科技常识

低碳生活可理解为减少二氧化碳的排放,低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活。节能减排关系到人类未来的战略选择。低碳生活反映了人类因气候变化而对未来产生的担忧,世界对此问题的共识日益增多。提升节能减排意识,减少全球温室气体（主要是减少二氧化碳）排放,意义十分重大。低碳生活节能环保,有利于减缓全球气候变暖和环境恶化的速度,势在必行。减少二氧化碳排放,选择低碳生活,是每位公民应尽的责任。     

开发与推广应用可再生能源发展低碳经济

当前．由于化石能源的过度消耗而导致的全球气候变暖对人类生存和发展的严峻挑战已越来越受到人们的关注。二氧化碳大量排放所引起的温室效应是全球气候变暖的元凶已被确认为不争的事实。在这一大背景之下,低碳技术、低碳经济、低碳生活方式等新概念应运而生．并迅速成为全球关注的热点。     

发展低碳经济 走可持续发展之路

1＂低碳经济＂的由来 ＂低碳经济＂一次,最早出现在于2003年的英国能源白皮书《我们能源的未来：创建低碳经济》。＂低碳经济＂的概念,是应对全球气候变化的产物。以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化,主要是人类经济活动导致以二氧化碳为主的温室气体排放过多,大气中的温室气体长期积累造成的。     

低碳技术和产业发展的现状与对策

低碳经济是以低碳排放、低消耗、低污染为主要特征的集低碳发展、低碳技术、低碳生活等一类经济形态的总称。低碳经济是从高能耗、高物耗、高排放的发展模式乃至生活方式转向可持续发展模式的最重要路径。低碳产业是指运用低碳技术生产节能产品和新能源产品的经济形态和产业系统,包括节能减排、新能源和可再生能源以及二氧化碳捕获与埋藏等三个领域的新技术,涉及到能源、交通、建筑、     

低碳生活从办公开始

温室效应及温室气体的排放是全球气候变暖的重要原因,而全球气候变化深刻影响着人类生存和发展,是各国共同面临的重大挑战.实行节能减排,推行"低碳生活"是我们现代生活中每一个人的义务和责任.本文介绍了"低碳生活"的概念,讨论了我们办公环境的"低碳生活",提出了"低碳生活"从办公开始的节能减排建议.     

用标准化来推动低碳城市的建设

当前,世界环境正面临着温室气体不断增多的威胁,全球气候变暖,灾难性气候频繁发生。控制温室气体排放,发展低碳经济,是避免灾难性气候发生,保持人类可持续性发展的重要途径。通过标准化活动推动节能减排,减少＂碳足迹＂,防止地球变暖,推动低碳城市的建设,是时代赋予标准化新的内涵。     

任楼煤矿推行清洁生产实现低碳减排

低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染为基础的经济,它以无碳、低碳能源为基础,实现温室气体的减排,遏制全球气候变暖的趋势,实现人类社会的可持续发展。因此,发展低碳经济、实行清洁生产是煤炭企业的必然选择、最佳体现与首选途径。皖北煤电任楼煤矿作为全国煤炭行业的大型企业,在高碳行业的煤炭生产中始终坚持发展循环经济、清洁生产,低碳运行,其宗旨就是为了进一步推进低碳经济、节能减排,绿色发展的理念。     

浅谈低碳经济

低碳经济以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基本特征,是顺应可持续发展理念和控制温室气体排放要求的社会经济发展模式。能源与产业机构特点、能源技术制约、传统观念的抵触是我国发展低碳经济面临的障碍。实行节能减排、开发利用新能源和可再生能源是我国发展低碳经济的基本途径。     

减排二氧化碳发展低碳经济首先要重视节约使用化石能源

分析了能源消费和经济发展的规律,可再生能源的特点、大量开发利用存在的技术瓶颈和减排二氧化碳的效果,认为我国能源消费总量正处在持续增长期,未来40年内可再生能源不可能成为我国的主要能源,化石能源仍将是我国能源的主体,提出减排二氧化碳、发展低碳经济,要首先重视节约使用化石能源。归纳了我国化石能源开发利用取得的成就和存在的问题,提出了节约使用化石能源的对策,一是确定比较合理的GDP增长速度,建立化石能源消费总量控制指标体系;二是建立化石能源加工利用过程全寿命周期能效及二氧化碳排放的评价方法,通过不断优化提高化石能源利用效率;三是从我国化石能源资源状况出发,研究建立符合国情的低碳现代化生活消费模式;四是充分利用财政税收政策和行政手段鼓励和强制节能;五是加强节约使用化石能源的技术、材料、产品的研究开发和推广应用;六是加大资金投入,实现化石能源的优化利用和节约使用。     

"气候变暖"论的误区

大气温室气体主要包括水汽、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮、甲烷等,其中水汽对温室效应的贡献率约占95%;二氧化碳的贡献率约占3.62%,而人为活动排放的二氧化碳对温室效应的贡献率,大约只有0.105%左右.IPCC过分夸大了人为活动排放的二氧化碳时气候变暖的影响.IPCC认为人为活动排放的二氧化碳是导致全球气候变暖的罪魁祸首,没有充分的科学依据.     

黑碳气溶胶研究新进展

黑碳气溶胶是气溶胶的重要组成部分,在大气物理、大气化学、大气光学、大气光化学等过程中具有重要作用。近年来研究表明,黑碳气溶胶对于全球变暖、区域气候变化有重要贡献,黑碳气溶胶可能是影响全球变暖的第二大重要因子,其作用仅次于CO2。因此,应控制黑碳的排放。考虑到黑碳气溶胶在全球变暖、区域气候、环境与健康等方面的作用,研究和评价黑碳气溶胶的作用已十分必要和迫切。     

Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink

The evolution of the Earth's climate over the twenty-first century depends on the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are removed from the atmosphere by the ocean and land carbon cycles. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that global warming will act to limit the land-carbon sink, but these first generation models neglected the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry. Emissions associated with fossil fuel and biomass burning have acted to approximately double the global mean tropospheric ozone concentration, and further increases are expected over the twenty-first century. Tropospheric ozone is known to damage plants, reducing plant primary productivity and crop yields, yet increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to stimulate plant primary productivity. Increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels can both lead to stomatal closure, which reduces the uptake of either gas, and in turn limits the damaging effect of ozone and the carbon dioxide fertilization of photosynthesis. Here we estimate the impact of projected changes in ozone levels on the land-carbon sink, using a global land carbon cycle model modified to include the effect of ozone deposition on photosynthesis and to account for interactions between ozone and carbon dioxide through stomatal closure. For a range of sensitivity parameters based on manipulative field experiments, we find a significant suppression of the global land-carbon sink as increases in ozone concentrations affect plant productivity. In consequence, more carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. We suggest that the resulting indirect radiative forcing by ozone effects on plants could contribute more to global warming than the direct radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone increases.     

Numerical simulation of the sensitivity of the Pacific subtropical-tropical meridional cell to global warming

Sensitivity of the Pacific subtropical-tropical meridional cell to global warming is examined by using a global ocean-atmosphere coupled model developed at LASG/IAP. Results indicate that associated with the increasing of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the most prominent signals of global warming locate at high latitudes, and the change of middle and low latitudes, in particular the surface wind, is relatively weak, which leads to a weak response of the Pacific subtropical-tropical meridional cell. At the time of atmospheric carbon dioxide doubling, the change of the meridional cell strength is smaller than the amplitude of natural variability.     

Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming

The sensitivity of soil carbon to warming is a major uncertainty in projections of carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Experimental studies overwhelmingly indicate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition at higher temperatures, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils. However, recent findings have been cited as evidence against increased soil carbon emissions in a warmer world. In soil warming experiments, the initially increased carbon dioxide efflux returns to pre-warming rates within one to three years, and apparent carbon pool turnover times are insensitive to temperature. It has already been suggested that the apparent lack of temperature dependence could be an artefact due to neglecting the extreme heterogeneity of soil carbon, but no explicit model has yet been presented that can reconcile all the above findings. Here we present a simple three-pool model that partitions SOC into components with different intrinsic turnover rates. Using this model, we show that the results of all the soil-warming experiments are compatible with long-term temperature sensitivity of SOC turnover: they can be explained by rapid depletion of labile SOC combined with the negligible response of non-labile SOC on experimental timescales. Furthermore, we present evidence that non-labile SOC is more sensitive to temperature than labile SOC, implying that the long-term positive feedback of soil decomposition in a warming world may be even stronger than predicted by global models.     

最近150年气温升高的新认识

气象观测数据和地质记录数据显示最近150年气温呈升高趋势.研究了不同时间尺度气候变化与太阳辐射量变化之间的关系.结果表明:太阳辐射量变化是控制地球上气候变化的重要因素.根据地球轨道参数估算出来太阳辐射量变化,现今及未来约1万年太阳辐射量具有逐渐减少趋势,意味着气候逐渐变冷.最近150年气温升高包括人为因素和自然因素,IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)夸大了人类活动导致全球变暖的结果.在万年时间尺度上,最近150年气温升高可以看作是逐渐变冷大背景下的次级波动,气候变暖是短暂的过程.     

Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change

Earth's climate is warming as a result of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from fossil fuel combustion. Anthropogenic emissions of non-CO(2) greenhouse gases, such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone-depleting substances (largely from sources other than fossil fuels), also contribute significantly to warming. Some non-CO(2) greenhouse gases have much shorter lifetimes than CO(2), so reducing their emissions offers an additional opportunity to lessen future climate change. Although it is clear that sustainably reducing the warming influence of greenhouse gases will be possible only with substantial cuts in emissions of CO(2), reducing non-CO(2) greenhouse gas emissions would be a relatively quick way of contributing to this goal.     

The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing

Some of the global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gases is offset by increased reflection of solar radiation by clouds with smaller droplets that form in air polluted with aerosol particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei. The resulting cooling tendency, termed the indirect aerosol forcing, is thought to be comparable in magnitude to the forcing by anthropogenic CO2, but it is difficult to estimate because the physical processes that determine global aerosol and cloud populations are poorly understood. Smaller cloud droplets not only reflect sunlight more effectively, but also inhibit precipitation, which is expected to result in increased cloud water. Such an increase in cloud water would result in even more reflective clouds, further increasing the indirect forcing. Marine boundary-layer clouds polluted by aerosol particles, however, are not generally observed to hold more water. Here we simulate stratocumulus clouds with a fluid dynamics model that includes detailed treatments of cloud microphysics and radiative transfer. Our simulations show that the response of cloud water to suppression of precipitation from increased droplet concentrations is determined by a competition between moistening from decreased surface precipitation and drying from increased entrainment of overlying air. Only when the overlying air is humid or droplet concentrations are very low does sufficient precipitation reach the surface to allow cloud water to increase with droplet concentrations. Otherwise, the response of cloud water to aerosol-induced suppression of precipitation is dominated by enhanced entrainment of overlying dry air. In this scenario, cloud water is reduced as droplet concentrations increase, which diminishes the indirect climate forcing.     

Sustainable Energy Development Strategy in China

Energy and electrical power is very important in economy and society. China has faced an increasingly serious energy shortage in the past decade. On the other hand, energy consumption and power generation, releasing carbon dioxide and other gaseous emissions from fossil fuels, may pollute the environment. Nuclear power, as an alternative energy source, would reduce these gaseous emissions. Both global wanning and sustainable energy supply can be solved to some extent by the application of nuclear power. In the aspects of regaining economic advantages, environmental protection, the security and reliability of energy, nuclear power has an obvious superiority. In this paper, we present the energy status in quo of China, and discuss ways to realize the sustainable development of energy and power.     

Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming

The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.     

Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future

Atmospheric aerosols counteract the warming effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases by an uncertain, but potentially large, amount. This in turn leads to large uncertainties in the sensitivity of climate to human perturbations, and therefore also in carbon cycle feedbacks and projections of climate change. In the future, aerosol cooling is expected to decline relative to greenhouse gas forcing, because of the aerosols' much shorter lifetime and the pursuit of a cleaner atmosphere. Strong aerosol cooling in the past and present would then imply that future global warming may proceed at or even above the upper extreme of the range projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.