束二极管的研究进展。重点介绍了近几年发展的阳极杆箍缩聚焦二极管的理论模拟和实验结果,在“闪光二号”加速器和2 MV脉冲功率驱动源上进行了阳极杆箍缩二极管实验,二极管输出电压1.8~2.1 MV,电流40~60 kA,脉宽(FWHM)50~60 ns,1 m处的脉冲X剂量约20~30 mGy,焦斑直径约1 mm,X射线最高能量1.8 MeV。在“闪光二号”加速器上开展了高功率离子束的产生和应用研究,给出了自箍缩反射离子束二极管的结构和工作原理,实验获得的离子束峰值电流~160 kA,离子的峰值能量~500 keV,开展了利用高功率质子束轰击19F靶产生6~7 MeV准单能脉冲γ射线,模拟X射线热—力学效应等应用基础研究。     

Xe~(30+)在Au下表面退激辐射的X射线谱

报导了1.0~3.0MeV的Xe~(30+)离子与1.0MeV的Xe~(26+)离子入射Au表面发射的X射线谱,考虑到探测器Be窗对射线的非均匀衰减,还原了1.0MeV的Xe~(30+)离子产生X射线谱。通过用经典过垒模型及两体碰撞模型的分析表明:动能1.0~3.0MeV的Xe~(30+)离子入射Au靶,下表面空心原子M壳层空穴退激发射了能量0.7~1.75keV的Xe M X射线,下表面空心原子N壳层空穴退激发射了能量0.5~0.7keV的Xe N X射线。     

相对永久密封真空康普顿探测器伽马灵敏度研究

针对强流脉冲γ射线探测,研制了厚入射窗结构真空康普顿探测器,并在60Co辐照装置上,准直孔径为40 mm的条件下,对2套样品探测器灵敏度进行了测量,得到了1.25 MeV的γ射线灵敏度,实验值分别为4.65×10-22 C/MeV和4.59×10-22 C/MeV.该实验值与蒙特卡罗程序MCNP的计算值(4.70×10-22 C/MeV)相比,误差范围一致,在0.5～3.0 MeV能量区间,探测灵敏度的能量响应变化小于20%.实验证明:该探测器比薄窗结构真空康普顿探测器的灵敏度提高了60%,克服了薄窗探测器封装加工和静态真空保持的困难;保存使用期可达2年以上,达到了相对永久密封的目的,可应用于粒子注量率为1020 cm-2·s-1以上的强流脉冲γ射线测量.     

质疑爱因斯坦力学和传统加速器理论的三个实验

用直线加速器精出的高速电子轰击铅靶,浏量铅靶的温升.用直线加速器输出的高速电子垂直封入均匀磁场,测量电子受洛伦茨力偏转而作圆周运动的半径.实验结果不符合爱因斯坦的质速会式和动能公式,而且表明被加速的电子没有获得加速器的全部工作能量.显然,爱因斯坦力学和传统的加速器理论都是可疑的.作者还做了电子在均匀电场内加速的实验,测量了电子获得的速度,并按照爱因斯坦力学计算了电子获得的动能,这个动能竟然大于加速器的工作能量,从而再次证明爱因斯坦力学可疑.     

电子辐照灭菌中剂量深度分布的分析

为研制加速器电子束邮件灭菌安全系统,用MonteCarlo(MCNP)程序模拟计算了4.5MeV电子束辐照复印纸和聚苯乙烯时吸收剂量随深度的变化。计算分析了邮件灭菌中电子束的能量、入射角度、复印纸厚度及上下铝衬底材料等对辐照效果的影响。结果表明,受照物质中的吸收剂量呈先增后减的趋势;电子束能量越高,穿透深度越大,吸收剂量峰值变低;入射角度变化,穿透深度不变;衬底材料可提高受照物质上表面的吸收剂量。结果与实验符合,验证了模拟的可信性,也显示出MCNP计算的速度快、效率高、应用灵活等优点。     

A laser-plasma accelerator producing monoenergetic electron beams

Particle accelerators are used in a wide variety of fields, ranging from medicine and biology to high-energy physics. The accelerating fields in conventional accelerators are limited to a few tens of MeV m(-1), owing to material breakdown at the walls of the structure. Thus, the production of energetic particle beams currently requires large-scale accelerators and expensive infrastructures. Laser-plasma accelerators have been proposed as a next generation of compact accelerators because of the huge electric fields they can sustain (>100 GeV m(-1)). However, it has been difficult to use them efficiently for applications because they have produced poor-quality particle beams with large energy spreads, owing to a randomization of electrons in phase space. Here we demonstrate that this randomization can be suppressed and that the quality of the electron beams can be dramatically enhanced. Within a length of 3 mm, the laser drives a plasma bubble that traps and accelerates plasma electrons. The resulting electron beam is extremely collimated and quasi-monoenergetic, with a high charge of 0.5 nC at 170 MeV.     

Controlled injection and acceleration of electrons in plasma wakefields by colliding laser pulses

In laser-plasma-based accelerators, an intense laser pulse drives a large electric field (the wakefield) which accelerates particles to high energies in distances much shorter than in conventional accelerators. These high acceleration gradients, of a few hundreds of gigavolts per metre, hold the promise of compact high-energy particle accelerators. Recently, several experiments have shown that laser-plasma accelerators can produce high-quality electron beams, with quasi-monoenergetic energy distributions at the 100 MeV level. However, these beams do not have the stability and reproducibility that are required for applications. This is because the mechanism responsible for injecting electrons into the wakefield is based on highly nonlinear phenomena, and is therefore hard to control. Here we demonstrate that the injection and subsequent acceleration of electrons can be controlled by using a second laser pulse. The collision of the two laser pulses provides a pre-acceleration stage which provokes the injection of electrons into the wakefield. The experimental results show that the electron beams obtained in this manner are collimated (5 mrad divergence), monoenergetic (with energy spread <10 per cent), tuneable (between 15 and 250 MeV) and, most importantly, stable. In addition, the experimental observations are compatible with electron bunch durations shorter than 10 fs. We anticipate that this stable and compact electron source will have a strong impact on applications requiring short bunches, such as the femtolysis of water, or high stability, such as radiotherapy with high-energy electrons or radiography for materials science.     

400 A MeV ^12C诱发乳胶核反应靶核碎裂过程中的非统计涨落研究

利用标度阶乘矩法对400 A MeV^12C诱发乳胶核反应靶核质子及靶核蒸发碎片在一维、二维相空间发射过程中的非统计涨落分别进行了实验研究.结果表明400 A MeV^12C诱发乳胶核反应靶核质子及靶核蒸发碎片在一维、二维相空间发射过程中不存在非统计涨落.     

双能X射线检查系统的Monte Carlo模拟

为了提高双能X射线安全检查系统的材料分类能力,采用M on te C arlo方法对系统的成像过程进行了模拟。利用M CNP 4C程序模拟电子打击钨靶产生韧致辐射、射线与物质的相互作用,得到了材料分类曲线。与数值方法以及实验方法相比,该方法的材料分类不受系统噪声影响,可以分辨原子序数相差为1的两种材料,并且只需要几m in计算时间。进行了铝阶梯的实验,对一系列典型材料和专用测试工具箱进行了测试。结果表明,M on te C arlo模拟方法可以提高安全检查系统的材料分辨能力。     

High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding

Laser-driven accelerators, in which particles are accelerated by the electric field of a plasma wave (the wakefield) driven by an intense laser, have demonstrated accelerating electric fields of hundreds of GV m(-1) (refs 1-3). These fields are thousands of times greater than those achievable in conventional radio-frequency accelerators, spurring interest in laser accelerators as compact next-generation sources of energetic electrons and radiation. To date, however, acceleration distances have been severely limited by the lack of a controllable method for extending the propagation distance of the focused laser pulse. The ensuing short acceleration distance results in low-energy beams with 100 per cent electron energy spread, which limits potential applications. Here we demonstrate a laser accelerator that produces electron beams with an energy spread of a few per cent, low emittance and increased energy (more than 10(9) electrons above 80 MeV). Our technique involves the use of a preformed plasma density channel to guide a relativistically intense laser, resulting in a longer propagation distance. The results open the way for compact and tunable high-brightness sources of electrons and radiation.     

静电放电电流波形校准装置的研制与分析

根据IEC61000-4-2的要求,研制了2种不同结构形式的静电放电电流波形校准装置,对SchaffnerNSG438和KeyTek MZ-15/EC型静电放电枪的电流波形进行了校准测试.经在不同电压等级和电压极性下的多次测试发现:其中一种校准装置测得的静电放电电流波形与出厂结果相吻合,即该校准装置的设计是成功的.通过试验对比和定量分析发现,校准装置的分布参数对静电放电电流波形的上升沿有显著影响.对于静电放电电流波形校准装置,仅满足标准规定的电压驻波比指标是不够的,必须对分布参数的影响予以高度重视.     

Design study for the cascaded HGHG experiment based on the SDUV-FEL

Cascading stages of high-gain harmonic generation(HGHG) free electron laser(FEL) is a promising way to produce fully coherent X-ray radiation.As a test facility for modern FEL R&D,the Shanghai deep ultraviolet FEL(SDUV-FEL) is now under upgrading for the cascading two stages of HGHG experiment.Since the energy of the electron beam is as low as about 185 MeV after upgrade,the total harmonic number of this two stages HGHG is only 2×2,and the wavelength of the final radiation is 196.5 nm which is the 4th harmonic of the 786 nm seed laser.With help of three-dimensional simulation codes,design studies on the FEL physics for the cascaded HGHG experiment are present based on the parameters of the upgraded SDUV-FEL facility.It is found from the simulation results that the part of the electron beam which has been used in the first stage can still generate powerful radiation in the radiator of the second stage,and this radiation will be difficult to be separated from the radiation generated by the fresh part of the electron beam.To overcome this problem,a novel method based on the energy spectrum of the electron beam is proposed in this paper to demonstrate the "fresh bunch" technique.     

14 MeV中子照相中CCD芯片的屏蔽计算

快中子照相实验中,电荷耦合装置(CCD)是重要的成像器件。快中子辐射不仅会减少CCD的使用寿命,而且会对快中子图像带来影响,因此必须对CCD芯片进行有效的屏蔽,减少快中子辐射对芯片的损伤。该文利用MCNP/4B程序计算了14MeV中子照相中不同屏蔽材料组合条件下CCD芯片的吸收剂量。计算结果表明,在对CCD进行有效的屏蔽后,芯片的吸收剂量是屏蔽前的3%,按源中子数归一后仅为1.29 aGy,已经达到屏蔽要求。计算结果还表明,环境散射中子辐射对芯片吸收剂量贡献较小,可以忽略。