Coherent ecological dynamics induced by large-scale disturbance

Aggregate community-level response to disturbance is a principle concern in ecology because post-disturbance dynamics are integral to the ability of ecosystems to maintain function in an uncertain world. Community-level responses to disturbance can be arrayed along a spectrum ranging from synchronous oscillations where all species rise and fall together, to compensatory dynamics where total biomass remains relatively constant despite fluctuations in the densities of individual species. An important recent insight is that patterns of synchrony and compensation can vary with the timescale of analysis and that spectral time series methods can enable detection of coherent dynamics that would otherwise be obscured by opposing patterns occurring at different scales. Here I show that application of wavelet analysis to experimentally manipulated plankton communities reveals strong synchrony after disturbance. The result is paradoxical because it is well established that these communities contain both disturbance-sensitive and disturbance-tolerant species leading to compensation within functional groups. Theory predicts that compensatory substitution of functionally equivalent species should stabilize ecological communities, yet I found at the whole-community level a large increase in seasonal biomass variation. Resolution of the paradox hinges on patterns of seasonality among species. The compensatory shift in community composition after disturbance resulted in a loss of cold-season dominants, which before disturbance had served to stabilize biomass throughout the year. Species dominating the disturbed community peaked coherently during the warm season, explaining the observed synchrony and increase in seasonal biomass variation. These results suggest that theory relating compensatory dynamics to ecological stability needs to consider not only complementarity in species responses to environmental change, but also seasonal complementarity among disturbance-tolerant and disturbance-sensitive species.     

X-ray and optical wave mixing

Light-matter interactions are ubiquitous, and underpin a wide range of basic research fields and applied technologies. Although optical interactions have been intensively studied, their microscopic details are often poorly understood and have so far not been directly measurable. X-ray and optical wave mixing was proposed nearly half a century ago as an atomic-scale probe of optical interactions but has not yet been observed owing to a lack of sufficiently intense X-ray sources. Here we use an X-ray laser to demonstrate X-ray and optical sum-frequency generation. The underlying nonlinearity is a reciprocal-space probe of the optically induced charges and associated microscopic fields that arise in an illuminated material. To within the experimental errors, the measured efficiency is consistent with first-principles calculations of microscopic optical polarization in diamond. The ability to probe optical interactions on the atomic scale offers new opportunities in both basic and applied areas of science.     

Coherent control of pulsed X-ray beams.

Synchrotrons produce continuous trains of closely spaced X-ray pulses. Application of such sources to the study of atomic-scale motion requires efficient modulation of these beams on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to femtoseconds. However, ultrafast X-ray modulators are not generally available. Here we report efficient subnanosecond coherent switching of synchrotron beams by using acoustic pulses in a crystal to modulate the anomalous low-loss transmission of X-ray pulses. The acoustic excitation transfers energy between two X-ray beams in a time shorter than the synchrotron pulse width of about 100 ps. Gigahertz modulation of the diffracted X-rays is also observed. We report different geometric arrangements, such as a switch based on the collision of two counter-propagating acoustic pulses: this doubles the X-ray modulation frequency, and also provides a means of observing a localized transient strain inside an opaque material. We expect that these techniques could be scaled to produce subpicosecond pulses, through laser-generated coherent optical phonon modulation of X-ray diffraction in crystals. Such ultrafast capabilities have been demonstrated thus far only in laser-generated X-ray sources, or through the use of X-ray streak cameras.     

分子动力学的格波理论

应用固体物理学和固体力学的理论,建立了分子动力学的格波理论.该理论将符合周期性几何结构的三维晶体看作代表性体元,研究三维晶体在有限温度下的本构响应.基于周期边界条件,建立三维晶格振动的特征方程,求得三维晶体固有频率,进而得到各个原子动力学方程的解析解.在此基础上求得有限温度下,三维晶体的热应力.该理论有效地克服了经典分子动力学在时间尺度和空间尺度上的困难.     

Coherent dynamics of a flux qubit coupled to a harmonic oscillator

In the emerging field of quantum computation and quantum information, superconducting devices are promising candidates for the implementation of solid-state quantum bits (qubits). Single-qubit operations, direct coupling between two qubits and the realization of a quantum gate have been reported. However, complex manipulation of entangled states-such as the coupling of a two-level system to a quantum harmonic oscillator, as demonstrated in ion/atom-trap experiments and cavity quantum electrodynamics-has yet to be achieved for superconducting devices. Here we demonstrate entanglement between a superconducting flux qubit (a two-level system) and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The latter provides the measurement system for detecting the quantum states; it is also an effective inductance that, in parallel with an external shunt capacitance, acts as a harmonic oscillator. We achieve generation and control of the entangled state by performing microwave spectroscopy and detecting the resultant Rabi oscillations of the coupled system.     

Probing molecular dynamics with attosecond resolution using correlated wave packet pairs

Spectroscopic measurements with increasingly higher time resolution are generally thought to require increasingly shorter laser pulses, as illustrated by the recent monitoring of the decay of core-excited krypton using attosecond photon pulses. However, an alternative approach to probing ultrafast dynamic processes might be provided by entanglement, which has improved the precision of quantum optical measurements. Here we use this approach to observe the motion of a D2+ vibrational wave packet formed during the multiphoton ionization of D2 over several femtoseconds with a precision of about 200 attoseconds and 0.05 ?ngstr?ms, by exploiting the correlation between the electronic and nuclear wave packets formed during the ionization event. An intense infrared laser field drives the electron wave packet, and electron recollision probes the nuclear motion. Our results show that laser pulse duration need not limit the time resolution of a spectroscopic measurement, provided the process studied involves the formation of correlated wave packets, one of which can be controlled; spatial resolution is likewise not limited to the focal spot size or laser wavelength.     

载波相位对超短脉冲能量的影响

分析了载波相位 φ引起高斯脉冲携带的能量的变化 ,这种变化最大发生在 φ等于 0和π/ 2的情况下 ,以最大变化来判断“包络 +载波”方法对描述极短脉冲的有效与否和Brabec用平均频率来判断的结果大致相同     

具有制动动力学的Mkdv-Burgers'方程的backstepping边界控制

对具有制动动力学的Mkdv—Burgers’方程：u1-εuxx＋u^2ux=0,提出一个backstepping边界控制律．证明了边界条件下的Mkdv—Burgers’方程解的存在性和唯一性;通过Lyapunov分析,证得所有的信号是充分正则的,并且包含边界动力学的闭环系统是L^2,H^1和H^3全局稳定的和适定的．为进一步研究该方程的理论和工程技术应用提供了理论基础和依据．     

温控阀作用下的房间动态特性模拟

为设计计量供热系统的控制方案,分析了温控阀控制过程与房间热动态过程。建立描述温控阀、散热器、房间动态特性的方程并联立求解。对不同运行工况及热扰作用下散热器流量、散热量、回水温度、室温等变量的动态响应进行仿真模拟。通过理论计算完成稳态验证,并通过对北京某小区供热系统的测试进行实验验证。结果显示,在温控阀保持全开状态以及按作息规律进行调节的情况下,回水温度及室温模拟值与实测值的最大偏差均小于1℃,表明了模拟计算结果的准确性。     

温控阀作用下的房间动态特性模拟

为设计计量供热系统的控制方案,分析了温控阀控制过程与房间热动态过程。建立描述温控阀、散热器、房间动态特性的方程并联立求解。在不同运行工况及热扰作用下,对散热器流量、散热量、回水温度、房间室温等变量的动态响应进行仿真模拟。通过理论计算完成稳态验证,并通过对北京某小区供热系统的测试进行实验验证。结果显示,在温控阀保持全开状态以及按作息规律进行调节情况下,回水温度及室温模拟值与实测值的最大偏差均小于1℃,表明了模拟计算结果的准确性。     

物元场与类控制

基于企业能力论和可拓学,提出了不同于一般二维物元的对物元和物元场概念,得到了物元场的性质,给出了对物元及其变化率的矢量表示.在用修订分类法对物元集进行聚类分析的基础上,设计出符合实际要求的关联函数.据此探讨由双因素状态决定的物元评价问题,建立聚类控制模型并给出应用实例.     

Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding

Silica waveguides with diameters larger than the wavelength of transmitted light are widely used in optical communications, sensors and other applications. Minimizing the width of the waveguides is desirable for photonic device applications, but the fabrication of low-loss optical waveguides with subwavelength diameters remains challenging because of strict requirements on surface roughness and diameter uniformity. Here we report the fabrication of subwavelength-diameter silica 'wires' for use as low-loss optical waveguides within the visible to near-infrared spectral range. We use a two-step drawing process to fabricate long free-standing silica wires with diameters down to 50 nm that show surface smoothness at the atomic level together with uniformity of diameter. Light can be launched into these wires by optical evanescent coupling. The wires allow single-mode operation, and have an optical loss of less than 0.1 dB mm(-1). We believe that these wires provide promising building blocks for future microphotonic devices with subwavelength-width structures.     

Collapse and revival of the matter wave field of a Bose-Einstein condensate

A Bose-Einstein condensate represents the most 'classical' form of a matter wave, just as an optical laser emits the most classical form of an electromagnetic wave. Nevertheless, the matter wave field has a quantized structure owing to the granularity of the discrete underlying atoms. Although such a field is usually assumed to be intrinsically stable (apart from incoherent loss processes), this is no longer true when the condensate is in a coherent superposition of different atom number states. For example, in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a three-dimensional optical lattice, each potential well can be prepared in a coherent superposition of different atom number states, with constant relative phases between neighbouring lattice sites. It is then natural to ask how the individual matter wave fields and their relative phases evolve. Here we use such a set-up to investigate these questions experimentally, observing that the matter wave field of the Bose-Einstein condensate undergoes a periodic series of collapses and revivals; this behaviour is directly demonstrated in the dynamical evolution of the multiple matter wave interference pattern. We attribute the oscillations to the quantized structure of the matter wave field and the collisions between individual atoms.     

Chromatin dynamics and the preservation of genetic information

The integrity of the genome is frequently challenged by double-strand breaks in the DNA. Defects in the cellular response to double-strand breaks are a major cause of cancer and other age-related pathologies; therefore, much effort has been directed at understanding the enzymatic mechanisms involved in recognizing, signalling and repairing double-strand breaks. Recent work indicates that chromatin - the fibres into which DNA is packaged with a proteinaceous structural polymer - has an important role in initiating, propagating and terminating this cellular response to DNA damage.     

带有交叉感染的狂犬病模型及其控制策略研究

建立包括野犬、家犬和人3个群体的预测狂犬病动力学模型,采用遗传算法对模型中的感染人数与国内近20年的报告病例数据进行拟合,估出中国狂犬病在当前控制策略下的基本再生数R_0≈1.075,证明模型中R_0<1时无病平衡点的全局稳定性以及R_0>1时模型的一致持续性.根据数值模拟结果得到根除狂犬病需要采取如下可行的措施:避免家犬与野犬之间的交叉感染;提高家犬的免疫率;对野犬进行捕杀,控制其出生数量.     

The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium

One consequence of the special theory of relativity is that no signal can cause an effect outside the source light cone, the space-time surface on which light rays emanate from the source. Violation of this principle of relativistic causality leads to paradoxes, such as that of an effect preceding its cause. Recent experiments on optical pulse propagation in so-called 'fast-light' media--which are characterized by a wave group velocity upsilon(g) exceeding the vacuum speed of light c or taking on negative values--have led to renewed debate about the definition of the information velocity upsilon(i). One view is that upsilon(i) = upsilon(g) (ref. 4), which would violate causality, while another is that upsilon(i) = c in all situations, which would preserve causality. Here we find that the time to detect information propagating through a fast-light medium is slightly longer than the time required to detect the same information travelling through a vacuum, even though upsilon(g) in the medium vastly exceeds c. Our observations are therefore consistent with relativistic causality and help to resolve the controversies surrounding superluminal pulse propagation.     

摇板式造波机的控制系统设计

对摇板式造波机的电液伺服系统和计算机控制系统进行设计，液压系统油源采用多台泵组组合而成；计算机控制程序使用VB语言在WINDOWS环境下编制，方便人机对话。     

城市空间信息系统动力学演化机理与应用

根据系统动力学理论和方法，构建了城市空间系统动力学过程模型，揭示了空间结构-空间认知-空间行为-空间过程-空间结构的演化过程。提出城市空间数据在时间、空间和过程上分为不同的层次，具有时态特性。构建了城市空间信息系统动力学过程模型，进而得出城市空间信息系统动力学演化机理。在此基础上．构建了空间信息基础框架数据库动态稳定模式，实现了数据库的动态稳定性。同时保证了各部门共同建设和分享一个框架数据库，避免了每隔几年就需要大规模修测城市地形数据库。新的工作流模式的应用．改变了传统粗放式的管理模式。