银河系中F型球状星团的空间分布及运动特征

选择了29个银河系中累积光谱型为F型的球状星团作为讨论样本，分析了它们在银心银道坐标系中的空间分布特征和运动速度特征，发现它们大多分布在银心距10kpc范围之内，相对于银心呈空间球对称分布，而在速度空间中具有明显的椭球分布特征，此外，还采用了不同的引力势模型计算机逃逸速度，并将其与球状星团的空间速度进行比较，进而讨论两种引力势模型下球状星团的稳定性。     

球状星团轨道参数分布的统计模拟

选用29个累积光谱型为F型的银河系球状星团作为样本，利用Monte Carlo方法，结合两种不同的银河系引力势模型对样本的轨道参数进行统计模型，并画出轨道参数分布图，讨论这些参数的分布形态对初始观测数据及不同引力热模型的依赖性。     

150个银河系球状星团的空间分布研究

采用银河系中150个球状星团作为样本,对其在银心坐标系中的空间分布特征进行了分析研究.结果表明:①样本中94%的球状星团分布在银纬-50°～+50°之间,银纬+50°～+70°度之间和银纬-50°～-70°之间几乎没有球状星团;②样本星团相对经纬度而言分布不均匀,分别在银经10°和350°处出现了两个分布峰值;③样本中距银心最近的球状星团的银心距为0.68kpc,最远银心距为123.33kpc,68.7%的样本球状星团分布在距银心10kpc以内,样本星团相对银心呈球对称分布.     

双星对星族合成研究的重要性

观测显示星系中的大部分恒星是双星,因此星族合成研究必须考虑双星的作用。综述双星对星族合成研究的重要性。主要讨论了双星对早型星系和球状星团的能谱、谱指数、颜色、颜色一星等图、星系参数确定和恒星形成历史研究的影响。主要结论为双星有助于对星系和星团的光谱、颜色一星等图的解释,以及对星系和星团多个参数的准确确定。因此,双星是准确星族合成研究的必然要求。     

13个球状星团的单星和双星星族合成研究

分别采用单星星族演化模型和双星星族演化模型对13个球状星团进行了研究.结果表明:球状星团是年老且金属丰度低的星团;单星星族模型和双星星族模型拟合得到的年龄和金属丰度的相对结果是一致的,但绝对结果有区别,区别在于:用单星星族模型拟合得到的星族年龄比双星星族的年龄明显偏小,而金属丰度稍大.由于双星普遍存在是不争的事实,使用双星星族模型得到的球状星团年龄可以更好地限制宇宙年龄的下限和进行更深层次的研究.     

发现最远星团——新发现的诞生于10亿年前的星团

根据设置在夏威夷的昴星望远镜的观测，科学家新发现了距地球127亿光年的星团，这是迄今为止发现的距地球最远的星团。在已知的星团中，几十乃至一千多个星系密集在几百万光年到一千万光年的范围里。但是，在这次发现的星团中，星系的数量比较少，总体质量也非常小。所有这些疑问和众多新发现的事实一起呈现在科学家们的面前。     

搜寻球状星团M22中的高速星

高速星是研究球状星团内部恒星动力学过程的重要工具,但目前为止已发现的高速星数量很少,本研究利用高精度自行和测光数据尝试在球状星团M22中搜寻高速星.分析结果表明,M22可能存在90颗高速星,它们相对于星团的切向速度为43–84 km/s,平均误差约12 km/s.计算表明,M22中心的理论逃逸速度约31 km/s,小于高速星的空间速度,这些高速星可能都处于非引力束缚状态.分析还表明,这些高速星可能是在最近的1 Ma内得到加速,并将于1 Ma内逃出星团的潮汐半径成为场星.最后讨论了这些高速星可能的起源.     

疏散星团的空间分布

基于最新版本的"疏散星团及其候选者表",对银河系疏散星团的空间分布进行了讨论,特别是利用蒙特卡罗方法得到了未知距离疏散星团的模拟距离.结果表明:已知距离星团和未知距离星团样本在天空的投影分布是一致的,未知距离星团距离较远,与观测的选择效应一致;观测所得星团样本沿银盘方向并不满足指数分布,特别是朝着银心方向,由于严重的消光,使得完备性大大降低;疏散星团在太阳附近垂直银道面的分布可以用指数分布予以描述,所得的标高为～150pc.     

测不准关系与光频的引力红移

从广义相对论的引力势对时钟的影响出发，讨论了引力红移的半经典解释．运用引力势对时钟的影响及量子力学的测不准关系，计算了光频的引力红移，结果表明，由这种方法得到的引力红移量与人们预期的结果相符．     

质点在中心势场V（r）中的运动

讨论中心势场中有心力为引力的情况下质点的运动,对中心势场中质点的运动状况作了一般分析,给出了质点在有心力场中运动的守恒量、运动方程、轨道方程及其运动的经典特征.     

Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune

Each giant planet of the Solar System has two main types of moons. 'Regular' moons are typically larger satellites with prograde, nearly circular orbits in the equatorial plane of their host planets at distances of several to tens of planetary radii. The 'irregular' satellites (which are typically smaller) have larger orbits with significant eccentricities and inclinations. Despite these common features, Neptune's irregular satellite system, hitherto thought to consist of Triton and Nereid, has appeared unusual. Triton is as large as Pluto and is postulated to have been captured from heliocentric orbit; it traces a circular but retrograde orbit at 14 planetary radii from Neptune. Nereid, which exhibits one of the largest satellite eccentricities, is believed to have been scattered from a regular satellite orbit to its present orbit during Triton's capture. Here we report the discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune, two with prograde and three with retrograde orbits. These exceedingly faint (apparent red magnitude m(R) = 24.2-25.4) moons, with diameters of 30 to 50 km, were presumably captured by Neptune.     

A black hole in a globular cluster

Globular star clusters contain thousands to millions of old stars packed within a region only tens of light years across. Their high stellar densities make it very probable that their member stars will interact or collide. There has accordingly been considerable debate about whether black holes should exist in these star clusters. Some theoretical work suggests that dynamical processes in the densest inner regions of globular clusters may lead to the formation of black holes of approximately 1,000 solar masses. Other numerical simulations instead predict that stellar interactions will eject most or all of the black holes that form in globular clusters. Here we report the X-ray signature of an accreting black hole in a globular cluster associated with the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 (in the Virgo cluster). This object has an X-ray luminosity of about 4 x 10(39) erg s(-1), which rules out any object other than a black hole in such an old stellar population. The X-ray luminosity varies by a factor of seven in a few hours, which excludes the possibility that the object is several neutron stars superposed.     

原子簇的球势阱模型（一）──硼烷、金属羰合物及非金属原子簇结构

原子簇的球势阱模型（一）──硼烷、金属羰合物及非金属原子簇结构姚崇福（化学系）原子簇化学的发展极其迅速。国内外许多学者对它们进行了系统的研究，并提出多种结构规则［１－４］。对硼烷、金属羰合物等原子簇，均可得到满意的解释。但这些规则往往在不同程度上带有...     

加速器输出粒子的能量和轨道异常现象的实验分析——兼答陈绍光教授

作者完全运用狭义相对论分析,合肥、台湾、汉堡加速器输出的电子能量,其实没有狭义相对论专家计算的这么高,在恒定磁场中弯转的轨道半径也不是他们计算的值。     

The nature of pulsar radiation

Pulsar radiation may be due to particles which gyrate while moving in bunches along curved orbits. If emitted by electrons, the pulses should come from near the speed of light circle; if emitted by protons, they should arise within a few stellar radii of the underlying star.     

Craniofacial morphological microevolution of Holocene populations in northern China

In order to better understand microevolutionary processes in Holocene Chinese craniofacial mor- phology, an analysis has been done on 21 metric traits on Neolithic (n=161), Bronze Age (n=423) and modern (n=134) adult male skulls from northern China. The results indicate that the physical characters of these Chinese populations evolved throughout the Holocene. From the Neolithic to Bronze Age to present day, general trends include: cranial and facial sizes decrease; the nose gets narrower and longer; the orbits become narrower and higher; the head is more globular. The expression of the cranial features varies between the different time periods. The decrease in cranial size primarily occurred from the Bronze Age to present day. However, the decrease in facial size, the narrowing of the nose, and the elevation of the orbits took place throughout the Holocene. These traits are likely still evolving. This evolving pattern of the cranial features for the Holocene Chinese populations is similar to that found elsewhere in the world. The decrease in overall craniofacial size is associated with changes in climate and diet. In addition, it is possible that the craniofacial morphological microevolution is controlled by human evolutionary mechanisms.     

Reconstructing galaxy histories from globular clusters

Nearly a century after the true nature of galaxies as distant 'island universes' was established, their origin and evolution remain great unsolved problems of modern astrophysics. One of the most promising ways to investigate galaxy formation is to study the ubiquitous globular star clusters that surround most galaxies. Globular clusters are compact groups of up to a few million stars. They generally formed early in the history of the Universe, but have survived the interactions and mergers that alter substantially their parent galaxies. Recent advances in our understanding of the globular cluster systems of the Milky Way and other galaxies point to a complex picture of galaxy genesis driven by cannibalism, collisions, bursts of star formation and other tumultuous events.     

The age of the Milky Way inner halo

The Milky Way galaxy has several components, such as the bulge, disk and halo. Unravelling the assembly history of these stellar populations is often restricted because of difficulties in measuring accurate ages for low-mass, hydrogen-burning stars. Unlike these progenitors, white dwarf stars, the 'cinders' of stellar evolution, are remarkably simple objects and their fundamental properties can be measured with little ambiguity. Here I report observations of newly formed white dwarf stars in the halo of the Milky Way, and a separate analysis of archival data in the well studied 12.5-billion-year-old globular cluster Messier 4. I measure the mass distribution of the remnant stars and invert the stellar evolution process to develop a mathematical relation that links this final stellar mass to the mass of their immediate progenitors, and therefore to the age of the parent population. By applying this technique to a small sample of four nearby and kinematically confirmed halo white dwarf stars, I calculate the age of local field halo stars to be 11.4?±?0.7 billion years. The oldest globular clusters formed 13.5?billion years ago. Future observations of newly formed white dwarf stars in the halo could be used to reduce the uncertainty, and to probe relative differences between the formation times of the youngest globular clusters and the inner halo.