Chang＇E-1 orbiter discovers a lunar nearside volcano： YUTU Mountain

In the day time of the Moon surface, the strong illumination from high altitude and high albedo rate radical craters will introduce the illumination effect on observing the nearby low altitude, low albedo rate and shallow small slop rate area seriously, and even can ＂hide＂ the later area from the light. Based on the lunar global topography model obtained by Chang＇E-1 mission, and by comparing with the lunar gravity model, a volcano named ＂YUTU Mountain＂ has been identified. It is a volcano with diameter of -300 km and height of -2 km located at （14°N, 308°E） in Oceanus ProceUarum. Besides, the DEM of another volcano named ＂GUISHU Mountain＂ in the same area has been improved. This new discovery will benefit the study of lunar magmatism and volcanism evolution in the nearside of the Moon.     

Study on flow characteristics of solid/liquid system in lysozyme crystal growth

During the process of lysozyme protein crystallization with batch method,the macroscopic flow field of solid/liquid system was observed by particle image velocimetry(PIV). Furthermore,a normal growth rate of(110) face and local flow field around a single protein crystal were obtained by a long work dis-tance microscope. The experimental results showed that the average velocity,the maximal velocity of macroscopic solid/liquid system and the velocity of local flow field around single protein crystal were fluctuant. The effective boundary layer thickness δeff,the concentration at the interface Ci and the characteristic velocity V were calculated using a convection-diffusion model. The results showed that the growth of lysozyme crystal in this experiment was dominated by interfacial kinetics rather than bulk transport,and the function of buoyancy-driven flow in bulk transport was small,however,the effect of bulk transport in crystal growth had a tendency to increase with the increase of lysozyme concentra-tion. The calculated results also showed that the order of magnitude of shear force was about 10-21 N,which was much less than the bond force between the lysozyme molecules. Therefore the shear force induced by buoyancy-driven flows cannot remove the protein molecules from the interface of crystal.     

自适应有限元法对合金定向倾斜枝晶生长的相场法模拟

建立了合金定向倾斜枝晶生长的相场模型,采用非均匀网格的自适应有限元法求解薄界面层厚度条件下的相场模型,研究了Al-Cu(w(Cu)=4%)合金的倾斜枝晶演化过程,定量分析了冷却速率、主晶间距对凝固组织的影响.结果表明:冷却速率、主晶间距和抽拉速度可以控制倾斜枝晶的生长角度,随着冷却速率的增加,枝晶的生长会偏离择优取角向温度梯度方向偏转,反之主晶间距和抽拉速度增大,枝晶的生长角度逐渐从温度梯度方向朝着晶体择优方向偏转.此外,自适应有限元法相较于均匀网格法在CPU的运行时间上降低了一个数量级,并且随着计算域的增大,自适应有限元法的计算效率越高.     

Magnetic property and interface structure of Ta/NiO/NiFe/Ta

Ta/NiO/NiFe/Ta multilayers, utilizing Ta as buffer layer, were prepared by rf reactive and dc magnetron sputtering. The exchange coupling field between NiO and NiFe reached a maximum value of 9.6×10³ A/m at a NiO film thickness of 50 nm. The composition and chemical states at interface region of Ta/NiO/Ta were studied by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and peak decomp- osition technique. The results show that there is an “inter- mixing layer” at the Ta/NiO (and NiO/Ta) interface due to a thermodynamically favorable reaction 2Ta + 5NiO = 5Ni + Ta₂O₅. This interface reaction has a great effect on exchange coupling. The thickness of Ni+NiO estimated by XPS depth- profiles is about 8—10 nm.     

糙面土工膜与无纺土工织物界面剪切强度及表面粗糙度变化规律

为了量化糙面土工膜表面粗糙度变化规律,研制了表面粗糙度测量仪,并进行了不同法向应力下糙面土工膜和无纺土工织物界面剪切和对应的糙面土工膜表面粗糙度试验。研究表明,糙面土工膜和无纺土工织物界面剪切强度是由糙面土工膜粗糙凸起和无纺土工织物纤维相互嵌入和拉拽作用产生的,界面的剪切峰值摩擦系数主要受到法向应力的影响,界面强度发展到残余强度,糙面土工膜粗糙凸起磨损趋于稳定,无纺土工织物纤维定向排列完成。     

Effect of precession on the Asian summer monsoon evolution: A systematic review

Geological climatic records and model simulations on the Asian summer monsoon climate change induced by insolation forcing of the Earth＇s precession are systematically reviewed in this paper. The presentation of the questions on the mechanism of the Asian monsoon evolution at the precession band, currently existing debates and future research directions are discussed. Since the early 1980s, more and more observed evidence and simulated results, especially the absolute-dated stalagmite records and orbital-scale transient model runs in the last few years, have indicated that the quasi-20ka period in the Quaternary monsoon climate change is caused by precession. However, debates still exist on the dynamic mechanism how precession affects the Asian monsoon. The ＂zero phase＂ hypothesis says that the Asian monsoon is merely controlled by summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere （NH） while the ＂latent heat＂ hypothesis emphasizes the dominant effect of latent heat transport from the Southern Hemisphere （SH） besides the role of the northern insolation. The two hypotheses have separately been supported by some evidence. Although we are cognizant of the importance of northern solar radiation and the remote effect of southern insolation, it has still a long way to go before comprehensively understanding the evolutionary mechanism of the Asian monsoon. In view of the problems existing in present researches of monsoon-dominated climate change at the precession scale, we propose that studies on the environmental significance of geological monsoon proxies, feedback processes in the long-term transient simulations and intercomparisons between observations and modeling results should be strengthened in the future.     

基于AE的视频广告与动漫广告组合技术

研究视频广告与动漫广告的组合技术,创作出更加新颖、精美、吸引观众眼球的广告片,具有现实意义.运用AE软件的“假配真”、“穿插”、“仿三维”、动态影像跟踪、抠像、广告画面稳定等功能,将视频广告与动漫广告巧妙地组合在一起,构成一种新型的组合型广告.与传统的广告相比,组合型广告具有生动性、时尚性、趣味性等独到的优势,故市场投放与推广前景良好.     

Dynamic solidification of Sn-38.1% Pb eutectic alloy within ultrasonic field

The dynamic solidification of Sn-38.1% Pb eutectic alloy within an ultrasonic field is investigated at a frequency of 35 kHz.As the sample height H is reduced,the effect of ultrasound on macrosegregation becomes more prominent,and the volume fraction of spherical eutectic cells increases correspondingly.When H equals the wavelength λ in liquid alloy,the introduction of ultrasound enlarges the distribution region of the primary (Sn) phase,but reduces the domains of the Sn-Pb eutectic and primary (Pb) phases.Meanwhile,a "dendritic-equiaxed" structural transition occurs in the primary (Sn) phase,and its grain size is significantly reduced within the ultrasonic field.Once H decreases to λ/2 and λ/4,the ultrasonic field promotes crystal nucleation and suppresses further undercooling of the bulk liquid alloy.Theoretical analyses indicate that the local high pressure induced by the cavitation effect and the stirring effect due to acoustic streaming are the main factors dominating the eutectic growth mechanism during dynamic solidification.     

高聚物复合共挤出的流动分析和实验研究

分析了狭缝口型中的一维复合共挤出流动,叠代计算得到两相界面位置以及速度、剪切速率和切应力的分布。并利用机头流道出口处的无量纲流量分布,计算得到沿口型宽度方向上的界面分布曲线,分析了物料的流变学特性———粘度对界面位置的影响。实验结果与理论计算结果基本吻合。     

非线性界面动力学影响下颗粒增长的界面稳定性

研究了一个带有非线性温度依赖界面动力学的颗粒生长数学模型,分析颗粒界面的演化及其形态稳定性.利用渐近展开方法,获得颗粒生长的渐近解以及界面扰动的变化率.当界面动力学增加时,界面动力学过冷减小,颗粒增长速度也减小,非线性温度依赖界面动力学使得颗粒界面生长倾向于稳定.与忽略界面动力学的情形比较,非线性界面动力学显著减弱了球颗粒的生长速度.     

Effects of Magnetic Shear on the Resistive Wall Mode Instability in a Cylindrical Model

The linear evolution of a resistive wall mode(RWM) with magnetic shears was analytically studied in a cylindrical geometry.The incompressible magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) equations were solved by the Fourier analysis method,and various equilibrium magnetic fields were considered.The shear in the magnetic field had an unstable effect on the linear evolution of the RWM.The linear growth rate increased obviously with increase of the magnetic shear rate for higher magnetic shears.Slow plasma rotation could stabilize the RWM with low magnetic shears,but the plasma rotation could not stabilize the RWM with high magnetic shears.The stabilizing effects of the wall conductivity on the RWM are more efficient for lager magnetic shear.     

Reaction zone characterization of counter-flow diffusion flame with diluted and preheated reactants

Reaction zone characteristics were studied using hydroxy radical planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) technique for a counter-flow preheated (CH₄+N₂)/(Air+N₂) diluted diffusion flames. The effects of preheat temperature and dilute ratio on the reaction zone characteristics were investigated by demonstrating the OH intensity distribution and reaction zone thickness from OH-PLIF images. Under the experimental conditions of constant cold flow velocity, the results show that the OH intensity and reaction zone thickness decrease with the increase of dilute ratio at constant preheat temperature and increase with preheat temperature at fixed dilute ratio. The OH maximum intensity shifts towards the "lean" side of counter flow at constant preheat temperature, and it shifts towards the fuel side with the increase of dilute ratio of fuel stream and towards the oxidizer side with the increase of dilute ratio of oxidizer stream respectively. The feasibility of OH as a reaction zone marker in this diluted combustion is verified further. The variation of diffusion and chemical reaction rate of reactants due to preheat and dilution contributes to the reaction zone characteristics simultaneously. The effect of strain on the flame reaction zone should be included in the future work.     

Preliminary study of non-isothermal phase change phenomena in vertical Bridgman crystal growth

Axisymmetric dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with augmented items is extended to simulate the heat and mass transfer problems in the vertical Bridgman method (VBM) crystal growth of HgCdTe and CdZnTe. Axial solute concentration redistribution of three regions numerically reap-pears, and the influence of the pulling rate of the ampoule on it is further studied. Secondly, one di-mensional transient phase change phenomena is studied, and non-isothermal phase change phe-nomena is obtained from the initial transient region through the steady growth region to the final tran-sient region. Thirdly, the two-dimensional axisymmetric phase change interface position, interfacial shape and the temperature field of the melt and the crystal are numerically captured under the condi-tion to arrive at the steady state with zero pulling rate of the ampoule. Finally, the study of transient axisymmetric non-isothermal phase change phenomena is stressed and the results are compared with those in isothermal phase change. The influence of the pulling rate on non-isothermal phase change phenomena is revealed.     

Correlation between ionospheric longitudinal harmonic components and upper atmospheric tides

There is strong correlation among the ionospheric longitudinal structures of wavenumber-3 (WN3), wavenumber-4 (WN4), and eastward-propagating diurnal tides with zonal wave numbers s = 2 and 3 (DE2 and DE3) in the upper atmosphere. The total electron content derived from the Global Ionospheric Maps of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is used to deduce the latitudinally total electron content (ITEC) in the low-latitude ionosphere, and TIDE/TIMED observations are employed to obtain zonal and meridian winds of the mesopause and lower thermosphere. Through Fourier transformation, various ionospheric longitudinal harmonic components and tidal patterns are derived from the ionospheric and upper-atmospheric observations, and we compare the annual/inter-annual variations in ionospheric harmonic components WN3 and WN4 with those in atmospheric tides (DE2 and DE3). It is found that the annual and inter-annual variations in WN3 and WN4 are consistent with those in DE2 and DE3 zonal wind components respectively, while they are inconsistent with those in the meridian components. We then decompose the harmonic components into “tidal patterns”, finding that the “DE2” and “DE3” patterns are the main parts of WN3 and WN4 respectively. Their annual and inter-annual variations are similar to those of atmospheric tidal patterns (DE2 and DE3). Complex correlation results show that correlation between the ionospheric “DE2” in WN3 and the atmospheric tidal DE2 zonal wind component is quite strong in the Northern Hemisphere, while that between the ionospheric “DE3” in WN4 and the atmospheric tidal DE3 zonal wind component is much stronger at low latitudes. At the same time, the contribution of the meridian wind component is very weak. Above all, the atmospheric tidal DE2 and DE3 patterns are important factors of the ionospheric WN3 and WN4 structures.     

Solitons and production of defects in flow-aligning nematic liquid crystals under simple shear flow

The production of defects in flow-aligning nematic liquid crystals under simple shear flow is analyzed by linear stability analysis based on Leslie-Ericksen theory. It is pointed out that the equation of motion of the nematic director under simple shear flow conforms to the driven over-damped sine-Gordon equation and has a soliton solution of amplitude π. It has also been shown that the stationary state with the director uniformly oriented at a Leslie angle is only a metastable state and that the potential, which governs the motion of the director, has infinite numbers of stable stationary states. Therefore, the defects, appearing as a stable solitary solution, can be nucleated from a uniformly aligned flow-aligning type of nematic liquid crystal by shear flow. On the other hand, the bands with long axis parallel to the vorticity axis, appearing as an unstable solution, can be observed as transient patterns at low shear rate and low shear strain value. The theoretical predictions are compared with previous experimental observations.     

Morphologic characteristics and growth interface stability of nano-micron FeS2 whiskers

Micromorphology is further studied on the basis of our previous researches concerned with the nano-micron FeS2 whisker. There are obvious differences in the intensive degree, diameter and micro- morphology among the FeS2 whiskers growing in different stages. From the early to late stage, the intensive degree increases, the diameter decreases, and the surface micro-morphology changes following the regularity： protrusive nodulation → coarse → smooth → flat. According to the theory of crystal growth, the geological setting and processes of whisker formation, we discuss the stability and evolution of crystal growth interface of FeS2 whisker occurring in Gengzhuang gold deposit （Shanxi Province, China）. The results suggest that the negative temperature gradient and the supercooling appear in the early stage of the whisker growth, whereas the positive temperature gradient of reposeful state appears in the late stage. In the whisker growth stage, the component concentration changes through the three stages： severely nonhomogeneous in the early stage, relatively homogeneous in the middle stage, more homogeneous in the late stage. The general changing process of the interfacial state is from unstable to stable. Micromorphology of FeS2 whisker in Gengzhuang is the result of synergism of temperature, component concentration and stability of crystal interface phase in hydrothermal system. The micromorphology not only reflects the physical and chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal system during the whisker growth, but also indicates the stability characteristics of the interface phase and records the changing process of the whisker growth.     

碳扩散对非真空热轧不锈钢复合板结合性能的影响

采用非真空热轧方法制备304不锈钢/Q235碳钢复合板材,利用OM、SEM、EDS等研究了不同压下率和轧后冷却方式下复合界面夹杂物、界面组织及力学行为的演变,并分析了C扩散对复合板界面组织形成及结合强度的影响。结果表明,随着轧制压下率的增加,界面夹杂物由块状向线型、连续点状乃至弥散点状分布变化。当压下率较低(28%)时,复合板剪切断裂位于结合界面处,随着压下率增加至47%及以上,复合板断裂位置为脱碳铁素体区。另外,热轧复合板经水冷工艺处理后,由于冷却速率较快,要抑制碳钢侧C元素的扩散,避免复合界面处脱碳区域的形成,从而提高了复合界面的结合强度。     

The dual effects of ethylene on the negative gravicurvature of arabidopsis inflorescence, an intriguing action model for the plant hormone ethylene

Ethylene was found to alter the shoot gravitropic response a century ago. However, its actual effects remained controversial over the century. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethylene on the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis inflorescence and discovered that although the intact Arabidopsis inflorescence bent upward at the rate of 43°±3°/h in the first 1.5 h under the given control growth conditions, it bent upward at a rate of 20°±3° and 64°±14°/h in the presence of exogenous ethylene if the plants were pretreated for 0.5 and 12 h, respectively, before the initiation of gravistimulation. The increase in gravicurvature rate is proportional to the length of ethylene pretreatment. The minimum ethylene pretreatment time required for achieving the maximum curvature rate is 10—11 h with removal of exogenous ethylene. The stimulatory effect of ethylene on the inflorescence gravicurvature requires a latent period of time (1 h) to become measurable. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of ethylene becomes measurable shortly after application of ethylene. The stimulatory effect remained nearly unchanged when the applied ethylene concentration increased from 0.1 to 10 ml/L. However, the inhibitory effect increased substantially as ethylene concentration increased to 10 mL/L. These results suggest that ethylene simultaneously exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the gravitropic response of the inflorescence, and the stimulatory effect dominates over the inhibitory effect during the interplay between the two in the inflorescence. A “Yin and Yang” action model is hereby proposed to address the interplay between the two effects of ethylene. They may act through distinct signaling pathways.     

LiNbO3晶体小面生长动力学的实验研究

按同成分配比的ＬｉＮｂＯ３的原料中，掺入溶质钇，用提拉法生长晶体时，人为地引入生长层，生长层记录了不同时刻的生长界面形态，借以追溯生长过程中固－液界面的形态和演变过程。晶体沿Ｙ轴生长，ＬｉＮｂＯ３晶体形成小面的｛０１１２｝面族中的（０１１２）面与生长轴的夹角最小，它与凸的固－液界面相切时，形成小面生长区。利用“倾倒法”使晶体和熔体快速分离，在晶体底部观察到平坦的（０１１２）面小面生长区。通过不同的晶体截面，观察了晶体内（０１１２）面小面生长区的形态。测量了小面半径与相应的固－液界面的曲率半径。结果表明：小面半径的平方与相应的固－液界面的曲面的曲率半径成比例，这一结果与小面生长的动力学理论预言的结论相一致。最后讨论了小面生长机制，计算了小面生长比非小面生长所需要增加的过冷度。     

京沪高铁影响下的区域公路可达性空间分异特征研究

在GIS技术和空间数据库支撑下,应用最短路径算法与网络分析技术及可达性指数,测度高铁通车前后案例区公路可达性空间格局与变化,采用变异系数与斯皮尔曼等级系数测算高铁的公平性影响.结果显示:①高铁从整体上提高区域公路可达性水平,极大地缩短中心城市间的时间距离,但各地可达性收益不等,可达性均衡程度降低.②高铁塑造高可达性"走廊"与"岛".加权旅行时间高变率地区呈现出"哑铃状",表明高铁沿线站点地区与南北端城市获益最多.经济潜力与日常可达性高值区向高铁沿线城市偏移,反映站点城市接收中心城市辐射能力提高;高铁沿线城市日常可达人口规模急剧膨胀,扩大沿线城市服务业的市场范围.③高铁站点依靠其在快速交通网络节点的枢纽作用,将成为区域重要的快速交通中转站.